Maximum tolerated volume in drinking tests with water and a nutritional beverage for the diagnosis of functional dyspepsia

AIM: Recently, drinking load tests with water or nutritional beverages have been proposed as diagnostic tools for functional dyspepsia (FD), therefore we sought to reproduce if these tests can discriminate between FD patients and controls in a Mexican population. METHODS: Twenty FD-Rome Ⅱ patients were matched by age and gender with 20 healthy controls. All underwent both drinking tests at a 15 mL/min rate, randomly, 7 d apart. Every 5 min within each test, four symptoms were evaluated (satiety, bloating, nausea and pain) by Likert scales. Maximum tolerated volume (MTV) was defined as the ingested volume when a score of 5 was reached for any symptom or when the test had to be stopped because the patients could not tolerate more volume. Sensitivity and specificity were analyzed. RESULTS: FD patients had higher symptom scores for both tests compared to controls (water: t= 4.1, P= 0.001 ＜0.01; Nutren(R): t= 5.2, P= 0.001＜0.01). The MTV forwater and Nutren(R) were significantly lower in FD (water: 1014±288 vs 1749±275 mL; t = 7.9, P = 0.001＜0.01;Nutren(R): 652±168 vs 1278±286 mL; t= 6.7, P = 0.001＜0.01). With the volume tolerated by the controls, the percentile 10 was determined as the lower limit fortolerance. Sensitivity and specificity were 0.90, 0.95 for water and 0.95, 0.95 for Nutren(R) tests.CONCLUSION: A drinking test with water or a nutritional beverage can discriminate between FD patients and healthy subjects in Mexico, with high sensitivity and specificity. These tests could be used as objective, noninvasive, and safe diagnostic approaches for FD patients.

Drinking water and liver cancer *

AIM To study the relationship between mutagenicity of drinking water and incidence of liver cancer in high liver cancer incidence areas in Guangxi.

Sensitivity of Different Cytotoxic Responses of Vero Cells Exposed to Organic Chemical Pollutants and their Reliability in the Bio-toxicity Test of Trace Chemical Pollutants

Objective To find a sensitive cytotoxic response to reflect the bio-toxicity of trace organic pollutants, the sensitivity and reliability of morphological change and proliferation inhibition of Vero cells exposed to 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol （TCP） and the leachate from products related to drinking water （PRDW） were compared, and the mechanism of the morphological change in Vero cells exposed to chemical pollutants was studied. Methods Vero cells were treated by different concentration of TCP and the leachate from PRDW. Methylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay was carried out for proliferation inhibition. Bioluminescence method was carried out as another method to test the toxicity of TCP. Flow Cytometry assay was used to test cell Apoptosis and damage of cell-membrane. Results 0.25 mg/L TCP had an effect on cell morphology, and the proportion of morphologically changed cells increased with increasing TCP concentration. At low TCP concentrations, inhibition of cell proliferation did not seem to correlate to TCP concentration, and was negative when TCP concentration was 〈1.0 mg/L. After exposure to leachate from PRDW extracted at different temperatures, the percentage of morphologically changed cells increased with extracting temperature, but the inhibition of cell proliferation failed to reflect the correlation between extracting temperature and proliferation inhibition of Vero cells. Although the Sensitivity of bioluminescence method seems to be similar to morphological change in Veto cells, the bacterial in this method is not homologous enough with human body cells to reflect the toxicity to human body. These imply cell morphological change is a more sensitive and reliable method to reflect bio-toxicity of organic pollutants than proliferation inhibition. Flow cytometry analysis and cell rejuvenation experiments indicated cell membrane damage, which results in cell morphological change, was an early and sensitive cytotoxic response comparing with necrosis. Conelusion These results indicated that the cell membrane toxicity represented by morphological changes is a more sensitive and reliable method to indicate the composite bio-toxicity of trace chemicals than proliferation inhibition, inhibition on bioluminescence and necrosis. Nevertheless, the quantification of morphological change should be studied further.

