SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF DROPLETS ABOVE A ROTATING STREAM TRAY AND MODEL OF DROPLET MOTION THEREIN

Droplet size distributions have been investigated with a two-probe system above a rotatingstream tray of 300 mm diameter.The measured distributions are found to follow the upper limitedlognormal distribution with three parameters dependent primarily on gas hole F-factor.A probabilitymethod is used to describe the initial state of the droplet population above the tray,and a model fordroplet motion is presented.The results computed with model agree well with experimental data.

DROPLET COLLISION AND COALESCENCE MODEL

A new droplet collision and coalescence model was presented, a quick-sort method for locating collision partners was also devised and based on theoretical and experimental results, further advancement was made to the droplet collision outcome. The advantages of the two implementations of smoothed particle hydrodynamics （SPH） method were used to limit the collision of droplets to a given number of nearest droplets and define the probability of coalescence, numerical simulations were carried out for model validation. Results show that the model presented is mesh-independent and less time consuming, it can not only maintains the system momentum conservation perfectly, but not susceptible to initial droplet size distribution as well.

Modeling of Coalescence and Separation of Liquid Droplets During Solidification of Immiscible Alloys

Directional solidification methods are being used f or in-situ production of metallic immiscible composites. A quantitative understa nding of the dynamic behavior and growth kinetics of the nucleated second phase during solidification is necessary to produce homogeneous dispersion in solidifi ed composites. This paper presents a mathematical model for describing the grow th of nucleated dispersed phase in the two-liquid phase region ahead of the sol idification front and the entrapment of these droplets by the moving solid-liqu id interface in vertical unidirectional solidification systems. The model has t wo components. A macro-heat transfer model for describing the temperature prof iles and the rate of advance of the solidification front. The dynamic behavior and coalescence and growth of nucleated droplets in the two-liquid phase region under the influence of effective gravity and thermocapillary forces were repres ented through the solution the droplet momentum and mass conservation equations in particle space. These two components of the models were coupled through a sp ecial algorithm for tracking the particle location and size with respect to movi ng solidification front in the solidification time scale. The model is used to study the particle size distribution in unidirectional solidified Zn-Bi hypermo notectic alloys at reduced gravity conditions. It has been found that the parti cle size and distribution in the solidified alloy depends on solidification rate and the ratio of effective gravity to thermocapillary forces. It was also foun d that uniform dispersion could only be obtained in a very narrow range of effec tive gravity values near zero gravity. The model predictions were compared agai nst experimental measurements obtained at different effective gravity conditions in a novel unidirectional solidification apparatus that uses electromagnetic fo rces to modulate gravitational forces. The model was found to reasonably predic t the experimentally measured particle size and distribution over the entire ran ge of effective gravity investigated as well as gravity conditions for settling and flotation of the second phase during solidification. The practical signific ance of these findings will be discussed.

A New Model to Predict Average Pressure Difference of Liquid Droplet and Its Application in Gas Well

The distribution of droplet surface pressure is uneven?under the action of high velocity gas streams in gas wells, and there exists a pressure difference which leads to droplet deformation before and after the droplet. Moreover, it affects the critical liquid carrying rate. The pressure difference prediction model must be determined, because of the existing one lacking theoretical basis. Based on the droplet surface pressure distribution in high velocity gas streams, a new model is established to predict the average differential pressure of droplets. Compared with the new differential pressure prediction results, the existing pressure difference prediction results were overvalued by 46.0%. This article also improves four gas-well critical liquid carrying models using the proposed pressure difference prediction model, and compares with the original one. The result indicates that the critical velocity of the original models is undervalued by 10% or so, due to the overestimate to the pressuredifference. In addition, comparisons of the improved model with original models show that it is necessary to consider the adaptability, because the models have significant differences in results, and different suitability for different well conditions.

Simulation of two-phase flows of a droplet impacting on a liquid film with an improved lattice Boltzmann model

Based on the lattice Boltzmann method（LBM）,an improved pseudo-potential model,combined with a method of adding force term,is used to simulate the two-phase flows caused by a liquid droplet impacting on a liquid film.In this model,the different phases are treated as one fluid,and the interfaces between the vapor and liquid phases can be obtained by density value of the fluid.This variant of the LBM allows one to obtain the densities of vapor and liquid with high accuracy.The model is validated by an example of phase separation.The early stage of the impact of droplet on liquid film is simulated,and the results are qualitatively consistent with physical phenomena.

