Evaluation of group effect of pile group under dragload embedded in clay

A simple semi-empirical analysis method for predicting the group effect of pile group under dragload embedded in clay was described assuming an effective influence area around various locations of pile group. Various pile and soil parameters such as the array of pile group, spacing of the piles (S), embedment length to diameter ratio of piles (L/D) and the soil properties such as density (γ), angle of internal friction (φ) and pile-soil interface friction coefficient (μ) were considered in the analysis. Model test for dragload of pile group on viscosity soil layer under surface load consolidation conditions was studied. The variations of dragload of pile, resistance of pile tip and the layered settlement of soil with consolidation time were measured. In order to perform comparative analysis, single pile was tested in the same conditions. The predicted group effect values of pile group under dragload were then compared with model test results carried out as a part of the present investigation and also with the values reported in literatures. The predicted values were found to be in good agreement with the measured values, validating the developed analysis method. The model test results show that negative skin friction of pile shaft will reach 80%-90% of its maximum value, when pile-soil relative displacement reaches 2 mm.

Dragload and Downdrag Performances of Inclined Pile Group Embedded in Consolidating Soil

The performance of inclined pile group embedded in consolidating soil under surcharge load was investigated by experiment in comparison with vertical pile group and single pile under the same conditions; dragload, downdrag, and layered soil settlement were measured. A three-dimensional numerical model was built via FLAC3D software, and verified by the experimental results. Influence factors, such as consolidation time, pile spacing, and pile tilt angle were analyzed. The results show that dragload of inclined pile group increases with the increase of consolidation time and pile spacing or the decrease of pile tilt angle. Downdrag of inclined pile group increases with the increase of consolidation time, pile spacing and pile tilt angle.

Loading Sequence Effects on Dragload and Downdrag for Pile Foundation

Negative skin friction (NSF) is one of the important problems when designing a pile foundation. However, the influence of loading sequence on the dragload and downdrag for pile foundation is seldom studied. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model was established using FLAC3D. Compared with the results of model test, the established model could be used to study the NSF of pile foundation. The influencing factors were discussed including the length-diameter ratio of pile and the loading sequence of pile head load and surcharge. A case history was analyzed using FLAC3D. The calculated results are in good agreement with the measured results. It is concluded that the dragload and downdrag are remarkably influenced by the loading sequence of pile head load and surcharge. The dragload and downdrag reach the maximum values under the condition of surcharge after pile head load.

Reduction Rate of Dragload and Downdrag of Piles by Taper Angles

Taper angle is one of the effective methods to reduce the dragload and downdrag of piles under the surcharge load. The model tests on the tapered pile and uniform cross-section pile embedded in sand were carried out under the surcharge load. The values of dragload and downdrag of piles versus the surcharge loads were measured. Based on the concentric cylinder shearing theory, a simplified theoretical model for calculating the dragload and downdrag of tapered piles with small taper angles under the surcharge load was proposed considering the angle effect. The correctness of the developed theoretical model was validated through comparing with the model test results obtained in this study and previous literature. Then the parametric studies of the taper angle, surcharge, strength and modulus of soil were discussed. It is shown that the tapered pile with the taper angle of 3° can reduce approximately 65% of the maximum dragload value and 30% of the downdrag value compared with a uniform cross-section pile. The value of downdrag can be decreased by approximately 50% compared with a uniform crosssection pile in the same average pile diameter.

堆载条件下单桩负摩阻力模型试验研究

通过对粉土中混凝土单桩竖向静载荷的模型试验,分析了在桩周土堆载条件下,端承桩、摩擦端承桩在桩周土含水率变化时,桩侧摩阻力、桩端阻力的变化规律及不同土层的沉降、"中性点"位置和下拽力的变化。研究发现,摩擦端承桩"中性点"位置随桩周土含水率、堆载等级的变化而变化,在最优含水率附近,土层的下陷量较大,致桩体沉降量也大,故"中性点"的位置会有所上升;随着桩周土堆载的增大,桩周土对桩侧的下拽力也增大,桩体进一步下陷,使桩土相对位移反而减少,"中性点"有所上升。

