Thermal performance of cast-in-place piles with artificial ground freezing in permafrost regions

During the construction of cast-in-place piles in warm permafrost,the heat carried by concrete and the cement hydration reaction can cause strong thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost.Since the bearing capacity of the pile is quite small before the full freeze-back,the quick refreezing of the native soils surrounding the cast-in-place pile has become the focus of the infrastructure construction in permafrost.To solve this problem,this paper innovatively puts forward the application of the artificial ground freezing(AGF)method at the end of the curing period of cast-in-place piles in permafrost.A field test on the AGF was conducted at the Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment(34°51.2'N,92°56.4'E)in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(QTP),and then a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the thermal performance of piles using AGF under different engineering conditions.Additionally,the long-term thermal performance of piles after the completion of AGF under different conditions was estimated.Field experiment results demonstrate that AGF is an effective method to reduce the refreezing time of the soil surrounding the piles constructed in permafrost terrain,with the ability to reduce the pile-soil interface temperatures to below the natural ground temperature within 3 days.Numerical results further prove that AGF still has a good cooling effect even under unfavorable engineering conditions such as high pouring temperature,large pile diameter,and large pile length.Consequently,the application of this method is meaningful to save the subsequent latency time and solve the problem of thermal disturbance in pile construction in permafrost.The research results are highly relevant for the spread of AGF technology and the rapid building of pile foundations in permafrost.

Field observation of the thermal disturbance and freezeback processes of cast-in-place pile foundations in warm permafrost regions

The bearing capacity of pile foundations is affected by the temperature of the frozen soil around pile foundations.The construction process and the hydration heat of cast-in-place(CIP)pile foundations affect the thermal stability of permafrost.In this paper,temperature data from inside multiple CIP piles,borehole observations of ground thermal status adjacent to the foundations and local weather stations were monitored in warm permafrost regions to study the thermal influence process of CIP pile foundations.The following conclusions are drawn from the field observation data.(1)The early temperature change process of different CIP piles is different,and the differences gradually diminish over time.(2)The initial concrete temperature is linearly related with the air temperature,net radiation and wind speed within 1 h before the completion of concrete pouring;the contributions of the air temperature,net radiation,and wind speed to the initial concrete temperature are 51.9%,20.3%and 27.9%,respectively.(3)The outer boundary of the thermal disturbance annulus is approximately 2 m away from the pile center.It took more than 224 days for the soil around the CIP piles to return to the natural permafrost temperature at the study site.

Refreezing of cast-in-place piles under various engineering conditions

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission Line （QTPTL）, cast-in-place piles （CIPPs） are widely applied in areas with unfavorable geological conditions. The thermal regime around piles in permafrost regions greatly affects the stability of the towers as well as the operation of the QTPTL. The casting of piles will markedly affect the thermal regime of the surrounding permafrost because of the casting temperature and the hydration heat of cement. Based on the typical geological and engineering conditions along the QTPTL, thermal disturbance ofa CIPP to surrounding permafrost under different casting seasons, pile depths, and casting temperatures were simulated. The results show that the casting season （summer versus winter） can influence the refreezing process of CIPPs, within the first 6 m of pile depth. Sixty days after being cast, CIPPs greater than 6 m in depth can be frozen regardless of which season they were cast, and the foundation could be reffozen after a cold season. Comparing the refreezing characteristics of CIPPs cast in different seasons also showed that, without considering the ground surface conditions, warm seasons are more suitable for casting piles. With the increase of pile depth, the thermal effect of a CIPP on the surrounding soil mainly expands vertically, while the lateral heat disturbance changes little. Deeper, longer CIPPs have better stability. The casting temperature clearly affects the thermal disturbance, and the radius of the melting circle increases with rising casting temperature. The optimal casting temperature is between 2 ℃ and 9 ℃.

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level,the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pileesoileraft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.

Field study of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile

The compositions, technical principles and construction equipments of a new piling method used for ground improvement plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile were introduced. The results from static load tests on single piles with different forms of pile shoes and on their composite foundations were analyzed. The distribution patterns of axial force, shaft friction and toe resistance were studied based on the measurements taken from buried strain gauges. From the point of engineering application, the pile has merits in convenient quality control, high bearing capacity and reliable quality, showing higher reasonability, advancement and suitability than other ground improvement methods. The pile can be adopted properly to take place of ordinary ground improvement method, achieving greater economical and social benefits.