Effect of water droplet in solvent sublation

Aqueous phase layer around bubble and water droplet are two additional processes in solvent sublation. In the dynamic process of mass transfer, they are always neglected, but they are very important in the investigation of thermodynamic equilibrium. In this paper, the effect of water droplet in solvent sublation was discussed in detail, and the previous mathematical model of solvent subaltion was improved. Matlab 6.5 was used to simulate the process of water droplets, and the comparison between the previous hypothesis and the improvement in this paper showed the superiority, especially in the investigation of thermodynamic equilibrium. Moreover, the separation and concentration of the complex compound dithizone-Co（Ⅱ） from aqueous phase to n-octanol by solvent sublation also proved the improved mathematical model was reasonable.

Simulation of Droplet Impact onto Horizontal and Inclined Solid Surfaces with Lattice-Boltzmann Method

In this paper, the lattice-Bohzmann method is used to investigate the droplet dynamics after impact on horizontal and inclined solid surface. The two-phase interparticle potential model is employed. The model is found to possess a linear relation between the macroscopic properties （ surface tension σ and contact angle α） and microscopic parameters （ G, G, ）. The flow state of the droplet on the surface is analyzed in detail, and the effects of surface characteristic, impact velocity, impact angle, the viscosity and surface tension of the liquid are investigated, respectively. It is shown that the lattice-Bohzmann method can not only track exactly and automatically the interface, but also the simulation results have a good qualitative agreement with ones of the previous experimental and numerical studies.

Aerosol Indirect Effects on Warm Clouds in the Grid-Point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG(GAMIL)

Aerosol indirect effects on warm clouds are estimated in the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP LASG)(GAMIL) with a new two-moment cloud microphysics scheme using two different physically-based aerosol activation parameterizations:Abdul-Razzak and Ghan,and Nenes and Seinfeld.The annual global mean changes in shortwave cloud forcing from preindustrial times to present day(a measure of the aerosol indirect effects) estimated from these two parameterizations are remarkably similar:0.76 W m?2 with the Abdul-Razzak and Ghan parameterization,and 0.78 W m?2 with the Nenes and Seinfeld parameterization.Physically-based parameterizations can provide robust representations of aerosol effects on droplet nucleation,meaning that aerosol activation is no longer the most uncertain factor in modeling aerosol indirect effects.

C-Nanostructures Cluster Models in Organic Solvents： Fullerenes, Tubes, Buds and Graphenes

The existence of nanographene in cluster form is discussed in organic solvents. Theories are developed based on the columnlet, bundlet and droplet models describing the size-distribution functions. Phenomena present a unified explanation in the columnlet model in which free energy of Cgraphene involved in cluster is combined from a volume part proportional to the number of molecules n in cluster and a constant. The columnlet model enables describing distribution function of Cgraphene clusters by size. From purely geometrical considerations the columnlet （Cgraphene）, bundlet （single-wall carbon nanotube）, CNT （carbon nanotube）, SWNT （single-wall C-nanotube）, and carbon nanobud, CNB （carbon nanobud）） and droplet （fullerene） models predict dissimilar behaviours. The interaction-energy parameters of Cgraphene are taken from C60. An CNB behaviour or further is expected. The decay of solubility with rising temperature is smaller for Cgraphene than for SWNT and CNB and, furthermore, than for C60, in agreement with lesser numbers of units in Cgraphene clusters. The discrepancy between the experimental data of the heat of solution of fullerenes, CNTs, CNBs and graphenes is ascribed to the sharp concentration dependence of the heat of solution. The diffusion coefficient drops with temperature result greater for Cgraphene than CNB and SWNT than C60 corresponding to lesser number of units in clusters. The aggregates near （C60）13, SWNT/CNB7 and （Cgraphene）3 could be representative of the droplet, bundlet and columnlet models.

Study on heat source model in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool

The heat input from arcs to weld pool in twin-arc gas metal arc welding （GMAW） with a common weld pool is investigated by high-speed photography. The characteristics of arc shapes and droplet transfer are studied and then the models for heat flux distribution on top surface of weld pool and enthalpy distribution of metal droplets transferred into weld pool are established. By using the model, 3-D geometries of weld pools in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool are predicted. Corresponding welding experiments on mild steel plates are carried out and the results indicate that the predicted shape of weld bead on cross section shows good agreement with measured one.