考虑时间效应的斜桩基负摩阻力室内模型试验研究

斜桩基是桥梁支墩、码头等工程中常用的桩基础形式,但是针对斜桩基础负摩阻力问题的研究却相对较少。进行了黏性土层中斜单桩及斜群桩在桩周土堆载固结条件下负摩阻力性状的室内模型试验研究,测得了桩侧负摩阻力、桩端阻力以及桩周土体分层沉降随固结时间的变化情况;并进行了同等条件下竖直单桩及竖直群桩试验作为比较分析。试验结果表明,斜桩和竖直桩桩侧负摩阻力引起的下拽力都存在明显的时间效应和群桩效应;在本文试验条件下,当桩–土相对位移达到2mm时,桩侧负摩阻力将达到其最大值的80%～90%左右。

考虑时间效应的群桩负摩阻力模型试验研究

基桩负摩阻力是桩基础设计中必须考虑的重要问题之一,但是针对考虑土体固结时间效应的群桩负摩阻力研究却相对较少。进行了在地面堆载固结条件下,黏性土层中3×3群桩负摩阻力性状的室内模型试验研究,测得了不同桩间距(3d,4d,6d)条件下各位置桩(角桩、边桩、中心桩)的桩侧负摩阻力、桩端阻力以及桩周土体分层沉降随固结时间的变化情况,分析了桩身下拽力和中性点位置随时间的变化规律;并进行了同等条件下单桩及2×2群桩(4d)试验作为比较分析。试验结果表明,群桩中桩侧负摩阻力引起的下拽力和中性点位置都存在明显的时间效应和群桩效应,其数值与基桩数、基桩的布置位置及桩间距等因素有关;在本文试验情况下,当桩–土相对位移达到2 mm时,桩侧负摩阻力将达到其最大值的80%～90%。

负摩阻力引起的桩身下拽力和桩顶下拽位移研究进展

简要介绍了土体沉降引起的桩侧负摩阻力导致桩身下拽力和桩顶下拽位移的原因、力学机制以及工程危害性;总结了近年来国内外负摩阻力问题的现场试验、模型试验、数值模拟和理论计算方法等方面的研究现状;指出了目前存在的主要问题——针对考虑桩顶下拽位移、地基土固结时间效应等因素影响以及减少负摩阻力措施方面的研究相对较少;介绍了一种既可以提高桩基竖向承载力又能有效降低负摩阻力对桩基影响的新桩型——扩底楔形桩.

单桩负摩阻力计算方法比较分析

桩基工程中桩侧负摩阻力所产生的作用于桩体上的下拽力,可能引起桩体破坏、桩基不均匀沉降等诸多工程灾害。为此,工程师们建立了许多单桩负摩阻力计算公式,但是由于这些公式各自的适用性和局限性,计算结果差别较大。首先介绍了目前国内外用于计算单桩负摩阻力及确定中性点位置的几种常用方法:极限分析法、荷载传递法、弹性或弹塑性理论法、剪切位移法和数值分析法;再结合具体工程实例,对以上几种方法进行比较,指出各自的适用条件、优缺点等,为工程设计提供参考。

负摩阻力作用下桩基中性点位置、下拽力及下拽位移与时间的关系

介绍桩基负摩阻力产生及发展过程;针对中性点位置、下拽力及下拽位移与时间之间的关系,提出关系拟合预测曲线模型,并与现场工程实测结果进行对比分析,探讨曲线模型参数的物理意义。研究结果表明:提出的曲线模型计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,从而验证该模型的准确性和可靠性,为进一步研究桩基负摩阻力特性及其设计和计算提供参考依据。

桩顶荷载对负摩阻力性状影响的三维数值分析

利用ADINA非线性有限元软件,考虑桩土相互作用,建立了单桩三维数值模型,分析了桩侧堆载作用下负摩阻力的形成过程,研究了桩项荷载作用下桩身荷载传递、桩侧摩阻力分布、中性点位置、桩顶附加沉降的变化规律以及桩顶荷载和堆载的施加顺序对桩侧负摩阻力的影响。分析结果表明:随着桩顶荷载增大,桩侧负摩阻力逐渐减小,中性点明显上移,由桩侧负摩阻力产生的下拽力增加的速率变小,而桩顶附加沉降速率呈现逐渐增长的趋势;桩侧负摩阻力的大小受桩顶荷载和堆载施加顺序的影响,桩顶荷载先于堆载施加则产生的负摩阻力最大,而采用相反的加载顺序,产生的负摩阻力最小,甚至消失。所得结论对工程设计过程中负摩阻力的计算提供参考。

