Modeling and small-signal stability analysis of doubly-fed induction generator integrated system

Owing to their stability,doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)integrated systems have gained considerable interest and are the most widely implemented type of wind turbines and due to the increasing escalation of the wind generation penetration rate in power systems.In this study,we investigate a DFIG integrated system comprising four modules:(1)a wind turbine that considers the maximum power point tracking and pitch-angle control,(2)induction generator,(3)rotor/grid-side converter with the corresponding control strategy,and(4)AC power grid.The detailed small-signal modeling of the entire system is performed by linearizing the dynamic characteristic equation at the steady-state value.Furthermore,a dichotomy method is proposed based on the maximum eigenvalue real part function to obtain the critical value of the parameters.Root-locus analysis is employed to analyze the impact of changes in the phase-locked loop,short-circuit ratio,and blade inertia on the system stability.Lastly,the accuracy of the small-signal model and the real and imaginary parts of the calculated dominant poles in the theoretical analysis are verified using PSCAD/EMTDC.

Enhanced control of DFIG-used back-to-back PWM VSC under unbalanced grid voltage conditions

This paper presents a unified positive-and negative-sequence dual-dq dynamic model of wind-turbine driven doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG) under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. Strategies for enhanced control and operation of a DFIG-used back-to-back(BTB) PWM voltage source converter(VSC) are proposed. The modified control design for the grid-side converter in the stationary αβ frames diminishes the amplitude of DC-link voltage ripples of twice the grid frequency,and the two proposed control targets for the rotor-side converter are alternatively achieved,which,as a result,improve the fault-ride through(FRT) capability of the DFIG based wind power generation systems during unbalanced network supply. A complete unbalanced control scheme with both grid-and rotor-side converters included is designed. Finally,simulation was carried out on a 1.5 MW wind-turbine driven DFIG system and the validity of the developed unified model and the feasibility of the proposed control strategies are all confirmed by the simulated results.

Dynamic modelling and robust current control of wind-turbine driven DFIG during external AC voltage dip

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator （DFIG）, with vector control applied, is widely used in Variable-Speed Constant- Frequency （VSCF） wind energy generation system and shows good performance in maximum wind energy capture. But in two traditional vector control schemes, the equivalent stator magnetizing current is considered invariant in order to simplify the rotor current inner-loop controller. The two schemes can perform very well when the grid is in normal condition. However, when grid disturbance such as grid voltage dip or swell fault occurs, the control performance worsens, the rotor over current occurs and the Fault Ride-Through （FRT） capability of the DFIG wind energy generation system gets seriously deteriorated. An accurate DFIG model was used to deeply investigate the deficiency of the traditional vector control. The improved control schemes of two typical traditional vector control schemes used in DFIG were proposed, and simulation study of the proposed and traditional control schemes, with robust rotor current control using Internal Model Control （IMC） method, was carded out. The validity of the proposed modified schemes to control the rotor current and to improve the FRT capability of the DFIG wind energy generation system was proved by the comparison study.

Adaptive rotor current control for wind-turbine driven DFIG using resonant controllers in a rotor rotating reference frame

This paper proposes an adaptive rotor current controller for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), which consists of a proportional (P) controller and two harmonic resonant (R) controllers implemented in the rotor rotating reference frame. The two resonant controllers are tuned at slip frequencies ωslip+ and ωslip-, respectively. As a result, the positive- and negative-sequence components of the rotor current are fully regulated by the PR controller without involving the positive- and negative-sequence decomposition, which in effect improves the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of the DFIG-based wind power generation system during the period of large transient grid voltage unbalance. Correctness of the theoretical analysis and feasibility of the proposed unbalanced control scheme are validated by simulation on a 1.5-MW DFIG wind power generation system.

Dynamic modeling and direct power control of wind turbine driven DFIG under unbalanced network voltage conditions

This paper proposes an analysis and a direct power control (DPC) design of a wind turbine driven doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under unbalanced network voltage conditions. A DFIG model described in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames is presented. Variations of the stator output active and reactive powers are fully deduced in the presence of negative sequence supply voltage and rotor flux. An enhanced DPC scheme is proposed to eliminate stator active power oscillation during network unbalance. The proposed control scheme removes rotor current regulators and the decomposition processing of positive and negative sequence rotor currents. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC are presented on a 2-MW DFIG wind power generation system to validate the feasibility of the proposed control scheme under balanced and unbalanced network conditions.

