Microplastic exposure disturbs sleep structure,reduces lifespan,and decreases ovary size in Drosophila melanogaster

The organ-specific toxicity resulting from microplastic(MP)exposure has been extensively explored,particularly concerning the gut,liver,testis,and lung.However,under natural conditions,these effects are not restricted to specific organs or tissues.Investigating whether MP exposure presents a systemic threat to an entire organism,impacting factors such as lifespan,sleep,and fecundity,is essential.In this study,we investigated the effects of dietary exposure to two different doses of MPs(1–5μm)using the terrestrial model organism Drosophila melanogaster.Results indicated that the particles caused gut damage and remained within the digestive system.Continuous MP exposure significantly shortened the lifespan of adult flies.Even short-term exposure disrupted sleep patterns,increasing the length of daytime sleep episodes.Additionally,one week of MP exposure reduced ovary size,with a trend towards decreased egg-laying in mated females.Although MPs did not penetrate the brain or ovaries,transcriptome analysis revealed altered gene expression in these tissues.In the ovary,Gene Ontology(GO)analysis indicated genotoxic effects impacting inflammation,circadian regulation,and metabolic processes,with significant impacts on extracellular structure-related pathways.In the brain,GO analysis identified changes in pathways associated with proteolysis and carbohydrate metabolism.Overall,this study provides compelling evidence of the systemic negative effects of MP exposure,highlighting the urgent need to address and mitigate environmental MP pollution.

Naringin ameliorates H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage in cells and prolongs the lifespan of female Drosophila melanogaster via the insulin signaling pathway

Naringin exists in a wide range of Chinese herbal medicine and has proven to possess several pharmacological properties.In this study,PC12,HepG2 cells,and female Drosophila melanogaster were used to investigate the antioxidative and anti-aging effects of naringin and explore the underlying mechanisms.The results showed that naringin inhibited H_(2)O_(2)-induced decline in cell viability and decreased,the content of reactive oxygen species in cells.Meanwhile,naringin prolonged the lifespan of flies,enhanced the abilities of climbing and the resistance to stress,improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes,and decreased malondialdehyde content.Naringin also improved intestinal barrier dysfunction and reduced abnormal proliferation of intestinal stem cells.Moreover,naringin down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inr,chico,pi 3k,and akt-1,and up-regulated the mRNA expressions of dilp2,dilp3,dilp5,and foxo,thereby activating autophagy-related genes and increasing the number of lysosomes.Furthermore,the mutant stocks assays and computer molecular simulation results further indicated that naringin delayed aging by inhibiting the insulin signaling(IIS)pathway and activating the autophagy pathway,which was consistent with the result of network pharmacological predictions.

Effects of Sodium Cyclohexyl Sulfamate on Growth and Development of Drosophila melanogaster

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate on the growth and development of Drosophila melanogaster.[Methods]Different concentrations of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate were added to the culture medium,and the effects of different concentrations of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate on the development time and weight of D.melanogaster in various life stages were statistically analyzed.[Results]High concentration of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate delayed the time of pupation and eclosion of D.melanogaster,which made D.melanogaster lose weight.The number of male D.melanogaster in the first generation was much larger than that of female individuals,which indicated that the effect of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate on male D.melanogaster was greater than that of female individuals.In a word,high concentration of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate significantly inhibited the growth and development of D.melanogaster.[Conclusions]This study provides some reference data for the research perspective of food additives and the safe use of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate.

Research on the Karyotype and Evolution of Drosophila melanogaster Species Group

Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of 34 species of Drosophila melanogaster species group were examined. Certain new karyotypes were described for the first time, and their evolutionary and interspecific genetic relationships among 8 subgroups of D. melanogaster species group were analyzed systematically. The results were as follows. The basic karyotype of elegans subgroup was type A. The karyotypes of eugracilis subgroup, melanogaster subgroup, and ficusphila subgroup were all type C. The karyotypes of takahashii subgroup and suzukii subgroup were both type C and type D. The montium subgroup had six kinds of karyotypes types B, C, C＇, D, D＇, and E. The ananassae subgroup had three kinds of karyotypes： types F, G, and H. Thus, the melanogaster species group was classified into five pedigrees based on the diversity of these karyotypes： 1） elegans; 2） eugracilis-melanogasterficusphila; 3） takkahashii-suzukii; 4） montium; 5） ananassae. The above-mentioned results in karyotypic evolution were consistent with those of DNA sequence analysis reported by Yang except for the elegans subgroup and this subgroup was considered as the ancestral subgroup. Karyotype analysis of the same drosophila from different isofemale lines indicated that the same Drosophila from different places showed karyotypic variation which might be due to different geographical environment and evolutionary degree or interaction between the two factors.