考虑桩周剪切效应的单桩荷载传递机制分析

桩的存在使桩周土的竖向有效应力不等于上覆土自重应力与上部外加荷载的简单叠加,原因是桩-土相对刚度导致桩-土接触面上产生竖向剪切。通过平衡分析法,得到不同荷载形式下桩周土竖向有效应力、桩侧正(负)摩阻力、总侧摩阻力和轴力(下拽力)的计算方法,根据已开展的饱和黏土中单桩的负摩阻力试验,验证了公式的合理性,证明了考虑竖向剪切效应的必要性。通过计算分析可知:桩周土竖向均布荷载作用下,桩-土竖向剪切效应削弱了桩周土竖向有效应力、桩侧负摩阻力和桩身下拽力,剪切效应的控制参数η分别取-0.01、-0.02和-0.04时,靠近桩端的桩侧负摩阻力分别为η=0时的91%、83%和71%,靠近桩端的桩身下拽力分别为η=0时的93%、87%和76%。由于下拽力受截面几何参数影响,其折减程度略小于桩侧负摩阻力。因此,桩周土表面均布荷载作用时,忽略桩-土竖向剪切效应可能高估由下拽力引起的桩顶沉降。

堆载条件下现浇扩底楔形群桩负摩阻力特性研究

可压缩性软土地基中,为了在确保基桩竖向承载力的前提下,有效降低地面堆载引起的负摩阻力对基桩承载力的影响,提出了一种现浇扩底楔形钢筋混凝土桩。简要介绍了扩底楔形桩的设计思路和施工工艺。基于FLAC3D有限差分软件,建立了扩底楔形群桩数值模型;通过针对具体模型试验实例的模拟分析,验证了本文所建立的数值模型的可靠性;继而研究了桩间距、楔形角、桩–土模量比、摩擦系数以及土层模量比等因素对扩底楔形群桩下拽力和下拽位移特性的影响,并与等截面桩进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,与等截面桩相比,楔形角的存在对降低桩顶下拽位移非常有效:小角度楔形角(0.4°～1.0°)对桩顶下拽位移量的减少率可以达到16%～20%。

A simplified approach for negative skin friction calculation of special-shaped pile considering pile-soil interaction under surcharge

A simplified approach was proposed to analyze the negative skin friction calculation of special-shaped pile considering pile-soil interaction under surcharge. Based on the concentric cylinder shearing theory, considering the changes of pile shape(such as, taper angle and diameters of pile base, etc.), the load-transfer of special-shaped pile was built. The accuracy of the developed simplified approach was verified by numerical simulation model with the same condition. Then, the influence factors, such as, taper angles, the diameter of pile base, surcharge, and pile-soil interface parameters were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the developed simplified approach can calculate NSF of special-shaped pile under surcharge effectively. A limited parametric study indicates that in many practical situations special-shaped piles(such as belled wedge pile shown in this work) offer a design option that is more economical than traditional uniform cross-section piles.

楔形角对基桩负摩阻力特性影响的数值模拟分析

负摩阻力引起的基桩下拽力和下拽位移是桩基础设计中必须考虑的重要问题之一,楔形桩中的倒楔形角是一种有效减少基桩下拽力和下拽位移的结构形式;但是针对楔形角在减少负摩阻力效果方面的研究却相对较少。结合工程实例,建立单、群桩负摩阻力特性分析的三维数值模型,并通过与现场试验结果和已有文献分析结果的对比分析,验证所建模型的准确性和可靠性。对比分析4种不同楔形角组合形式对基桩负摩阻力的减少效率以及是否考虑土体固结形式对基桩负摩阻力特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,桩体上部分楔形角对基桩负摩阻力特性影响较显著;桩体下部分楔形角的影响相对不明显;小角度范围内,楔形角增加1度,最大基桩下拽力减少约20%。