Small Signal Stability Analysis of DFIG Fed Wind Power System Using a Robust Fuzzy Logic Controller

This paper focuses on the small signal stability analysis of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) fed wind power system under three modes of operation. The system stability is affected by the influence of electromechanical oscillations, which can be damped using Power System Stabilizer (PSS). A detailed modeling of DFIG fed wind system including controller has been carried out. The damping controller is designed using fuzzy logic to damp the oscillatory modes for stability. The robust performance of the system with controllers has been evaluated using eigen value analysis and time domain simulations under various disturbances and wind speeds. The effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy based PSS is compared with the performance of conventional PSS implemented in the wind system.

Analysis of low voltage ride-through capability and optimal control strategy of doubly-fed wind farms under symmetrical fault

Given the“carbon neutralization and carbon peak”policy,enhancing the low voltage ride-through(LVRT)capability of wind farms has become a current demand to ensure the safe and stable operation of power systems in the context of a possible severe threat of large-scale disconnection caused by wind farms.Currently,research on the LVRT of wind farms mainly focuses on suppressing rotor current and providing reactive current support,while the impact of active current output on LVRT performance has not been thoroughly discussed.This paper studies and reveals the relation-ship between the limit of reactive current output and the depth of voltage drop during LVRT for doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind farms.Specifically,the reactive current output limit of the grid-side converter is inde-pendent of the depth of voltage drop,and its limit is the maximum current allowed by the converter,while the reac-tive current output limit of the DFIG stator is a linear function of the depth of voltage drop.An optimized scheme for allocating reactive current among the STATCOM,DFIG stator,and grid-side converter is proposed.The scheme maximizes the output of active current while satisfying the standard requirements for reactive current output.Com-pared to traditional schemes,the proposed LVRT optimization strategy can output more active power during the LVRT period,effectively suppressing the rate of rotor speed increase,and improving the LVRT performance and fault recov-ery capability of wind farms.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Design of Power System Stabilizer for DFIG-based Wind Energy Integrated Power Systems Under Combined Influence of PLL and Virtual Inertia Controller

Wind energy systems (WESs) based on doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) have enormous potential for meeting the future demands related to clean energy. Due to the low inertia and intermittency of power injection, a WES is equipped with a virtual inertial controller (VIC) to support the system during a frequency deviation event. The frequency deviation measured by a phase locked loop (PLL) installed on a point of common coupling (PCC) bus is the input signal to the VIC. However, a VIC with an improper inertial gain could deteriorate the damping of the power system, which may lead to instability. To address this issue, a mathematical formulation for calculating the synchronizing and damping torque coefficients of a WES-integrated single-machine infinite bus (SMIB) system while considering PLL and VIC dynamics is proposed in this paper. In addition, a power system stabilizer (PSS) is designed for wind energy integrated power systems to enhance electromechanical oscillation damping. A small-signal stability assessment is performed using the infinite bus connected to a synchronous generator of higher-order dynamics integrated with a VIC-equipped WES. Finally, the performance and robustness of the proposed PSS is demonstrated through time-domain simulation in SMIB and nine-bus test systems integrated with WES under several case studies.

基于虚拟阻抗的双馈风力发电机高电压穿越控制策略

电网电压骤升故障会造成双馈感应发电机定子绕组中产生定子磁链的暂态直流分量,甚至引起比电网电压跌落更强的双馈发电机定、转子电流和电磁转矩的冲击。首先分析电网电压骤升下双馈发电机转子电流的电磁过渡过程,在变流器转子电流环中引入虚拟电阻控制,虽然能够有效抑制转子电流和电磁转矩的振荡,但是会引起转子电压过高和转子电流振荡过程加长,仅在低频部分具有抑制作用,因此本文引入虚拟电感,形成虚拟阻抗的改进控制策略,缩短了电网电压骤升时的转子振荡过程,并且对高频部分具有较强的抑制作用,提高了系统的高电压穿越性能。仿真和实验结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。

大型风电场中不同位置的风机对次同步谐振特性影响程度的比较分析

针对双馈风机串补系统的次同步谐振问题,现有文献大都将整个风电场等效为单台风机进行研究,而忽略不同位置风机的风速、输出功率及其间线电缆参数对系统次同步特性的影响。该文将整个风电场划分为两个子风电场,分别等效为一台风机,建立两机串补系统模型,然后分别改变每台风机的转速、输出功率和电缆参数,比较对整个系统次同步特性的影响程度。结果表明:在同样风速条件下,不同位置的风机,对系统的次同步特性影响程度不同,离汇流母线近端的风机对系统稳定性的影响大于远端的风机。当整个风电场的输出功率给定,两子风电场输出容量配置比例不同,系统表现出的次同步特性不同,远端风电场输出功率越高系统稳定性越好。风机与汇流变母线之间的输电线路阻抗越大,系统的稳定性越强。

