The Impact of Inoculum Preparation Media on Pollutant Removal through Phycoremediation of Agricultural Drainage Water by Desmodesmus sp.

Water is the most essential natural resource for the future development.Agriculture production is extensively water-dependent and a significant polluter of water resources.So,this work investigated the effect of two different preparation media[Bold’s Basal Medium(BBM)and Domiati cheese whey(DCW)]for agricultural drainage water(ADW)remediation.All treatments were incubated for 6 days.According to the results of biomass productivity,specific growth rate,photosynthetic pigments,and biochemical composition,Desmodesmus sp.can grow in drainage water without dilution.The two treatments significantly reduced the concentration of nitrate,phosphate,chemical oxygen demand,and sodium in ADW.Finally,using cheese whey with BBM as inoculum preparation media enhanced the lipid accumulation in the algal biomass(25.4%w/w)and gave the best biodiesel properties among treatments.Therefore,combining remediation of drainage water with microalgae mass production can achieve the sustainability of agriculture.

Growth Rate and Chemical Muscle Composition of Oreochromis niloticus Fish Cultured in Drainage Water and Fed Antioxidant Supplemented Diet

Irrigation of fish farms with agricultural drainage water may affect cultured fish species. So, the present study utilizes antioxidants supplemented diet to overcome deterioration of drainage water and its negative effect on fish. The studied groups are fish cultured in dechlorinated tap water as control group or drainage water and fed commercial basal diet. While, the other studied groups represented by Oreochromis niloticus fish cultured in drainage water and fed either commercial diet supplemented with vitamin C (5 g/kg diet) or fennel (5 g/kg diet) for 12 weeks. Results of the water physico-chemical parameters of all studied treatments revealed deterioration of the drainage water with a decrease in dissolved oxygen and an increase in pH, total hardness, total alkalinity, salinity, ammonia, nitrite and heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) with significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in comparison to that of the control dechlorinated tap water group. Data clarified also that Oreochromis niloticus cultured in drainage water showed a decrease in growth rate accompanied by deterioration of fish meat quality. However, fish reared in the same drainage water for the same exposure period and fed vitamin C or fennel supplemented basal diet (5 g/kg diet) recorded values of the studied parameters more or less similar to that of control group fish. Data of the present study, empowered aquaculturist to supplement fish rations with fennel or vitamin C as antioxidants to improve fish growth rate, meat quality as well as protect fish against heavy metals toxicity that could threat Human Being.

P Fractions in Drainage Waters from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted

Total P (TP), total participate P (PP), total dissolved P (TDP), molybdatereactive P (MRP) and dissolved organic P (DOP) were determined in waters from pipe-drains (at 65-cmdepth) from the Broadbalk Experiment at Rothamsted Research, UK. Average TPand PP exceeded 1 mgL^(-1) in about half of the 12 plots receiving superphosphate for the 5 measurements taken betweenDecember 2000 and April 2001. Ranging between 33.8% and 87.3% of TP, PP was the largest P fractionin drainage waters, with DOP, ranging from 0.5% to 26.2% of TP, being the smallest fraction Meanproportions of PP, MRP and DOP in TP in drainage waters were 63.4%, 32.5% and 4.1%, respectively.These findings support previous findings that P losses from soil to drainage waters were muchlargerthan previously thought, and could therefore make a significant contribution to eutrophication.

The Possibility of Agricultural Drainage Water Reuse in Agricultural Project

Agricultural drainage water in Ashkada-Barak agricultural project is a major source of wasted water, which amount to about 35 million liters per day. This huge sum of wasted water cause a formation of pools around the area and therefore a lot of environmental problems such as the proliferation of mosquitoes, and other health problems, while it can be reuse in a variety purposes such as agriculture, fish farming and drinking, so the goal of this research is to study quality of water and determine its suitability. Different samples were taken over a period of year for testing the most important elements of which were estimated concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia. The results show a presence of high concentrations of nitrogen compounds in studied water. Temperature had been identified as environmental factor dynamically controlled the process of nitrification.

Analysis of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Design Technology

The quality and safety of residents’water rely heavily on the design of municipal water supply and drainage pipes.Therefore,this paper aims to enhance the optimization of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design by focusing on design requirements,principles,and key elements.Drawing from relevant design optimization experiences,technology advancements,and optimization measures,the research will analyze and consolidate the essential aspects of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design.The goal is to fundamentally elevate the quality standards of these designs,ensuring they meet the criteria for engineering project excellence.Through this comprehensive approach,we aim to contribute to the improvement and sustainability of water supply and drainage systems,safeguarding the well-being of residents.