Drinking Water Quality Clinics and Outreach in Delaware Focusing on Educating Master Well Owners

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the authority to regulate the public water systems. The EPA does not have the jurisdiction to regulate private drinking water wells. This leaves approximately fifteen percent of the nation’s population without any regulation being held in place to protect their source of drinking water. With that fifteen percent of the US population having private wells for drinking water, it makes the number of people whose drinking water is unprotected by regulation at a little over 15 million US households. This concern is even more acute in areas with groundwater that is close to the surface. Delaware residents live in a region with low elevation which is very close to the coast with low elevation and the shallow groundwater makes us concern about contaminated well water even more intense. As one of the Water Resources Program partners, we have offered free Drinking Water Quality Clinics to local well owners over the past 4 years in Delaware State University. Since 2009, over 400 Delaware residents have benefited from these clinics. At each clinic, an information session was offered in the evening, with an opportunity to hear from and speak with a drinking water well expert. Participants were given sample bottles and water testing performed the following day included pH, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, alkalinity, fluoride, hardness, iron, lead, cadmium, arsenic, Total Coliform, and E. coli. Over half of the samples returned out of range values for pH, while 72 returned results positive for Total Coliform and Escherichia coli bacterium. Data are examined for correlations, and improved understanding of local well owners. These tests shared with local well owners insights into what may be wrong with their water. In addition, any tests that came back outside of the normal range were reported to homeowners in writing. Mailed with the written reports were also information specific to what test results were outside of the limits, and actions to take to correct the exact problem the well owners encountered. The data reported here are examined to discuss the correlations of information, and ways that the Drinking Water Quality Clinics have improved our understanding of local wells and ownerships. In conclusion, regular testing on a yearly basis is the most effective way to ensure that public health is maintained.

Double-endpoint Genotoxicity Quantification and PAHs Characterization of Drinking Water Source alongside Polluted Yinghe River with High Tumor Mortality

The etiology for the high tumor mortality in heavy polluted Yinghe river basin is still unclear and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)belong to the priority pollutants in water based on the former surveillance data.In order to explore the potential genotoxicants contributing to the double-endpoint genotoxicity of polluted drinking water source,12 groundwater and 3 surface water samples were collected from 3 villages and the nearby rivers alongside Yinghe river basin,respectively and their comprehensive genotoxicity was estimated with a bioassay group of sOS/umu test and micronucleus(MN)test(MNT).Some groundwater samples showed positive genotoxicity and all surface water samples were highly genotoxic.Eight groundwater samples showed DNA genotoxic effct with the average 4-NQO equivalent concentration(TEQ_(4-NQO))of 0.067μg/L and 0.089μg/L in wet and dry season,respectively.The average MN ratios of groundwater samples were 14.19‰ and 17.52‰ in wet and dry season,respectively.Groundwater samples showed different genotoxic effect among 3 villages.The total PAHs concentrations in all water samples ranged from 8.98 to 25.17 ng/L with an average of 14.97±4.85 ng/L.BaA,CHR,BkF,BaP and DBA were the main carcinogenic PAHs contributing to the genotoxicity of water samples.In conclusion,carcinogenic PAHs are possibly related to the high tumor mortality in the target area.Characterization of carcinogenic PAHs to genotoxicity of drinking water source may shed light on the etiology study for high tumor mortality in Yinghe river basin.Key words:genotoxicity test;drinking water source;high tumor mortality;Yinghe river basin;polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)

In vivo quantification of human aqueous veins by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography images

AIM:To investigate the aqueous vein in vivo by using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT)and optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).METHODS:In this cross-sectional comparative study,30 healthy participants were enrolled.Images of the aqueous and conjunctival veins were captured by EDI-OCT and OCTA before and after water loading.The area,height,width,location depth and blood flow of the aqueous vein and conjunctival vein were measured by Image J software.RESULTS:In the static state,the area of the aqueous vein was 8166.7±3272.7μm^(2),which was smaller than that of the conjunctival vein(13690±7457μm^(2),P<0.001).The mean blood flow density of the aqueous vein was 35.3%±12.6%,which was significantly less than that of the conjunctival vein(51.5%±10.6%,P<0.001).After water loading,the area of the aqueous vein decreased significantly from 8725.8±779.4μm^(2)(baseline)to 7005.2±566.2μm^(2)at 45min but rose to 7863.0±703.2μm^(2)at 60min(P=0.032).The blood flow density of the aqueous vein decreased significantly from 41.2%±4.5%(baseline)to 35.4%±3.2%at 30min but returned to 45.6%±3.6%at 60min(P=0.021).CONCLUSION:The structure and blood flow density of the aqueous vein can be effectively evaluated by OCT and OCTA.These may become biological indicators to evaluate aqueous vein changes and aqueous outflow resistance under different interventions in glaucoma patients.