基于撬棒并联动态电阻的自适应双馈风力发电机低电压穿越

当电网故障引起电压跌落时,为防止大装机容量风电场的风机脱网,双馈风力发电机(DFIG)多采用Crowbar电路来实现低电压穿越(LVRT)。传统Crowbar电路采用固定阻值的电阻,很难兼顾对转子电流和直流母线电压的抑制以及对Crowbar的投入工作时间的控制。针对传统Crowbar的不足提出了一种基于Crowbar并联动态电阻的双馈风力发电机低电压穿越方案,制定了该方案的自适应控制策略以及其阻值的整定方法。仿真分析不同跌落深度下所提方案的LVRT特性,并与改变IGBT的导通脉宽的变电阻Crowbar方案进行了比较,结果表明带并联动态电阻Crowbar方案的LVRT效果较好,不仅兼顾了对转子过电流和直流母线过电压的抑制,而且在电压深度跌落时可缩短Crowbar的投入时间,有利于系统电压的恢复。

电网短路时双馈感应发电机转子电流的分析与计算

双馈风电机组对机端电压跌落比较敏感,随着风电装机容量的不断增加,电网故障时双馈风电机组转子电流的准确分析与评估变得十分重要,关系着双馈风电机组低电压穿越的实现以及故障电气量的分析与计算。从电网短路时双馈感应发电机的暂态过程出发,分析了双馈感应发电机定子动态过程以及变流器调控对转子电流的影响,采用空间矢量法和坐标变换方法推导了电网对称短路和不对称短路时转子电流的表达式,通过时域仿真和算例结果验证了表达式的正确性。所提出的表达式利用机端电压以及变流器控制参数即可计算得到电网短路时任意时刻的转子电流,具有清晰的物理意义以及较好的实用性。

双馈风电场的柔性高压直流输电系统控制

风电场采用柔性高压直流输电(voltage sourceconverter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)方式接入系统后,风电场母线电压的控制效果将影响风电场的稳定运行和受端系统的电能质量,而传统的风电场母线电压的幅相控制方式是间接电流控制方式,风电场交流侧电流动态响应缓慢且易受系统参数变化影响,从而导致风电场母线电压控制效果变差。因此有必要寻求更佳的风电场母线电压控制方案来确保整个系统的运行效果。针对双馈风力发电机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)风电场VSC-HVDC的系统接入方式,分析系统各部分的动态模型,对风电场侧电压源换流器(wind farm side voltage source converter,WFVSC),依据其稳态方程设计了一种新的风电场母线电压矢量控制结构,该结构引入带有交叉乘积项的电流环,在实现电流环解耦控制的同时,可有效克服风电场接入参数变化所带来的不利影响;对电网侧电压源换流器(gridside voltage source converter,GSVSC)通过输入输出线性化设计来控制直流电压。最后通过对风电场输出功率波动、风电场当地负荷波动以及风电场系统接入侧电阻参数变化的情况进行仿真分析,仿真结果验证了该控制方案的正确性和有效性。

考虑低电压穿越全过程的双馈风电机组短路电流计算方法

双馈风电机组在电网故障期间保持并网运行,其输出的短路电流对电力系统保护和控制产生较大影响。电网故障下,双馈风电机组通常先投入撬棒保护并闭锁转子侧变流器,而后重启转子侧变流器控制机组输出无功功率。目前,针对双馈风电机组短路电流已有较多研究,但是尚未考虑低电压穿越全过程中机组运行状态切换所造成的电气参量的变化,可能造成短路电流的分析和计算出现较大误差。为此,分别建立了撬棒投入和转子侧变流器无功控制两个阶段的双馈感应发电机（doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG）数学模型,推导了这2个阶段DFIG定子短路电流的表达式,分析了低电压穿越方式的切换对DFIG输出短路电流的影响,提出了低电压穿越全过程DFIG短路电流的计算方法,并通过时域仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。

谐波电网下双馈风力发电系统的独立控制技术

为了改善谐波电网下双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)的运行性能,研究了一种转子侧变流器(rotor side converter,RSC)和网侧变流器(grid side converter,GSC)的独立控制策略,采用基于重复控制的直接功率控制策略,以同时消除被控对象中的低次和高次谐波分量。传统的PI调节器用于控制DFIG定子侧和网侧有功功率、无功功率的平均值,转子侧额外的重复控制调节器实现了电磁转矩和无功功率平稳,网侧的重复控制调节器实现了直流母线电压和网侧无功功率平稳。网侧的控制无需知道转子侧功率的信息,进而实现了RSC和GSC的独立控制。最后,通过实验验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

