Active control of turbulence for drag reduction based on the detection of near-wall streamwise vortices by wall information

The spatial relations between the measurable wall quantities （streamwise shear stress τwx, spanwise shear stress τwz, and pressure fluctuations Pw） and the near-wall streamwise vortices （NWSV） are investigated via direct numerical simulation （DNS） databases of fully developed turbulent channel flow at a low Reynolds number. In the stan- dard turbulent channel flow, the results show that all the wall measurable variables are closely associated with the NWSV. But after applying a stochastic interference, the relation based on τwx breaks down while the correlations based on Pw and τwz are still robust. Hence, two wall flow quantities based on Pw and τwz are proposed to detect the NWSV. As an appli- cation, two new control schemes are developed to suppress the near-wall vortical structures using the actuation of wall blowing/suction and obtain 16 % and 11% drag reduction, respectively.

近地单质量块Drag-Free卫星自适应控制方法

为了实现Drag-Free卫星中卫星本体对内部质量块的高精度跟踪,首先推导了近地环境下卫星与质量块的相对运动动力学方程,并分析了影响二者相对运动的主要干扰源,针对单质量块Drag-Free卫星的位移模式设计了自适应控制器,适用于卫星质量和空间干扰为定常或慢变未知量的情况,且在卫星质量和外部干扰为未知常值的假设下,控制器能够保证卫星对质量块跟踪误差的全局渐近收敛,最后给出了仿真场景以说明本文方法的有效性.

基于大气阻力实时辨识的Drag-free卫星最优控制研究

研究了基于大气阻力实时辨识的Drag-free卫星最优控制。将Drag-free卫星和其内部的验证质量等效为两颗内、外编队卫星并建立动力学方程,推导了基于卫星和验证质量的相对运动状态观测值反演大气阻力的算法。建立了状态最优调节器模型,采用动态规划求解经典的二次型最优控制。对低轨圆轨道Drag-free卫星的仿真计算结果表明方法的求解精度较高,计算消耗较小。

Tomographic PIV investigation on coherent vortex structures over shark-skin-inspired drag-reducing riblets

Nature has shown us that the microstructure of the skin of fast-swimming sharks in the ocean can reduce the skin friction drag due to the well-known shark-skin effect.In the present study,the effect of shark-skin-inspired riblets on coherent vortex structures in a turbulent boundary layer（TBL） is investigated.This is done by means of tomographic particle image velocimetry（TPIV） measurements in channel fl ws over an acrylic plate of drag-reducing riblets at a friction Reynolds number of 190.The turbulent fl ws over drag-reducing riblets are verifie by a planar time-resolved particle image velocimetry（TRPIV） system initially,and then the TPIV measurements are performed.Two-dimensional（2D） experimental results with a dragreduction rate of around 4.81% are clearly visible over triangle riblets with a peak-to-peak spacing s＋of 14,indicating from the drag-reducing performance that the buffer layer within the TBL has thickened;the logarithmic law region has shifted upward and the Reynolds shear stress decreased.A comparison of the spatial topological distributions of the spanwise vorticity of coherent vortex structures extracted at different wall-normal heights through the improved quadrant splitting method shows that riblets weaken the amplitudesof the spanwise vorticity when ejection（Q2） and sweep（Q4） events occur at the near wall,having the greatest effect on Q4 events in particular.The so-called quadrupole statistical model for coherent structures in the whole TBL is verified Meanwhile,their spatial conditional-averaged topological shapes and the spatial scales of quadrupole coherent vortex structures as a whole in the overlying turbulent fl w over riblets are changed,suggesting that the riblets dampen the momentum and energy exchange between the regions of near-wall and outer portion of the TBL by depressing the bursting events（Q2 and Q4）,thereby reducing the skin friction drag.

Numerical and experimental research of flow control on an NACA 0012 airfoil by local vibration

A flow control technique by local vibration is proposed to improve the aerodynamic performance of a typical airfoil NACA 0012. Both wind-tunnel experiments and a large eddy simulation(LES) are carried out to study the effects of local vibration on drag reduction over a wide range of angles of attack. The application parameters of local vibration on the upper surface of the airfoil are first evaluated by numerical simulations.The mounted position is chosen at 0.065–0.09 of chord length from the leading edge.The influence of oscillation frequency is investigated both by numerical simulations and experiments. The optimal frequencies are near the dominant frequencies of shear layer vortices and wake vortices. The patterns of shear vortices caused by local vibration are also studied to determine the drag reduction mechanism of this flow control method. The results indicate that local vibration can improve the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil. In particular, it can reduce the drag by changing the vortex generation patterns.