Selection of Water Transmission Method and Analysis of Pipe Network Zoning in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Design

With the acceleration of urbanization,the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly.In the planning of urban construction,it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources.Therefore,the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city.In this paper,we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods.Besides,the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed,so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.

Research and Application of Ecological Outdoor Ground Structure with Composite Water Storage and Drainage Function

In order to solve the problems of surface runoff increase,water accumulation in rainy days and urban heat island effect,an ecological outdoor ground structure with composite water storage and drainage functions was studied and applied in this paper:Through the comprehensive design of road ground,road inspection well,garden inspection well and drainage pipe network,it can quickly store and drain ground water,alleviate the urban heat island effect,realize plant infiltration irrigation,and achieve the purpose of saving water and energy.

Preliminary Research on Water Supply,Drainage,and HVAC Equipment in Shanghai Historic Buildings During the Northern Warlord Period

During the Northern Warlord Period(1912–1928),the construction industry in Shanghai underwent robust development.As an integral element of buildings,equipment served both functional purposes and stood witness to the evolution of the economy and society,thus earning its place as part of the architectural heritage.However,due to various reasons,there are many loopholes in the protection of these building equipment.This paper examines the development of building equipment in Shanghai during the Northern Warlord Period,using water supply,drainage,and heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems as examples.Through historical context analysis,it summarizes this development from a social-spatial perspective,infers the reasons behind it,and analyzes the importance of preserving such equipment,considering both past and present viewpoints.In this research,the importance of protecting historical building equipment is emphasized,which aims to give people a deeper understanding of their cultural value,and suggests that scholars conduct more practical research on their protection.

Water Supply and Drainage Design for Prefabricated Buildings Under the Green Building Concept

With the continuous development of society and the market economy,people are putting forward higher and higher requirements for the construction,technology,and environmental friendliness of buildings.The prefabricated building not only has high installation efficiency,but is also safe and environmentally friendly,which is in line with the green building concept.The drainage design is a critical part of prefabricated buildings.In order to ensure the quality and construction efficiency of the building project,it is necessary to design the building water supply and drainage properly.Therefore,an in-depth investigation on prefabricated buildings was carried out in this paper,and water supply and drainage design for prefabricated buildings under the green building concept is proposed,in hopes of providing references for future water supply and drainage designs.

Assessment of agricultural drainage water quality for safe reuse in irrigation applications-a case study in Borg El-Arab,Alexandria

Objective:To demonstrate the technical feasibility of the reuse of agricultural drainage water for irrigation.Methods:The agricultural drainage water near Banjar El-Sokar,Borg El-Arab City,Alexandria,Egypt was collected.The measured heavy metals in the drainage water were compared with the permissible levels stated in environmental regulations,Law No.48 of 1982 concerning the protection of the Nile River and waterways from pollution.Results:Heavy metals and trace elements were detected in this agricultural drainage water as following:Al(1.64 mg/L),Ca(175.00 mg/L),Cd(1.87 mg/L),Co(2.23 mg/L),Cu(1.71 mg/L),Fe(1.64 mg/L),K(20.50 mg/L),and Pb(2.81 mg/L).According to allowable limits,item such as Fe is lower than permissible level of 3.00 mg/L,while Pb and Cu are higher than 0.10 mg/L and 1.00 mg/L,respectively.Conclusions:Vegetables irrigated with such drainage water are not safe for human and animal consumption.Accordingly,the study suggests and recommeds remediation of drainage water using physical,chemical and/or biological methods.

Experimental study on water-saving and emission-reduction effects of controlled drainage technology

Field experiments and laboratory analysis were carried out to determine the effects of controlled drainage（CTD） and conventional drainage（CVD） technologies on drainage volume, concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and total phosphorus（TP）, nitrogen and phosphorus losses, rice yield,and water utilization efficiency. Results show that CTD technology can effectively reduce drainage times and volume; NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP concentrations, from the first to the fourth day after four rainstorms decreased by 28.7%e46.7%, 37.5%e47.5%, and 22.7e31.2%, respectively,with CTD. These are significantly higher rates of decrease than those observed with CVD. CTD can significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses in field drainage, compared with CVD; the reduction rates observed in this study were, respectively, 66.72%, 55.56%, and 42.81% for NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP. Furthermore, in the CTD mode, the rice yield was cut slightly. In the CVD mode, the water production efficiencies in unit irrigation water quantity, unit field water consumption, and unit evapotranspiration were, respectively, 0.85, 0.48, and 1.22 kg/m^3, while in the CTD mode they were 2.91, 0.84, and 1.61 kg/m^3 din other words, 3.42, 1.75, and 1.32 times those of CVD. Furthermore, the results of analysis of variance（ANOVA） show that the indicators in both the CVD and CTD modes, including the concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, the losses of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, irrigation water quantity, and water consumption, showed extremely significant differences between the modes, but the rice yield showed no significant difference.