基于POD和Kriging的水滴收集量快速预测方法

数值模拟手段预测翼面处水滴撞击特性通常较为耗时,为快速准确计算结冰条件下的翼面处水滴收集量,提出了基于本征正交分解和代理模型的水滴收集量快速预测方法。首先对FAR 25部附录C中连续最大结冰条件进行优化拉丁超立方采样,通过数值模拟手段获得各采样点在翼面处水滴收集量分布,从而构造样本空间。在此基础上,利用本征正交分解(Proper orthogonal decompostion,POD)方法找到表达和重构水滴收集量的本征模态以及相应的拟合系数。最后,利用Kriging模型建立样本空间中各采样点与拟合系数间的代理模型,实现翼面处水滴收集量分布的快速预测。经多组工况验证表明:该方法可较为准确地预测翼面处水滴收集量分布,其计算成本较数值模拟方法大幅降低,能够为无人机防除冰设计提供有益参考。

高气液比水平井临界携液流量预测新模型

明确气井积液机理和携液规律对于掌握井下流体的流动状态至关重要。目前现场应用的临界携液流量模型较多,但是不同模型计算结果差异较大,Turner等模型计算的长北区块气井携液流量偏大,不利于指导生产。通过开展水平井流动模拟正交实验,捕捉典型流态,发现管斜角在45°~60°出现过渡流,通过编制流态识别程序进一步确定管斜角为46°时开始出现过渡流,此时携液最困难。基于液滴理论,引入井斜修正系数,建立了新的临界携液流量模型,新模型在长北区块气井中具有良好的适用性。新模型敏感性分析结果表明,由强到弱影响气井携液能力的因素依次为油管内径、井底流压、井斜角、井底温度。绘制的临界携液流量图版为后期开展停喷井治理措施的时机提供了依据。

Modified surface tension model for free surface flow with single-phase lattice Boltzmann method

A single-phase lattice Boltzmann model with modified surface tension is developed in this paper to solve the problem of high-density-ratio free surface flow.The computational efficiency and accuracy are both enhanced.The restriction to the relaxation factor （which needs to be smaller than 1） is circumvented by the new surface tension algebra,due to its rational physical nature compared with the treatment of Xing,Buther and Yang in their paper （Comp.Mater.Sci.,2007,39（2）：282-290）.The proposed stable surface tension scheme is applied to simulate the free deformation of a square droplet with surface tension effect and the process of a droplet impinging on a liquid film.The numerical solution for free deformation of a droplet agrees well with thermodynamic principles,and also achieves high accuracy in comparison with Xing,et al.＇s model.Three typical impinging modes are successfully obtained with the new scheme,and another particular mode found by Wang and Chen is also successfully simulated.The evolutions of liquid crown agree well with the power law related to time.

挑流喷溅水滴的数论分档随机喷溅数学模型

挑流泄洪雾化时,水舌与下游水垫塘的碰撞会喷溅大量随机运动的水滴,它构成了喷溅水滴运动的初值问题,基于数论方法在选点较少的情况下仍然有较好的均匀性的思想。本文提出了数论分档水滴的概念,通过数论方法对水滴进行分档,并将高维相空间降维到一维相空间来计算,建立了水滴数论分档随机喷溅数学模型。对比其数值解和高精度解的结果表明:在计算水滴数相同时,本文数学模型的误差最小,随着水滴数的增加,其误差减小的也最快并迅速接近高精度解。因此,水滴数论分档随机喷溅数学模型不仅能够用更少的水滴获得更高的计算精度,而且能够实现高维初值相空间降维到一维相空间的简洁表达。

MODELING OF A SOLID CONE PRESSURE-SWIRL ATOMIZER

A Ballistic Modeling (BM) / Discrete Droplet Modeling (DDM) method is used to de- termine the characteristics of a solid cone pressure-swirl atomizer (Dyna Coin nozzle) . The charac- teristic of its liquid spray is of considerable importance to the operation and performance of com- bustion systems. A two-dimensional spray model has been developed to simulate a continuous spray under steady-state condition . This model can simulate the resultant drop-sizc of atomization and reveal the effects of the important physical variables such as fuel injection pressure, air pressure(or density), co-axial air flow and fuel properties on the result of atomization process. Dimensional analysis is used to simulate the drop-size immcdiately after jet breakup and further breakup of the droplets is determined by testifying the critical condition of aerodynamics breakup i.e.(Wed)c= 8 / CD.