Influence of the penetration of adjacent X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile on the existing XCC pile in sand

A series of small-scale 1g X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile-penetration model tests were conducted to study the effects of soil density and pile geometry on the lateral responses of an existing pile and the variations in surrounding soil stress.The results showed that the bending patterns of existing XCC piles varied with penetration depth.The lateral response of the existing pile was sensitive to the change in relative density and pile geometry.For example,the bending moment of the existing pile increased along with these parameters.The development of the radial stressσ′r/σ′v0 of the soil around an existing pile showed different trends at various depths during the penetration of the adjacent pile.Moreover,the change in radial stress during the penetration of the XCC pile did not exhibit the“h/R effect”that was observed in the free-field soil,due to the shielding effect of the existing piles.The peak value of radial stressσ′r_max/σ′v0 decreased exponentially as the radial distance r/R increased.The attenuation ofσ′r_max/σ′v0 with r/R in the loose sand was faster than in the medium-dense or dense sands.Theσ′r_max/σ′v0 at the same soil location increased with the cross-section geometry parameter.

ON THE DRIVING BEHAVIOR，VARIABLE－DIAMETEREFFECT AND BEAKING CAPACITY OF DRIVENCAST－IN－SITU PILE WITHFLAT

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动力打桩桩周泥岩损伤特性与损伤模型

针对泥岩地基同施工场地条件下动力打入桩的承载力差异性大且部分打入桩承载力不足等异常现象,文章开展了桩周0.2m处打桩前后的桩周泥岩单轴抗压强度对比试验,和打桩后的桩端中风化泥岩三轴压缩试验,明确打桩后桩周泥岩的损伤特性,基于统计损伤理论建立考虑受打桩影响的桩周泥岩损伤本构模型,并对泥岩地基打入桩的承载性能进行探讨。研究表明:打桩后桩周0.2m处泥岩强度平均损伤28.2%,弹性模量平均损伤41.4%;桩端中风化泥岩损伤后抗剪强度参数平均值为c=217.2kPa、φ=21.6°,φ仅是同场地原状强风化和全风化泥岩的49.1%和51.4%;打桩后桩周泥岩应力-应变曲线的损伤模型计算值的与实测值吻合较好,验证模型的合理性;泥岩地基打入桩承载力异常特征为桩端受力小,但桩端沉降显著,静载破坏时桩端阻力的平均占比为5.25%;动力打桩对桩周泥岩的损伤是泥岩地基打入桩承载力异常的重要原因;泥岩地基打入桩的设计计算与数值模拟采用原状泥岩力学参数不合理,泥岩损伤后不易恢复,建议按损伤特性赋予参数。研究结果对泥岩地基打入桩的设计、施工、承载力评价有较强的参考价值。

锤击打桩桩周岩土体力学特性试验研究

为研究打桩前后桩周黏性土和泥岩力学性质的变化,在打桩前后分别进行标准贯入试验,分析了桩周黏性土与泥岩经打桩扰动后的力学特性,探讨了桩周岩土体力学性质变化的影响因素,提出了减小扰动、保证桩周岩土体力学性质的工程措施。研究表明:锤击打桩导致桩周泥岩力学性质降低,桩周泥岩产生损伤;黏性土随打桩产生的超静孔隙水压力逐渐消散,其力学性质28d后基本恢复,但不同黏性土的消散速率不同,力学性质恢复存在差异;泥岩打桩损伤后很难恢复,打桩前后同深度处以标贯锤击数表征的力学性质最大差异超过2倍;若存在软弱夹层,会加剧打桩对泥岩的影响;地下水、软弱夹层、打桩扰动是影响桩周泥岩力学性质的关键因素。

大直径单桩基础稳桩平台结构强度分析

针对自升式海上风电安装船/平台自带的抱桩器纠偏载荷较小、传统稳桩平台作业水深有限、均无法满足大直径单桩基础沉桩作业需求等问题,设计一款可适用于大直径单桩基础施工的新型稳桩平台。考虑稳桩平台底部有支撑和无支撑两种情况,采用SESAM软件对其整体结构强度进行计算分析;基于DNV规范,分别采用手工计算校核和ANSYS Workbench软件模拟两种方式,对其主吊耳局部结构强度进行评估。结果表明,新型稳桩平台整体结构强度和主吊耳局部结构强度均满足要求,主吊耳有限元计算应力值较手工校核应力值更大。

打入型土工筒袋在河道塌坡生态治理中的应用

通过将打入型土工筒袋与直立式预制桩组合技术在河道塌坡中应用,能有效解决预制桩等直立式挡墙护岸结构在不能采取大开挖情况下挡土和滤水等方面存在的瓶颈问题。以八一大沟河道塌坡工程为例,通过现场查勘及钻探工作,查明了塌坡段规模及土性,分析了塌坡成因,并结合河道不能断流施工、临河道路不能中断交通等因素,经经济技术比选选用坡顶灌注桩、坡脚管桩联合支护方案。在坡脚水位变化区采用不连续布置管桩+桩后土工筒袋措施,成功解决了传统做法不易实施的问题,达到了桩间防漏土以及桩前后水体交换的目的,从而降低了云龙湖大坝坝后渗水出逸点高度,且该治理方案造价相对较低并具有生态治理效果。