双馈风力发电机的次同步控制相互作用机理与特性研究

双馈风力发电机经固定串补线路送出会出现其转子侧变流器与串联电容之间的次同步振荡问题,称为次同步控制相互作用。本文基于单机无穷大系统,分析了次同步控制相互作用的机理,推导出一种判定次同步控制相互作用存在的条件。提出了一种区分由固定串补引起的双馈风机感应发电机效应和次同步控制相互作用的方法。采用时域仿真法分析了风速、输电线路串补度以及转子侧变流器的控制参数对次同步控制相互作用特性的影响。分析结果表明,风速的减小和串补度的提高会增强次同步控制的相互作用,会迅速导致双馈感应发电机输出功率的发散型振荡;控制器内外环增益的增大和积分时间常数的减小同样会加剧这一相互作用,其中,次同步控制相互作用对内环增益的变化最为敏感。

Application of fuzzy logic control algorithm as stator power controller of a grid-connected doubly-fed induction generator

This paper discusses the power outputs control of a grid-connected doubly-fed induction generator （DFIG） for a wind power generation systems. The DFIG structure control has a six diode rectifier and a PWM IGBT converter in order to control the power outputs of the DFIG driven by wind turbine. So, to supply commercially the electrical power to the grid without any problems related to power quality, the active and reactive powers （Ps, Qs） at the stator side of the DFIG are strictly controlled at a required level, which, in this paper, is realized with an optimized fuzzy logic controller based on the grid flux oriented control, which gives an optimal operation of the DFIG in sub-synchronous region, and the control of the stator power flow with the possibility of keeping stator power factor at a unity.

Doubly-fed induction generator drive based WECS using fuzzy logic controller

The purpose of this paper is to improve the control performance of the variable speed, constant frequency doubly-fed induction generator in the wind turbine generation system by using fuzzy logic controllers. The control of the rotor-side converter is realized by stator flux oriented control, whereas the control of the grid-side converter is performed by a control strategy based on grid voltage orientation to maintain the DC-link voltage stability. An intelligent fuzzy inference system is proposed as an alternative of the conventional proportional and integral （PI） controller to overcome any disturbance, such as fast wind speed variation, short grid voltage fault, parameter variations and so on. Five fuzzy logic controllers are used in the rotor side converter （RSC） for maximum power point tracking （MPPT） algorithm, active and reactive power control loops, and another two fuzzy logic controllers for direct and quadratic rotor currents components control loops. The performances have been tested on 1.5 MW doubly-fed induction generator （DFIG） in a Matlab/Simulink software environment.

Battery energy storage-based system damping controller for alleviating sub-synchronous oscillations in a DFIG-based wind power plant

This paper presents the issue of the Sub-synchronous resonance(SSR)phenomenon in a series compensated DFIG-based wind power plant and its alleviation using a Battery Energy Storage-based Damping Controller(BESSDCL).A supplementary damping signal is developed considering the angular speed deviation and is incorporated into the BESS control system.Wide-area Measurement System data is used to determine the angular speed deviation.A lin-earized system model is developed to perform eigenvalue analysis,and to detect and examine unstable SSR modes.The variation of wind speed and three-phase fault are also taken into consideration to validate the robustness of the controller.To further verify the efficacy of the proposed damping controller,time-domain simulations are performed using MATLAB/Simulink.The application of the proposed BESSDCL stabilizes all the unstable system modes effectively at wind speeds of 7 m/s,9 m/s,and 11 m/s,and at 40%,50%,and 60%series compensation levels,as well three-phase fault conditions.

A Continuous Fault Ride-through Scheme for DFIGs Under Commutation Failures in LCC-HVDC Transmission Systems

Experimental and theoretical studies have confirmed that,relative to a one-shot voltage fault,a doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)will suffer a greater transient impact during continuous voltage faults.This paper presents the design and application of an effective scheme for DFIGs when a commutation failure(CF)occurs in a line-commutated converter based high-voltage direct current(LCC-HVDC)transmission system.First,transient demagnetization control without filters is proposed to offset the electromotive force(EMF)induced by the natural flux and other low-frequency flux components.Then,a rotor-side integrated impedance circuit is designed to limit the rotor overcurrent to ensure that the rotor-side converter(RSC)is controllable.Furthermore,coordinated control of the demagnetization and segmented reactive currents is implemented in the RSC.Comparative studies have shown that the proposed scheme can limit rotor fault currents and effectively improve the continuous fault ride-through capability of DFIGs.