堆载下单桩负摩阻力工作性状非线性数值分析

利用三维非线性数值方法对一算例在堆载作用下桩侧负摩阻力进行了计算分析。计算结果揭示了摩擦型、端承型桩负摩阻力工作性状的异同;分析了堆载速度、桩顶荷载对负摩阻力的影响:堆载越快,负摩阻力越小;在无桩顶荷载作用下,由负摩阻力引起的下拉荷载最大,可视为常规方法设计的上限值;桩顶荷载与堆载施工顺序对负摩阻力的影响也很大,先施加桩顶荷载,后进行堆载所产生的负摩阻力最大,反之最小。

隔离桩对堆载下群桩下拉荷载的屏蔽效应

目前关于隔离桩对堆载下群桩负摩阻力及下拉荷载屏蔽效应的研究较少,中国规范也未对隔离桩的设计参数给出建议。定义下拉荷载屏蔽效应系数这一概念;建立考虑桩-土作用的三维有限元模型,通过数值计算结果与模型试验数据的对比,验证数值模型的准确性。以群桩效应系数和下拉荷载屏蔽效应系数为评价指标,研究隔离桩对堆载下基桩负摩阻力与下拉荷载的屏蔽效果,分析隔离桩桩长、边长、与最外侧基桩间距3个因素对屏蔽效果的影响规律,对隔离桩的设置给出参考。研究成果可为堆载时群桩负摩阻力的消除及隔离桩的优化设计提供参考。

嵌岩桩负摩阻力现场试验与计算方法研究

桩-土剪切位移对桩基负摩阻力发展有重要的影响。在既有研究的基础上,通过桩周土体沉降与桩身应变的监测结果建立了计算桩-土剪切位移量的方法。利用该方法对浅中层桩-土监测数据进行分析,确定了在桩顶自由条件下该试验场地桩-土剪切位移量在4~5 mm;对于深层桩-土没有达到该剪切位移量,负摩阻力则无法发挥至极值。根据负摩阻力的发挥特征,改进了规范中嵌岩桩负摩阻力的计算方法,该方法同时考虑了桩周土竖向有效应力与桩土剪切位移的影响。使用该方法计算的负摩阻力与实测结果较为吻合,获得的下拉荷载能够达到安全与经济的效果,可供工程设计参考、借鉴。

考虑固结流变的软土地基单桩下拉荷载计算

为研究大面积堆载作用下软土地基中单桩下拉荷载计算方法,基于非达西流动定律引入软土流变模型,建立了拉格朗日坐标系中考虑固结和流变共同作用下软土地基大变形长期沉降非线性计算模型.模型中考虑了固结流变过程中孔隙比与渗透系数随孔隙水的排出而发生变化.进而以荷载传递法为基础,重点研究了固结流变土体中桩土相互作用时界面抗剪强度的时间效应,提出了软土地基在大面积堆载作用下考虑非达西流动固结与流变耦合效应时单桩下拉荷载理论计算方法,通过假定桩顶变形进行迭代求解,获得了桩身下拉荷载分布与中性点长期变化规律.最后与传统固结计算方法进行比较,并分析了平均固结度、非达西流固结参数、流变参数以及堆载大小对下拉荷载变化的影响.研究结果表明,基于传统土体固结理论的计算结果偏于保守,考虑固结流变共同作用对单桩受力的不利影响极为必要.

堆载作用下群桩负摩阻力特性的参数分析

针对地面堆载作用下群桩负摩阻力特性问题,采用有限元分析方法,进行三维有限元数值模拟。计算模型考虑桩–土界面的接触问题,分别研究地面堆载等级、桩顶竖向荷载等级、地面堆载和桩顶竖向荷载施荷顺序等参数对群桩负摩阻力特性的影响。研究结果表明:随着地面堆载等级的增大,桩身轴力和桩身下拽力增大且增大幅度逐渐减小;随着桩顶竖向荷载等级的增大,群桩受到土体引起的桩身下拽力逐渐减小;施荷顺序对桩身下拽力的影响显著。