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SHAFT LINING WHEN THE STRATUM SETTLEMENT RESULTING FROM WATER DRAINAGE

Based on the stratum settlement resulting from water drainage, this paper establishes the calculating method of stresses and displacements of shaft lining and stratum by using Fourier integration, obtains the calculating formulas of tangiential load which shaft lining is subjected to, and provides theoretical basis for design of shaft lining.

Application of polymeric flocculant for enhancing settling of the pond ash particles and water drainage from hydraulically stowed pond ash

Delayed settling of the ash particles and poor drainage of water from the pond ash are the major problems faced during the hydraulic stowing of pond ash. In this study the effect of polymeric flocculant on settling of the ash particles and drainage of water during pond ash stowing are investigated. In addition, the parameters, viz. drainage and absorption of water during pond ash stowing are quantified by stowing a mine goaf model with pond ash slurries of five different concentrations added with and without flocculant. The study revealed that addition of only 5 10 6 of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Na-CMC) flocculant with the pond ash slurries during stowing offers best result in terms of quicker settling of the ash particles and enhanced water drainage from the hydraulically stowed pond ash. Besides, it resulted in drainage of more than 85% of the total water used in the initial 45 min of stowing. The improvement in drainage is caused due to coagulation and flocculation of the pond ash particles because of charge neutralization and particle-particle bridging. This study may provide a basis for estimating the drainage and absorption of water during the real pond ash stowing operation in underground mines.

Discussion on the application of the concept of environmental protection and energy saving in the design of building water supply and drainage

With the current,our country social economy rapid development,people's living standard and quality of life and therefore have got improved,at the same time,it is the concept of environmental protection and energy saving is also enhanced value,many fields in our country environmental protection and energysaving concept can be seen in the application,especially the application in building water supply and drainage design more widely,to protect the environment,to maximize the use of limited resources,how to reasonable use of water resources in building water supply and drainage construction,above is current the paper mainly discusses the problems in the construction field,this paper based on environmental protection and energy-saving concept,discusses its application in the building water supply and drainage design,for your reference.

Development Trend of Water Supply and Drainage Engineering Based on Life Cycle Assessment and Building Information Model

With the rapid development of construction engineering and municipal engineering in recent years, water supply and drainage technology has gradually matured. Building water supply and drainage design contains the design of rainwater drainage, sewage drainage design, water supply design and fire water supply design. At present, the research on the life cycle assessment of urban drainage system is mainly focused on the sewage treatment plant, therefore in this paper we introduce the theoretical basis of life cycle assessment. In the era of information network, building information model（BIM） technology is widely applied to the design of building water supply and drainage, which and effectively improves the design effi ciency, and makes up for the traditional water supply and drainage design of a lot of problems. In this paper, we analyze the development trend of water supply and drainage engineering based on life cycle assessment and building information model.

Energy and Water Conservation Technology Analysis of Water Supply and Drainage of the Building

At present,China’s social and economic development is faster and faster.At the same time,people pay more and more attention to the construction concept of energy and water conservation.We can see the popularization and development of the concept of energy saving and water saving in every major field of our country,the same is true in the construction field.In order to effectively protect the ecological environment and maximize the use of limited resources,the energysaving and water-saving technology of the building,as well as water supply and drainage technology should be actively used.Based on this,this paper first analyzes the application significance of water supplydrainage and energy-water conservation technology in the construction field,analyzes the current situation of water supply and drainage in China,and proposes the application of water supply-drainage and energy-water conservation technology of the building for reference.