砂土中桩循环打入过程大变形数值模拟

深入认识桩打入过程引起的桩周土体应力场变化对准确计算打入桩的竖向承载力十分重要。在有限元分析软件ABAQUS中采用大变形任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)方法以及状态相关莫尔-库仑砂土本构模型,模拟了室内标准模型槽试验,得到了桩循环打入过程中桩周砂土全阶段的应力变化规律,并重点分析了径向应力,验证了桩侧砂土应力水平的h/R效应(h为测点与桩尖竖向距离,向上为正;R为桩半径),获得了应力与桩尖和桩中心线相对位置的分布规律。数值模拟结果与室内模型试验实测结果较一致,验证了数值模拟方法的可靠性;有效补充了试验中难以测量的近桩侧区域的应力分布数据,可为打入桩的承载力设计理论和设计方法研究提供依据。

泥岩地基动力打入桩承载特性研究进展

泥岩地基中的锤击打入桩,经常出现承载力异常问题,不能满足设计要求,需要补强处理,造成材料浪费和工期拖延,严重影响着工程建设。迄今为止尚未查清出现问题的原因,成为当前迫切需要解决的理论和技术难题。泥岩作为一种特殊的软岩,因其浸水易软化、受挤压易变形等特点,在荷载作用下易发生承载力不足的现象。归纳了现阶段泥岩地基锤击打入桩承载力不足的原因,明确了泥岩的基本工程性质,结合青岛地区泥岩桩的工程实例分析了泥岩中打入桩的工作机制和破坏模式,总结了动力打桩造成的泥岩损伤、泥岩桩的室内模型试验以及数值模拟等方面的研究进展,最后对泥岩地基动力打入桩的承载力问题进行了梳理,指出了目前研究存在的不足;同时,考虑到未来泥岩地区的发展及桩基工程的实际需求,针对泥岩的现场取样技术、泥岩桩的室内试验及数值模拟等方面提出了未来的发展方向。

大型LNG储罐试桩设计问题分析

液化天然气(LNG)储罐在LNG接收站中占据核心地位,试桩工程位于LNG工程的前端。为优化大型LNG储罐工程试桩工程,为后期同类型试桩工程提供设计参考和工程借鉴,以一实际LNG工程的试桩设计与施工为背景,研究分析LNG工程储罐试桩设计与施工过程中存在的问题。在此基础上提出以下四点试桩建议:(1)在具有代表性的区域进行桩位布孔;(2)针对复杂地质情况采取差异化的终孔原则;(3)应进行破坏性压载试验,并对详勘报告提供的桩基参数进行验证;(4)进行静载试验时建议埋设应变测量元件。

哈尔滨地区锤击PHC管桩竖向承载力研究

文中通过对哈尔滨松花江漫滩区以中密-密实粗砂为持力层、采用锤击成桩工艺的PHC管桩承载力实测值普遍高于规范计算值的原因进行分析,利用置于中密-密实粗砂层上锤击施工的PHC管桩静载荷试验、高应变等测试成果,研究了PHC管桩单桩极限承载力、桩侧阻力及桩端阻力的大小、分布规律及各自的贡献比例,通过数据总结得到了砂土地区锤击施工PHC管桩极限端阻力提高系数,为哈尔滨地区PHC管桩单桩极限承载力的确定和研究提供了参考。

受动力打桩影响的泥岩宏细观力学特性室内试验研究

基于原状、受动力打桩影响的桩周泥岩的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)试验和室内单轴抗压试验,分析桩周扰动泥岩和原状泥岩的细观结构,揭示原状泥岩及桩周扰动泥岩单轴抗压强度的演变规律,并与泥岩的点荷载试验结果进行对比;同时开展桩周扰动泥岩三轴压缩试验,明确桩周扰动泥岩抗剪强度的演化特征,将试验获得的内摩擦角与由图像处理软件确定破裂面角度ψ推算出的内摩擦角进行对比。研究结果表明:受动力打桩影响和受静载试验破坏的泥岩出现了二次损伤,与原状泥岩相比发生了结构性损伤;选用合适的SEM图像放大倍数能够反映完整的损伤裂隙;与原状泥岩相比,桩周扰动泥岩的单轴抗压强度平均值降低28.2%,且试验得到的泥岩单轴抗压强度低于工程勘察报告的推荐值;三轴试验测得的桩周扰动泥岩抗剪强度指标c=217.2 kPa、φ=21.6°,与图形处理软件所确定的内摩擦角φs=23.2°相近。