微生物检验技术在生活饮用水监测中的应用价值探讨

目的 探讨微生物检验技术在生活饮用水监测中的应用价值。方法 抽取2020年3月—2022年5月江苏省丰水期和枯水期样本各50份,不同样本检验技术分别为滤膜法(对照组)、多管发酵法(观察组),利用不同的方式检验后,对比两组水样的微生物检测情况。结果 两组不同的检验方式对杂菌以及大肠菌群的检测结果没有明显差异(P>0.05)。观察组对耐热大肠菌群与大肠埃希菌的检测结果优于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 两种检测方式对饮用水中的微生物都有一定的检出能力,有助于水质安全的测定,但多管发酵法检验方式相对来说能够取得更好的结果。

脑梗死后吞咽障碍患者护理中应用时间康复护理的效果探讨

目的探讨对脑梗死后吞咽障碍患者采用时间康复护理方式展开对应干预后获得的临床效果。方法回顾性选取2020年10月—2023年10月深圳市罗湖区人民医院收治的90例脑梗死后吞咽障碍患者的临床资料,依据不同护理方法分为参照组和研究组,每组45例。参照组采用常规护理方式展开疾病护理,研究组采用时间康复护理方式展开疾病护理,对比分析两组患者的护理总满意度、世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表简表(World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF,WHOQOL-BREF)评分、洼田饮水试验评分。结果研究组护理总满意度高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);护理前,两组患者WHOQOL-BREF评分对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);护理后,研究组环境因素评分、社会关系评分、生理因素评分、心理因素评分均高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。护理前,两组患者的洼田饮水试验评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);护理后,研究组洼田饮水试验评分为(1.29±0.29)分低于参照组的(2.53±0.65)分,差异有统计学意义(t=11.687,P<0.05)。结论时间康复护理方式的合理运用,可显著提升脑梗死后吞咽障碍患者护理满意度、生存质量,有效改善吞咽功能。

缺血性脑卒中患者住院期间误吸的危险因素及预测模型构建

目的 探讨缺血性脑卒中(IS)患者住院期间误吸的危险因素并构建预测模型。方法 采用病例对照设计,回顾性收集2022年3月—2023年10月在苏州大学附属苏州九院神经内科治疗的316例IS患者的临床资料。依据患者住院期间误吸情况分为病例组(住院期间发生误吸)89例和对照组(住院期间未发生误吸)227例。对2组资料进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,筛选出IS患者住院期间误吸的危险因素。采用R软件从2组中抽取70%数据作为训练集(建立列线图模型),剩余30%数据作为测试集。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线的曲线下面积(AUC)、校准曲线、决策曲线评估预测模型的价值。结果 病例组与对照组在年龄、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、病灶数、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平、自主咳嗽、洼田饮水试验分级等方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄大(OR=2.201, 95%CI:1.254~3.865)、NIHSS评分高(OR=4.816, 95%CI:1.652~14.041)、多个病灶(OR=2.649, 95%CI:1.249~5.613)、Hcy高水平(OR=1.501, 95%CI:1.044~2.158)、自主咳嗽减弱或消失(OR=3.384, 95%CI:1.639~6.987)、洼田饮水试验分级高(OR=2.878, 95%CI:1.422~5.783)是IS患者住院期间误吸的危险因素(P<0.05)。训练集中,列线图模型预测IS患者住院期间误吸的AUC为0.872(95%CI:0.827~0.919),在测试集中验证得到的AUC为0.859(95%CI:0.807~0.904)。校准曲线分析训练集的P=0.869,测试集的P=0.898。训练集和测试集的决策曲线分析均显示模型有良好的临床适用性。结论 IS患者住院期间误吸风险与年龄大、NIHSS评分高、多个病灶、Hcy高水平、自主咳嗽减弱或消失、洼田饮水试验分级高有关。基于此构建的列线图预测模型可有效评估IS患者住院期间的误吸风险。

Gugging吞咽功能评估表筛查在神经外科术后患者首次进食中的应用

目的探讨Gugging吞咽功能评估表筛查在神经外科术后意识清醒患者首次进食中的指导作用。方法选取2017年5-10月我院112例神经外科术后意识清楚的患者,采用随机数字表法随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用洼田饮水试验评估患者吞咽功能,根据评估结果遵医嘱进行饮食指导,观察组采用GUSS筛查,判断患者有无吞咽障碍,根据评分结果选择相符的饮食。比较两组患者留置胃管的例数、吸入性肺炎发生率及血浆快速周转蛋白含量变化。结果对照组留置胃管例数高于观察组,观察组吸入性肺炎的发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),术后10 d血浆快速周转蛋白含量观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论神经外科术后患者首次经口进食前进行GUSS筛查,可及早发现患者是否存在吞咽障碍,对进食的食物种类选择有指导性作用,并有针对性的进行康复训练,减少胃管的留置,提高患者的营养摄入,有效降低吸入性肺炎的发生。