Predetermined control of turbulent boundary layer with a piezoelectric oscillator

With a piezoelectric （PZT） oscillator, the predetermined controls of the turbulent boundary layer （TBL） are effective in reducing the drag force. The stream-wise velocities in the TBL are accurately measured downstream of the oscillator driven by an adjustable power source. The mean velocity profiles in the inner and outer scales are reported and the skin friction stresses with different voltage parameters are compared. Reduction of integral spatial scales in the inner region below y＋ of 30 suggests that the oscillator at work breaks up the near-wall stream-wise vortices responsible for high skin friction. For the TBL at Reo of 2183, the controls with a frequency of 160Hz are superior among our experiments and a relative drag reduction rate of 26.83% is exciting. Wavelet analyses provide a reason why the controls with this special frequency perform best.

Numerical study of the turbulent channel flow under space-dependent electromagnetic force control at different Reynolds numbers

In this paper, the control of turbulent channel flow by space-dependent electromagnetic force and the mechanism of drag reduction are investigated with the direct numerical simulation(DNS) methods for different Reynolds numbers. A formulation is derived to express the relation between the drag and the Reynolds shear stress. With the application of optimal electromagnetic force, the in-depth relations among characteristic structures in the flow field, mean Reynolds shear stress, and the effect of drag reduction for different Reynolds numbers are discussed. The results indicate that the maximum drag reductions can be obtained with an optimal combination of parameters for each case of different Reynolds numbers. The regular quasi-streamwise vortex structures, which appear in the flow field, have the same period with that of the electromagnetic force.These structures suppress the random velocity fluctuations, which leads to the absolute value of mean Reynolds shear stress decreasing and the distribution of that moving away from the wall. Moreover, the wave number of optimal electromagnetic force increases,and the scale of the regular quasi-streamwise vortex structures decreases as the Reynolds number increases. Therefore, the rate of drag reduction decreases with the increase in the Reynolds number since the scale of the regular quasi-streamwise vortex structures decreases.

面向微纳遥感星座构建的阻力差分控制方法

基于整星质量、功耗、体积和成本考虑,一些微纳卫星通常不加装推进系统。为满足这类微纳遥感卫星构建星座的要求,提出采用阻力差分控制(无动力控制)技术实现星座构建的方法。通过调整太阳翼迎风面积,利用星间阻力差增大或减小2颗卫星轨道半长轴之差,在不改变卫星飞行姿态、不影响有效载荷应用的情况下实现微纳遥感星座相位控制。利用20颗微纳遥感卫星构建星座对阻力差分控制方法进行验证,结果表明:将阻力差分控制技术应用于微纳遥感星座相位控制,能顺利完成微纳遥感卫星同一轨道面的等相位部署,并成功实现星座构建。

Coherent Spanwise Structures in Turbulent Boundary Layer over Drag-Reducing Riblets

The time series of velocity vector fields and their statistics in the turbulent boundary layer(TBL)over riblets and smooth plate were measured by utilizing a time-resolved particle image velocimetry(TR-PIV)system. The mean velocity profiles of the TBL were compared in the case of 0.13 m/s(the riblets with dimensionless peakto-peak spacing being approximately s?≈21)and 0.19 m/s( s?≈28)for these two kinds of plates, respectively. Two kinds of drag-reducing velocity profiles were illustrated and analyzed. Then the spatial topologies of the physical vorticity for the coherent spanwise structures were detected and extracted at the fourth scale by utilizing an improved quadrant splitting method(IQSM). Results revealed that nearly 6.17%, and 10.73%, of a drag reduction was separately achieved over the riblets surface. Besides, it was visualized that the drag-reduction was acquired by the riblets influencing the bursting ejection(Q2)and sweep(Q4)events of the coherent spanwise vortex structures, the Q4 events in particular. Based on such two drag-reducing cases of the riblets, lastly, a simplified KelvinHelmholtz-like linear instability model proposed initially by García-Mayoral and Jiménez(2011)has been discussed. It is still difficult to establish with certainty whether the observed phenomena, the appearance of coherent spanwise structures found at around or below y?≈20 in both cases of s?≈21 and s?≈28 and their topological changes, were consequences or causes of the breakdown of the viscous regime. We prefer to suggest that the interactions between those structures and the riblets, which contain the coherent spanwise structures extending toward the wall and penetrating into the riblet grooves, are the root causes.