Rain Water Utilizing System Combing Artificial Wetland and Urban Drainage System

The method of utilizing rain water has been well developed in foreign countries to realize the sustainable development of water recourse while the method is still at the initial level in China. When considering the increasing of water shortage and urban flood, the awareness of utilizing rain water, as an inevitable trend, has been applied to various engineering technologies. This article has analyzed the principle of conventional road drainage system and the application of artificial wetland technology, also proposed to combine the road drainage system and artificial wetland, as a complex drainage system, to utilize the urban rain water, decrease urban flood pressure, and improve urban micro environment. The calculation principle and method for the complex drainage system are included as well.

Seasonal Dynamics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Water and Sediment of A Multi-level Ditch System in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The multi-level ditch system developed in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China has sped up water drainage process hence transferred more pollutants from farmlands into the rivers of this region.Understanding the seasonal dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) transportation in the ditch system and the role of different ditch size is thus crucial for water pollution control of the rivers in the Sanjiang Plain.In this study,an investigation was conducted in the Nongjiang watershed of the Sanjiang Plain to study the nutrient variation and the correlation between water and sediments in the ditch system in terms of ditch level.Water and sediments samples were collected in each ditch level in growing season at regular intervals (once per month),and TN,NO 3--N,NH 4+-N,TP,and PO 4 3--P were analyzed.The results show that nutrient contents in water were higher in June and July,especially in July,the contents of TN and TP were 3.21mg/L and 0.84mg/L in field ditch,4.04mg/L and 1.06mg/L in lateral ditch,2.46mg/L and 0.70mg/L in branch ditch,1.92mg/L and 0.63mg/L in main ditch,respectively.In August and September,the nutrient contents in the water were relatively lower.The peak value of nutrient in ditch water had been moving from the field ditch to the main ditch over time,showing a remarkable impact of ditch system on river water environment.The nutrient transfer in ditch sediments could only be found in rainfall season.Nutrient contents in ditch sediment had effect on that in ditch water,but nutrients in ditch water and sediments had different origination.Ditch management in terms of the key fac-tors is hence very important for protecting river water environment.

Effect of Different Land Use Patterns on Physical Properties of Soil Water in Yellow River Wetland in Shaanxi Province

[Objective] This study was to reveal the effect of different land use patterns on physical characteristics of soil water in the Yellow River wetland in Shaanxi Province.[Method]Taking Yellow River wetland in Shaanxi Province as experimental plot,we compared the physical properties of the soil water under different land use patterns and studied the physical properties and the change law of soil water during the wetland degeneration process.[Result]Under different land use patterns,soil bulk density rose with the increase of soil depth.During the degeneration process of from river wetland to reclaimed wetland（paddy field）,finally to abandoned land owing to salinization,the mean soil bulk density reduced correspondingly from 1.474 to 1.522 g/cm3,finally to 1.593 g/cm3 when abandoned.Accompanying wetland degeneration,soil became compact increasingly,and the indicators of soil porosity（total porosity,capillary porosity,non-capillary porosity）were also reduced with the change of land use patterns,in which,capillary porosity and total porosity reached the extremely significant level with the change of land use patterns,and non-capillary porosity reached significant level.The changes of soil porosity condition accelerated the deterioration of wetland.Under different land use patterns,the maximum soil moisture capacity,capillary moisture capacity and minimum moisture capacity all showed a similar change law.Compared with wetland,the maximum soil moisture capacity of reclaimed land（paddy field）and salinized land respectively decreased by 5.7% and 22.3%,capillary moisture capacity by 0.2% and 19.4%,minimum moisture capacity by 2.7% and 15.9%.Of the three land use patterns,wetland displayed both higher water holding capacity and water drainage capacity over reclaimed land（paddy field）and salinized land.By comparison with wetland,the reclaimed land（paddy field）and salinized land respectively decreased by 12.4% and 15.2% in total water holding capacity,and by 2.7% and 15.9% in total water drainage capacity.[Conclusion]To conserve the water resource in Yellow River wetland,regulate the hydrological cycle and enhance drought and water logging resistances,it should be noted that reasonable countermeasures be taken to exploit the state-owned forest land and paddy field around the wetland and the related resources.

Potential Renaturalisation of Lakes as An Element Building Up Water Resources： An Example of Mosina Lake, Poland

Water deficits observed in many regions of the world make it necessary to implement measures intended to improve this situation. Poland is one of the countries with the poorest water resources in Europe due to its natural conditions and human impact. As a result of land reclamation carried out over decades, many elements of its hydrographic system have been changed, and some of them, like lakes, have disappeared altogether. In the days of the socio-economic transformation and more frequent extreme events, what seems worth considering is the renaturalisation of non-existing lakes, an idea presented in this paper on a selected example.