振动沉桩施工对船撞损伤桥墩基础影响的安全距离

为了研究振动沉桩影响下受损桥墩的动力时程响应,确定振动沉桩安全施工距离和合理振动施工参数,避免修复受损桥梁时临时平台的钢管桩振动下沉造成桥梁的二次破坏,结合番禺北斗大桥船撞事故和抢险修复工程现场情况,采用了小孔扩张理论、振动理论和有限元非线性动力分析相结合的方法,确定了沉桩挤土塑性区范围。研究了钢管桩振动下沉时受损墩柱的动力时程响应,确定了振动过程的影响范围及施工安全距离,提出了抢险平台钢管桩振动下沉施工的激振力和振动频率合理范围。结果表明:通过小孔扩张理论计算得到钢管桩振冲下沉过程的挤土效应塑性范围为14.66 m;采用有限元方法模拟振动荷载作用下地基土的速度时程响应,根据现有规范中最大速度限值,得到振动荷载对受损桥墩的径向影响范围为3.02~19.08 m;综合考虑沉桩工艺、沉桩速率、沉桩顺序等工艺,在激振力不超过600 kN情况下,受损墩柱抢险工程钢管桩振冲下沉施工的最小安全距离容许值为15 m;结合数值模拟时程计算和现场工程情况,确定了番禺北斗大桥修复抢险振冲沉桩施工的合理参数,建议钢管柱振冲下沉施工时激振力不超过600 kN、振动频率不低于16 Hz。研究结果可为确保受损桥梁抢险修复工程的施工安全性提供理论支撑和借鉴。

泥岩地基中动力打入桩竖向承载特性现场试验

为深入研究泥岩地基动力打入桩的竖向承载特性,开展了泥岩地基打入桩单桩竖向抗压静载试验,分析了试桩的沉贯与承载特性,探讨了地下水对试桩承载性能的影响,基于静载试验结果,对比分析不同理论预测模型的单桩极限承载力计算值,评估了模型的适用性。结果表明:试桩的极限承载力与打桩能量有关,不同的打桩能量对桩周泥岩造成不同程度的扰动损伤,进而影响试桩的承载性能;对比桩周泥岩遇水与试桩破坏情况,发现桩周泥岩浸水软化与否,与桩的破坏无直接关系;对比不同模型的极限承载力预测结果,认为双曲线模型更适合本试验场地泥岩的性质,预测曲线变化趋势和实测值吻合度较高;指数模型预测值与实测值产生较大差异的原因为试桩在最后一级荷载的非正常破坏,泥岩地基打入桩受超孔隙水压力、软硬互层及打桩过程扰动的影响,单桩承载力在很大程度具有不稳定性。

Exothermic process of cast-in-place pile foundation and its thermal agitation of the frozen ground under a long dry bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

A number of dry bridges have been built to substitute for the roadbed on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,China.The aim of this study was to investigate the exothermic process of cast-in-place (CIP) pile foundation of a dry bridge and its harm to the stability of nearby frozen ground.We present 3D heat conduction functions of a concrete pile and of frozen ground with related boundaries.Our analysis is based on the theory of heat conduction and the exponent law describing the adiabatic temperature rise caused by hydration heat.Results under continuous and initial conditions were combined to establish a finite element model of a CIP pile-frozen ground system for a dry bridge under actual field conditions in cold regions.Numerical results indicated that the process could effectively simulate the exothermic process of CIP pile foundation.Thermal disturbance to frozen ground under a long dry bridge caused by the casting temperature and hydration heat of CIP piles was substantial and long-lasting.The simulated thermal analysis results agreed with field measurements and some significant rules relating to the problem were deduced and conclusions reached.

英美规范打入桩承载力计算方法对比分析

介绍国际港口工程中最常用的英美桩基承载力计算方法,对比英美规范中桩基承载力计算的异同,为类似工程的桩基承载力计算提供选择规范和计算参数的依据。通过承载力计算以及与实际工程的静载试验结果进行对比。结果发现:美标计算结果略小于英标计算结果,英美标的计算结果均小于静载试验结果。通过对计算参数的分析可以得到以下结论:1)当持力层为密实砂土或者持力层为粘性土但入土较深时,英标的计算端阻力将大于美标;2)英标的桩侧土压力系数调整更灵活,可根据静载试验结果调整;3)美标的安全系数比英标小,相同的桩基承载力时,美标允许的设计承载力将更高。