重复经颅磁刺激结合多重吞咽刺激对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能 营养指标的影响

目的观察重复经颅磁刺激结合多重吞咽刺激对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能、营养指标的影响。方法选取四川大学华西医院2020-03—2022-04收治的152例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者作为研究对象,分为观察组和对照组。对照组75例采用多重吞咽刺激治疗,观察组77例采用重复经颅磁刺激结合多重吞咽刺激治疗。比较2组患者治疗效果、吞咽功能、营养指标。结果观察组总有效率97.40%,高于对照组的89.33%(P<0.05)。2组患者干预前视频荧光造影检查(VFG)及饮水试验(WST)评分对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预后2组VFG评分比干预前升高且观察组[(6.77±1.25)分]高于对照组[(5.65±1.03)分](P<0.05),干预后2组WST评分低于干预前且干预后观察组[(1.81±0.44)分]低于对照组[(2.63±0.40)分](P<0.05)。干预前2组患者吞咽波幅及吞咽时程对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预后2组吞咽时程比干预前下降且观察组[(1.48±0.21)s]低于对照组[(1.65±0.26)s](P<0.05),干预后2组吞咽波幅比干预前升高且观察组[(0.40±0.11)mV]高于对照组[(0.35±0.09)mV](P<0.05)。干预前2组血清白蛋白、血红蛋白等营养指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预后2组血清各营养指标高于干预前且干预后观察组血清白蛋白[(35.59±7.12)g/L]、血红蛋白[(125.64±9.21)g/L]、血清总蛋白[(67.26±7.34)g/L]高于对照组[血清白蛋白(32.67±6.94)g/L,血红蛋白(121.29±8.54)g/L,血清总蛋白(62.86±6.94)g/L](P<0.05)。结论对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者采用重复经颅磁刺激结合多重吞咽刺激治疗效果明显,能有效改善患者吞咽障碍,提高患者营养指标水平。

2021—2023年惠州市惠阳区生活饮用水微生物检测结果分析

目的:分析2021—2023年广东省惠州市惠阳区生活饮用水微生物检测结果。方法:2021—2023年采集惠阳区716份生活饮用水样本,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法第12部分:微生物指标》(GB/T 5750.12—2006)进行检测。统计生活饮用水微生物检测的合格率及合格项次,以及不同季度、不同年份、不同类型、不同地区饮用水的菌落总数、总大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌、耐热大肠菌群合格率。结果:惠阳区2021—2023年共检测716份水样品,不同类型、不同地区样品的菌落总数、大肠埃希氏菌、耐热大肠菌群检查项次合格率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);不同年份的微生物指标检查项次合格率总体呈现下降趋势;不同季度、不同年份的水样总大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌、耐热大肠菌群合格率比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:广东省惠州市惠阳区近年来生活饮用水水质整体情况良好,但仍有提升空间,通过完善水质监测设备、加大管理力度,可保障饮水安全。

青岛市市北区现制现供饮用水卫生监测分析与监管探讨

目的了解市北区现制现供饮用水的卫生现状,为制订有效监管措施提供参考依据。方法2017年11月、2022年5月随机抽取青岛市市北区现制现供饮水机,并对其进行卫生状况调查与水质检测。结果2017、2022年共抽检现制现供饮水机117台,健康合格证明有效率2017年为96.1%、2022年为83.3%;涉水产品卫生许可批件有效率,2017年为96.1%,2022年为95.5%;水质检测信息公示率,2017年为41.2%,2022年为62.1%;水质检测合格率,2017年为92.2%,2022年为97.0%。2017年、2022年涉水产品卫生许可批件有效率、水质检测合格率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而健康合格证明有效率与卫生信息公示率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论《青岛市生活饮用水卫生监督管理办法》实施7年现制现供饮用水卫生监管效果显著,但目前仍存在监管滞后性、经营单位管理不规范等问题,应从修订完善相关法规、优化监管的资源配置、多部门联合监管等多维度提高现制现供饮用水的质量,确保居民饮水安全。

基于水质指数法和M-K检验的饮用水水源地水质演变趋势研究

饮用水水源地水质演变趋势研究对水源地的保护具有重要意义。以中国某城市6个市级水源地为研究对象,采用水质指数法进行水质评价,在此基础上结合Pettitt Mann Whitney变异点分析法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和线性回归法,深入分析了各水源地水质突变时间及演变趋势,并结合该市近年来的管理政策分析了水质变化的原因。2020年-2022年各水源地水质现状整体较好,4个水源地水质评价结果为优良,其余为良好。变异点和演变趋势分析结果表明,各水源地均存在突变时间,水质指数突变时间主要集中在2021年2月-2022年4月,突变后2个水源地水质变差,其余水源地水质变好,仅1个水源地变异显著。该市水源地整体上2022年水质状况优于往年,主要得益于流域整体水环境质量改善和水源地特殊保护的加强。