Primary study on Nosema bombycis Infecting the Insect of Drosophila

[ Objective ] The aim of this study was to investigate the infectivity of Nosema bombycis to drosophila, which offered a new vision for systematical studies on the infection mechanism of Nosema bombycis, and also provided reference for the bio-control effect of Nosema bombycis. [ Method ] Nosema bombycis was used to feed wild type and mutant drosophila, and the morphological observation of Nosema bombycis in drosophila body fluid was also analyzed by calcofluor white M2R fluorescent staining. [ Result] Nosema bombycis could infect drosophila, and the number of Nosema bombycis in the infected mutant drosophila was higher than that in wild type drosophila. [ Conclusion ] Nosema bombycis can infect drosophila, which provides primary reference for studies on the infectivity of Nosema bombycis to other hosts and also lays a foundation for further study on the infection mechanism of Nosema bombycis.

Studies on Molecular Mechanism of Human Early Cardiogenesis Using the Drosophila as a Model System

Recently,some of the genetic mechanisms of heart specification have been elucidated in Drosophila .However,genes involved in early cardiogenesis of human remain to be identified.Since the pathways that regulate early cardiac fate determination are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates,flies can be used as a model test system to explore the genetic basis of cardiogenesis in human.In this project,about 3000 reccieve lethal gene lines were produced by P or EMS mutagenesis.With staining of antibodies against heart precussor cells of Drosophila ,about 200 lines were observed to show heart phenotype.In pilot studies of their function with RNAi technique,the RNAi phenotypes of several genes tested were observed,which were very similar to that of their mutants,showing heart tube defects or no heart precursors formation.Taking advantage of the advanced genetic information available in the Drosophila and human systems,we have identified about 50 human transcripts homologous to the Drosophila heart related gene candidates.Northern blot analysis for some of the human candidates showed that several genes were expressed in both adult and early embryonic tissues,which may help in the evaluation of candidate genes for human cardiogenesis.Our further experiments with transgenic flies generated with wild type and mutant forms of these candidate genes to examine for defects in cardiogenesis or cardiac function are under way.The candidate genes producing cardiac specific defects suggestive of similarities to the heart disease syndromes can then be pursued further as likely disease gene candidates.Such an approach is likely to provide a dramatic reduction of possible candidate genes,or to screen and identify mutations that may generate the disease in human.

The Phenology of Infestations and the Impacts of Different Varieties of Cold Hardy Red Raspberries on Drosophila suzukii

Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (SWD), is emerging as the most significant pest of berries and stone fruits worldwide. With a broad host range, thin-skinned berries are particularly susceptible to infestation, and fruit producers are desperate for methods to control this pest. One of the keys to developing an integrated management program for SWD is to understand host preference and varietal susceptibility of highly susceptible crop hosts. Working in replicated small plots, experiments were conducted to evaluate differences in varietal susceptibility on cold hardy red primocane fruiting raspberries. Significant differences were observed in both the level of infestation and in the average number of larvae per berry by variety. In addition, it appears that there is a significant negative correlation between the level of infestation and the number of larvae per fruit with the time of sampling, but only an interaction of variety and time for the number of larvae per berry. These data provide a better understanding of the biology and ecology of this pest which is critical in refining current management practices. Knowledge of these interactions can aid in optimizing control strategies such as fine-tuning spatial and temporal control measures, which may be particularly important for early season infestations.

The Phenology of Infestations and the Impacts of Different Varieties of Cold Hardy Red Raspberries on <i>Drosophila suzukii</i>

Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (SWD), is emerging as the most significant pest of berries and stone fruits worldwide. With a broad host range, thin-skinned berries are particularly susceptible to infestation, and fruit producers are desperate for methods to control this pest. One of the keys to developing an integrated management program for SWD is to understand host preference and varietal susceptibility of highly susceptible crop hosts. Working in replicated small plots, experiments were conducted to evaluate differences in varietal susceptibility on cold hardy red primocane fruiting raspberries. Significant differences were observed in both the level of infestation and in the average number of larvae per berry by variety. In addition, it appears that there is a significant negative correlation between the level of infestation and the number of larvae per fruit with the time of sampling, but only an interaction of variety and time for the number of larvae per berry. These data provide a better understanding of the biology and ecology of this pest which is critical in refining current management practices. Knowledge of these interactions can aid in optimizing control strategies such as fine-tuning spatial and temporal control measures, which may be particularly important for early season infestations.