模型参数对直喷汽油发动机喷雾特性的影响

基于单向耦合模拟方法,研究了湍流模型参数、单向耦合模型参数和破碎模型参数对喷雾贯穿距和粒径的影响。结果表明,湍流模型参数C_(ε1)和RT(Rayleigh⁃Taylor)破碎模型尺寸参数CRT对喷雾贯穿距的影响最大,KH(Kelvin⁃Helhmoltz)破碎模型尺寸参数C_(KH)和C_(RT)对粒径的影响最大。在此基础上建立了适用于不同工况的高精度喷雾模型,标准Spray G工况下,模拟结果与实验结果误差在3%以内;不同环境气体密度下,多种工况的模拟结果与实验结果误差在10%左右。

Effect of Sealing Air on Oil Droplet and Oil Film Motions in Bearing Chamber

Beating chamber is one of important components that support aero-engine rotors and research on oil droplet and oil film motions is an important part of bearing chamber lubrication and heat transfer design. Consid- ering the pressure of sealing air is an important operating condition that affects the oil droplet and oil film mo- tions, the effect of sealing air pressure on airflow in bearing chamber is investigated in this paper firstly ; and then based on the air velocity and air/wall shear force, the oil droplet moving in core air, deposition of oil droplet im- pact on wall as well as velocity and thickness of oil film are analyzed secondly; the effect of sealing air pressure on oil droplet velocity and trajectory, deposition mass and momentum, as well as oil film velocity and thickness is discussed. The work presented in this paper is conducive to expose the oil/air two phase lubrication mechanism and has certain reference value to guide design of secondary air/oil system.

航空发动机积垢和在线清洗技术研究进展

随着中国民航事业的发展,航空发动机的经济性与安全性至关重要。压气机积垢是造成航空发动机性能降低的主要因素之一,发动机在线清洗是目前经济有效的除垢手段,积垢的清除效果与清洗系统参数密切相关。系统总结了发动机积垢机理和清除技术研究现状,分析评述了用于评估积垢效应的模型,考虑垢质颗粒运动过程中的聚合、破碎和表面侵蚀,进一步量化沉积效应和时间尺度,改进数值模拟过程、提高模型精度等方面尚需优化。同时对在线清洗参数和清洗时机进行了深入讨论,指出了不同在线清洗参数和清洗时机的清洗效果目前还处于初步研究阶段,还应加强对射流系统的喷雾覆盖范围、液滴尺寸和清洗频率的研究,建议在积垢程度、不同压气机尺寸和在线清洗经济性等方面进一步优化清洗工艺参数和清洗时机。

基于格子Boltzmann方法的液滴在圆柱壁面上运动过程研究

采用真实流体状态方程的伪势格子Boltzmann方法大密度比多相流模型,模拟了重力作用下的单液滴在圆柱壁面上的运动过程。计算结果表明,随着圆柱壁面疏水性沿重力方向逐渐增强,液滴运动过程可分为铺展和滑落两个阶段。壁面浸润性分布及其变化率均会影响液滴运动过程,当液滴运动至圆柱下半部分时,其平均速度、最大速度、附着长度和液滴高度等参数随时间变化开始发生分化。此外,当液滴开始及完全运动至圆柱下半部分时,其所受附着力的水平及垂直分量分别达到最大。这些发现为深入理解液滴在圆柱壁面上的运动特性提供了重要的理论支持。

基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的双液滴撞击壁面液膜的热特性演化过程

为了研究并排双液滴撞击覆有液膜的高温壁面过程中壁面热流密度分布特征,基于水热耦合双分布函数格子玻尔兹曼伪势模型,探究了液滴间距、撞击速度和液相黏滞系数在不同时刻对壁面瞬时热流密度分布的影响。结果表明:低温液滴的扩散与下潜导致撞击区和中心射流区的壁面与液膜之间的温度梯度上升,引起撞击区和中心射流区壁面热流密度骤增。撞击区传热形式以对流传热为主,静态区受液冠处速度不连续性影响,其传热形式以扩散传热为主。双液滴撞击速度增大导致液滴下潜和扩展程度加深,液膜内部对流传热增强。双液滴间距增加引起双液滴内侧液冠在液膜内扩展空间增大,造成瞬时壁面高热流密度区域面积增加,利于散热。此外,更大的液相黏滞系数增大了液滴撞击液膜过程中的黏滞耗散,降低低温液滴的下潜程度和撞击区的液膜流场对流强度,导致壁面热流密度峰值减小。