A retained bile duct stone after operation for cholelithiasis still occurs and causes symptoms such as biliary colic and obstructive jaundice.An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic sphincter...A retained bile duct stone after operation for cholelithiasis still occurs and causes symptoms such as biliary colic and obstructive jaundice.An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST),followed by stone extraction,are usually an effective treatment for this condition.However,these procedures are associated with severe complications including pancreatitis,bleeding,and duodenal perforation.Nitrates such as glyceryl trinitrate(GTN) and isosorbide dinitrate(ISDN) are known to relax the sphincter of Oddi.In 6 cases in which a retained stone was detected following cholecystectomy,topical nitrate drip infusion via cystic duct tube(C-tube) was carried out.Retained stones of 2-3 mm diameter and no dilated common bile duct in 3 patients were removed by drip infusion of 50 mg GTN or 10 mg ISDN,which was the regular dose of intravenous injection.Three other cases failed,and EST in 2 cases and endoscopic biliary balloon dilatation in 1 case were performed.One patient developed an adverse event of nausea.Severe complications were not observed.We consider the topical nitrate drip infusion via C-tube to be old but safe,easy,and inexpensive procedure for retained bile duct stone following cholecystectomy,inasmuch as removal rate was about 50% in our cases.展开更多
Evaporation loss from the saturated soil beneath drip irrigation emitters highly influences the irrigation efficiency of drip krigation （D1]. Subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） is one good approach to curb this ineff...Evaporation loss from the saturated soil beneath drip irrigation emitters highly influences the irrigation efficiency of drip krigation （D1]. Subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） is one good approach to curb this inefficiency, but in a new irrigation method, straight tube irrigation （STI）, the irrigation tubes do not need to be buried and thus STI is recommended to increase the irrigation efficiency under normal surface-applied DI. STI consists of only connectors and water-transference tubes that can directly transfer irrigation water from the lateral emitters in the drip line to the root zone of plants. Five-month field experiments were carried out in aeolian sand soil in the forest-belts of the Taklimakan Desert, which have poor water storage capacity, to compare the potential water saving between STI and DI. The preliminary results showed that, compared with DI, STI （1） improved the soil water content in soil depths from 40 to 100 cm under the soil surface; （2） achieved the same irrigation effects in relatively shorter irrigation durations; （3） had very little water loss due to deep seepage; and （4） formed a layer of dry sand about 10 to 30 cm thick immediately below the soil surface, which lessened evaporation loss of soil water beneath the emitters on the soil surface. This demonstrates that STI can maximize the water-saving potential of DI through the reduction of wetted soil perimeters on the soil surface. This is valuable information for water-saving engineering applications and projects with STI in arid and semiarid regions.展开更多
目的:分析长沙某院儿童静脉输液时输液管与针头分离的原因,探讨相应的对策,保障儿童输液安全。方法:回顾性选取2020年11月-2021年10月于长沙妇幼保健院门诊输液过程中发生输液管针头脱出输液瓶塞的400例患儿作为研究对象,收集患儿临床资...目的:分析长沙某院儿童静脉输液时输液管与针头分离的原因,探讨相应的对策,保障儿童输液安全。方法:回顾性选取2020年11月-2021年10月于长沙妇幼保健院门诊输液过程中发生输液管针头脱出输液瓶塞的400例患儿作为研究对象,收集患儿临床资料,分析输液管针头脱出输液瓶塞的原因。结果:400例患儿男236例(59.00%),女164例(41.00%);≤3岁311例(77.75%),4~7岁89例(22.25%);留置针输液122例(30.50%),非留置针输液278例(69.50%);输液部位在头部186例(46.50%),输液部位在手部195例(48.75%),输液部位在脚部19例(4.75%);发生于春季78例(19.50%),发生于夏季106例(26.50%),发生于秋季106例(26.50%),发生于冬季脱落110例(27.50%);输液第1天脱落170例(42.50%),输液第2天脱落162例(40.50%),输液第3、4天脱落68例(17.00%);输液时长0~30 min 177例(44.25%),输液时长31~60 min 145例(36.25%),输液时长>60 min 78例(19.50%)。400例患儿发生输液管与穿刺针头分离的主要原因为患儿玩耍拉扯、患儿哭吵躁动。不同性别、有无留置针患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);≤3岁患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率高于>3岁患儿,输液部位在手部时,患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率高于输液部位在头部与脚部,输液季节在冬季时,患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率高于其他季节,输液第1天,患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率最高,输液时长31~60 min时,患儿最易发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:长沙某院儿童静脉输液时输液管针头脱出输液瓶塞的主要原因为患儿玩耍拉扯、患儿哭吵躁动,此外还与患儿年龄、输液部位、输液季节、输液天次、输液时长有关,建议加强对患儿及家属的个性化健康教育,提供舒适的输液环境,以提高输液安全意识,保障儿童健康。展开更多
文摘A retained bile duct stone after operation for cholelithiasis still occurs and causes symptoms such as biliary colic and obstructive jaundice.An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST),followed by stone extraction,are usually an effective treatment for this condition.However,these procedures are associated with severe complications including pancreatitis,bleeding,and duodenal perforation.Nitrates such as glyceryl trinitrate(GTN) and isosorbide dinitrate(ISDN) are known to relax the sphincter of Oddi.In 6 cases in which a retained stone was detected following cholecystectomy,topical nitrate drip infusion via cystic duct tube(C-tube) was carried out.Retained stones of 2-3 mm diameter and no dilated common bile duct in 3 patients were removed by drip infusion of 50 mg GTN or 10 mg ISDN,which was the regular dose of intravenous injection.Three other cases failed,and EST in 2 cases and endoscopic biliary balloon dilatation in 1 case were performed.One patient developed an adverse event of nausea.Severe complications were not observed.We consider the topical nitrate drip infusion via C-tube to be old but safe,easy,and inexpensive procedure for retained bile duct stone following cholecystectomy,inasmuch as removal rate was about 50% in our cases.