Mechanism of drag reduction by spanwise oscillating Lorentz force in turbulent channel flow

Numerical simulations and experimental research are both carried out to investigate the controlled effect of spanwise oscillating Lorentz force on a turbulent channel flow. The variations of the streaks and the skin friction drag are obtained through the PIV system and the drag measurement system, respectively. The flow field in the near-wall region is shown through direct numerical simulations utilizing spectral method. The experimental results are consistent with the numerical simulation results qualitatively, and both the results indicate that the streaks are tilted into the spanwise direction and the drag reduction utilizing spanwise oscillating Lorentz forces can be realized. The numerical simulation results reveal more detail of the drag reduction mechanism which can be explained, since the spanwise vorticity generated from the interaction between the induced Stokes layer and intrinsic turbulent flow in the near-wall region can make the longitudinal vortices tilt and oscillate, and leads to turbulence suppression and drag reduction.

位移无拖曳控制的动力学协调条件研究

针对位移无拖曳控制的可实现性问题及避免推力饱和问题,首先基于位移无拖曳控制动力学方程,推导出位移无拖曳控制系统中连续可变推力推进子系统的最大推力需要满足的基本动力学协调条件。进一步由位移无拖曳控制动力学方程退化得到的切换动力学方程,推导出负刚度加速度函数为线性及非线性函数两种情形下的让步动力学协调条件。针对让步动力学协调条件开展了仿真比对,结果表明,强非线性情形下的让步动力学协调条件比退化的线性情形更加严苛。最后通过分析给出位移无拖曳控制避免推力饱和的、定性的动力学协调条件,并得到仿真校验,即:检验质量初始状态及指令状态应在让步动力学协调条件区域内靠近负刚度力零位,开环系统时间延迟尽可能短,并且控制带宽应折中选择。

Plasma Virtual Actuators for Flow Control

Dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD) plasma actuators are all-electric devices with no moving parts. They are made of a simple construction, consisting only of a pair of electrodes sandwiching a dielectric sheet. When AC voltage is applied, air surrounding the upper electrode is ionized, which is attracted towards the charged dielectric surface to form a wall jet. Control of flow over land and air vehicles as well as rotational machinery can be carried out using this jet flow on demand. Here we review recent developments in plasma virtual actuators for flow control that can replace conventional actuators for better aerodynamic performance.

变体飞行器的气动与多学科设计需求

变体飞行器可以通过局部或整体变形来改变飞行器的外部形状,实时适应多种任务需求,在多种飞行环境下保持气动性能最优,已经成为21世纪航空航天领域的前沿研究热点。本文首先梳理了变体飞行器的气动与总体设计、结构、控制、噪声、隐身之间的联系,然后针对变体飞行器气动设计面临的任务需求,阐述了增升减阻、稳定性和操纵性、降低气动噪声以及增强飞行器隐身性等气动与多学科设计对不同变形方式的需求,最后对变体飞行器关键技术和未来发展方向进行了展望,为变体飞行器气动与多学科设计的发展提供参考。

110t转炉倾动控制系统改造优化

不锈钢110 t转炉自动化控制系统采用西门子S7-300PLC进行启动、停止、故障等逻辑控制,2套交流西门子变频器完成电机的闭环动态调节,2台电机采用主从控制方式保证负荷平衡。2台变频器与PLC之间采用Profibus-DP通信。主要针对转炉倾动系统运行过程中存在的问题,重点阐述了倾动变频控制系统升级优化改造方案,基于西门子新一代变频器S120为核心升级转炉倾动控制系统,通过组建新的控制方式解决双驱动倾动系统运行中相互拖拽、抱闸控制方式不可靠、转炉点头等问题,提升控制精度,达到增强设备安全稳定运行的目的。实践表明改造优化后的转炉倾动控制系统动态响应速度快,系统安全性更高,能够满足转炉冶炼工艺对于安全性、稳定性、可靠性、高效性、精确性控制的要求。