浅谈我国生活饮用水标准体系的发展

围绕研究过去30余年生活饮用水相关标准的发展与演变特征,以60余项,国家、行业、地方及团体标准文件,包含了800余项参数,作为研究对象。结果表明,目前生活饮用水的检测方法是最主要的标准文件类型,液质联用和气质联用是最主要的污染物测试方法。未来的发展任务可从饮用水中新型污染物的研究与防治相关技术规范等方面进行,为我国生活饮用水标准体系的优化提供重要的方法基础,切实保护人民健康和发展经济提供坚实的技术支撑。

生活饮用水水质检测方法的优化及应用研究

本文论述生活饮用水水质检测方法的相关优化措施,如在规范检测程序方面要建立并完善水质检测标准体系,在改进样品采集与保存方面要不断优化采样过程及样品的运输方式,在优化检测设备与技术方面要引入污染源在线监测系统与环境水质自动监测仪等先进设备。对于优化后水质检测方法的相关应用,提出建立实时在线监测系统、定期发布水质报告等策略,以确保检测工作的针对性及有效性。

2018—2022年枣庄市市中区生活饮用水微生物监测结果分析

目的:了解2018—2022年枣庄市市中区城乡生活饮用水的水质卫生情况,为保障城乡居民饮用水安全提出合理化建议。方法:按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750系列标准)检验饮用水中菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群等微生物指标,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)对检验结果进行评价。结果:2018—2022年枣庄市市中区共检验生活饮用水样本332份,合格239份,合格率为72.0%,5年的微生物合格率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=30.035,p <0.001)。枯水期合格率为73.5%,丰水期合格率为62.7%,差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.392,p=0.020);市政集中式供水合格率为80.8%,农村小型集中式供水合格率为62.5%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=13.787,p <0.001);出厂水合格率为94%,末梢水合格率为68.1%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=14.144,p <0.001)。结论:市中区生活饮用水中的微生物不合格情况较为显著,政府有关部门还需要通过加强管网管理,运用物理、化学等方式有效去除水中杂质、有害物质和微生物等,提高居民生活饮用水质量,确保人们的饮水安全。

基于GIS的晋城市农村饮用水水质分布规律及成因研究

在晋城地区选取462个农村饮用水水样进行了水质检测,并基于GIS技术对检测数据进行了统计分析,结果显示:饮用水中硫酸盐、氯化物、硝酸盐(N)、镉、氨(N)、锌的空间分布存在显著差异;饮用水中pH值、氟化物、总硬度、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、硝酸盐N、氯化物、浑浊度、高锰酸盐指数、氨(N)、镉、铬(六价)和锌的分布均具有特定的空间规律。结合该地区的地质构造、岩层土壤组成、气象、水文以及社会条件等因素,分析了农村饮用水呈现这一分布规律的原因。

岩溶洼地建库背景下水-气耦合试验相似材料研制

在岩溶洼地建库研究中,为研制出满足水-气耦合模拟试验所需的相似材料,以砂子、普通水泥、石膏为原料,设计了4组不同粒径级配的试验组。通过岩石低渗测试技术和核磁共振分析技术,分析了4组不同颗粒级配相似材料的渗透率、孔隙分布及逾渗特征。研究结果表明:在分形维数Df=1.68~2.31范围内,相似材料的渗透率随颗粒级配分形维数增加而线性增大。4组试样中,分形维数越大,则材料内孔隙总量越多,孔径分布越集中,对应的主控孔隙尺寸降低。随着分形维数的增大,灰度阈值升高,逾渗阈值降低,材料越容易发生逾渗。基于实测渗透率,建立了相似材料的渗透率计算模型,计算值与实测值吻合度较高。研究成果成功运用于岩溶洼地模型试验并取得显著效果,为进一步研究水-气作用提供了合适的试验材料。

基于顶空-固相微萃取的饮用水中挥发性有机物非目标性筛选方法

VOCs在饮用水中存在较为广泛,在长期、持续饮用的情况下很容易对人体健康造成不同程度的危害,基于此,对饮用水中的挥发性有机物进行筛选具有重要的现实意义。本文采取实验方法,基于顶空-固相微萃取技术,对饮用水中挥发性有机物进行非目标性筛选,并得出了相应的结论。希望本文的研究内容能够为饮用水质量检测活动提供一定理论支持。