基金Tarim Oilfield Corporation of China National Petroleum Corporation for providing funds
文摘Evaporation loss from the saturated soil beneath drip irrigation emitters highly influences the irrigation efficiency of drip krigation （D1]. Subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） is one good approach to curb this inefficiency, but in a new irrigation method, straight tube irrigation （STI）, the irrigation tubes do not need to be buried and thus STI is recommended to increase the irrigation efficiency under normal surface-applied DI. STI consists of only connectors and water-transference tubes that can directly transfer irrigation water from the lateral emitters in the drip line to the root zone of plants. Five-month field experiments were carried out in aeolian sand soil in the forest-belts of the Taklimakan Desert, which have poor water storage capacity, to compare the potential water saving between STI and DI. The preliminary results showed that, compared with DI, STI （1） improved the soil water content in soil depths from 40 to 100 cm under the soil surface; （2） achieved the same irrigation effects in relatively shorter irrigation durations; （3） had very little water loss due to deep seepage; and （4） formed a layer of dry sand about 10 to 30 cm thick immediately below the soil surface, which lessened evaporation loss of soil water beneath the emitters on the soil surface. This demonstrates that STI can maximize the water-saving potential of DI through the reduction of wetted soil perimeters on the soil surface. This is valuable information for water-saving engineering applications and projects with STI in arid and semiarid regions.
文摘目的:分析长沙某院儿童静脉输液时输液管与针头分离的原因,探讨相应的对策,保障儿童输液安全。方法:回顾性选取2020年11月-2021年10月于长沙妇幼保健院门诊输液过程中发生输液管针头脱出输液瓶塞的400例患儿作为研究对象,收集患儿临床资料,分析输液管针头脱出输液瓶塞的原因。结果:400例患儿男236例(59.00%),女164例(41.00%);≤3岁311例(77.75%),4~7岁89例(22.25%);留置针输液122例(30.50%),非留置针输液278例(69.50%);输液部位在头部186例(46.50%),输液部位在手部195例(48.75%),输液部位在脚部19例(4.75%);发生于春季78例(19.50%),发生于夏季106例(26.50%),发生于秋季106例(26.50%),发生于冬季脱落110例(27.50%);输液第1天脱落170例(42.50%),输液第2天脱落162例(40.50%),输液第3、4天脱落68例(17.00%);输液时长0~30 min 177例(44.25%),输液时长31~60 min 145例(36.25%),输液时长>60 min 78例(19.50%)。400例患儿发生输液管与穿刺针头分离的主要原因为患儿玩耍拉扯、患儿哭吵躁动。不同性别、有无留置针患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);≤3岁患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率高于>3岁患儿,输液部位在手部时,患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率高于输液部位在头部与脚部,输液季节在冬季时,患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率高于其他季节,输液第1天,患儿发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动率最高,输液时长31~60 min时,患儿最易发生玩耍拉扯、哭吵躁动,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:长沙某院儿童静脉输液时输液管针头脱出输液瓶塞的主要原因为患儿玩耍拉扯、患儿哭吵躁动,此外还与患儿年龄、输液部位、输液季节、输液天次、输液时长有关,建议加强对患儿及家属的个性化健康教育,提供舒适的输液环境,以提高输液安全意识,保障儿童健康。