重力储能直流环节电池多模式控制方法

重力储能是重要的储能方式之一,具有独特的短时暂态动力学特征,需要构建合理的系统结构和控制方法。提出了一种面向重力储能直流环节的多模式控制方法,从暂态能量控制角度,通过对重力储能系统的动力学分析和约束条件的划分,实现电池储能和重力储能的功率匹配。仿真验证表明,该控制方法能够在输入功率波动的情况下显著降低直流环节的电压抬升,合理分配重力储能系统内部的功率,提升重力储能系统的整体性能。

基于最小辨识误差的机器人拖动控制系统设计

传统的拖动示教算法主要通过动力学模型补偿的方式补偿系统的惯性项和重力项,但由于动力学模型的不准确性导致拖动性能变差。基于关节力传感器,提出仅需通过重力辨识得到的模型实现拖动示教控制的效果。对于重力模型辨识,在LSM的基础上设计误差代价函数,根据代价函数得到误差迭代表达式,使模型估计参数进一步迭代收敛于真实值,实现对协作机器人重力模型的精确辨识。同时,基于重力模型设计拖动控制器,实现柔顺拖动控制。最后,通过MATLAB-Simlink联合仿真,并在搭建的协作机器人平台上验证,结果表明提出的辨识方法具有更高的收敛精度,基于重力模型的拖动控制系统具有更高的稳定性和柔顺性。

不同迎角下逆向喷流减阻降热特性研究

文章采用基于SST k-ω湍流模型的N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程数值模拟方法,探究不同来流迎角下,逆向喷流与钝头体同轴及不同轴时,同自由来流相互作用产生的干扰流场对减阻降热效果的影响。结果表明:与无喷流情况相比,同轴逆向喷流能有效减小钝头体的阻力系数,迎角为2°时阻力系数可减小32.53%;迎角较小时,同轴逆向喷流可有效减小壁面斯坦顿数,迎角较大时,迎风面壁面斯坦顿数较大,背风面壁面斯坦顿数大幅减小;逆向喷流与钝头体轴向夹角的变化对流场及减阻降热效果产生影响,喷流与轴线夹角增大,迎风面壁面压强逐渐减小,存在使壁面斯坦顿数峰值取得最优解的喷流角度;较同轴逆向喷流,来流迎角为5°时,壁面斯坦顿数峰值可减小9.02%,来流迎角为8°时,减阻效果最高可提升1.92%。

基于定常射流的快背式MIRA车型主动气动减阻

低风阻对燃油汽车节能减排和增加电动汽车续航里程具有重要意义。近年来,主动射流技术已用于汽车减阻研究中,但多是针对方背体等高风阻车体模型开展。本文以MIRA快背式车型为对象,研究车辆背部定常射流的布置位置、射流动量系数和射流角度对减阻量和净节率的影响规律,并给出了流场分析。结果表明:快背式车型垂直尾部射流(J3、J4、J5)是有效的节能措施,低动量系数具有较好的净节率,气动减阻量和净节率随射流角度变化存在极大值;最大减阻主动射流工况是对垂直尾部(J3、J4、J5)射流槽进行射流、动量系数1%、射流角度为45°时,其减阻量为2%,对应净节率129.7 W。

面向多阶段的无尾飞行器力矩控制分配方法研究

为满足不同飞行阶段对无尾飞行器气动性能的不同要求,提出一种多目标控制分配方法。首先,建立无尾飞行器非仿射舵效模型,对无尾飞行器控制分配问题进行数学描述。然后,提出增量式非线性控制分配方法。其次,对增量形式的次级性能指标与加权形式的综合性能指标进行构建。最后,基于有效集二次规划方法对多目标非线性控制分配问题进行求解,并进行仿真验证。在仿真场景中,与最小舵偏算例相比,最小阻力算例平均阻力系数降低了36.96%,最大升力算例平均升力系数增大了7.76%。实验结果证明了控制分配方法能在满足力矩分配误差最小的条件下,有效实现最小舵偏、最小阻力与最大升力等不同次级目标。