Karyotype Differentiation in Newly Discovered Members of the Drosophila obscura Species Group from Yunnan,China

We examined mitotic chromosomes of three newly found members of the Drosophila obscura species group,D.luguensis,D.dianensis and D.limingi from Yunnan and compared their karyotypes to those of respective related species.D.luguensis possessed a diploid number of 12 chromosomes,comprising 3 pairs of metacentrics (V-shaped),2 pairs of acrocentrics (rod-like) and 1 pair of micro-chromosomes (dot-like).Both the X and Y were metacentrics.D.dianensis and D.limingi possessed a diploid number of 10 chromosomes,comprising 1 pair of large V-shaped,1 pair of moderate-sized V-shaped,2 pairs of submetacentric (J-shaped) chromosomes,and 1 pairs of dot-like chromosomes,with their X chromosomes were J-shaped and Y chromosomes were short rod-like ones.Based upon the results of chromosomal comparisons,geographic information of the sinobscura subgroup,as well inter-specific phylogenetic relationship deduced elsewhere,D.luguensis was considered to retain an ancestral form of the karyotype within this subgroup.The present observations have also implied that D.sinobscura (2n=12:2V,1J,2R,1D) might have derived from a sub-lineage of a pre-“sinobscura-hubeiensis” lineage by pericentric inversion of moderate-sized metacentric autosomes and D.hubeiensis (2n=10:4V,1D) from another sub-lineage of the same lineage by centric fusion of 2 pairs of acrocentric autosomes.Similar chromosomal changes of centric fusion,centric fission and/or pericentric inversion might have occurred during the course of species divergences between D.dianensis and D.subsilvestris (2n=12:3V,2R,1D),an European member closely related to D.dianensis,and between D.limingi and D.tsukubaensis (2n=12:3V,2R,1D),an East Asian member near to D.limingi.

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)研究现状

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)传播速度快,危害多种水果,已经引起广泛重视。其形态鉴别特征是雄虫翅翼边缘末端以第1翅脉为中心有一块清晰的黑斑,雌虫产卵器为坚硬的锯齿状,可将卵直接产于成熟或即将成熟的果实内。斑翅果蝇繁殖速度快,1 a可繁殖3~10代,雌蝇终生产卵200~600粒。糖醋液诱捕监测以及果园清洁处理是害虫防治的必要措施。有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、多杀霉素等农药都有很好的局部触杀和残留杀虫活性。

金色果蝇复合种(Drosophila auraria species complex)的分子系统学研究

测定了金色果蝇复合种 (Drosophilaaurariaspeciescomplex)的 5个姊妹种 (D .auraria、D .biauraria、D .triaurar ia、D .quadraria和D .subauraria)及其近缘种D .rufa的ITS1片段和COⅡ基因的全序 ,以及Adh基因的部分序列。以D .rufa、D .melanogaster和D .yakuba为外群 ,分别用最大简约 (MP)法和邻接 (NJ)法根据每个分子标记的序列构建金色果蝇复合种系统发生树。在得到的 6棵系统树中 ,D .subauraria总位于系统树的基部。该复合种的ITS1、Adh和COⅡ的综合序列长度为 2 32 7bp(排除插入和缺失位点 ) ,能提供 2 5 5个简约信息位点。根据综合序列构建的系统树较好地揭示了 5个姊妹种间的系统发生关系 :D .subauraria在金色果蝇复合种内最早分支出来 ,随后发生了D .biauraria的分化 ,D .auraria、D .triauraria和D .quadraria之间的亲缘关系较近 ,形成的时间相对较晚。推测金色果蝇复合种的祖先种约在 2 33百万年前与D .rufa发生分歧 ,随后由暖温带侵入寒温带。在寒温带 ,D .subau raria约在 0 88百万年前与其他 4个姊妹种的祖先种发生了分歧 ,D .biauraria约在 0 31百万年前分化出来 ;而分布在较低纬度的D .auraria、D .triauraria和D .

中国大陆拟果蝇(Drosophila simulans)的随机扩增多态性DNA分析

近几年发现了拟果蝇 (Drosophilasimulans)在中国大陆的广泛分布。用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法研究了中国大陆 38个不同地理群体的拟果蝇 (D .simulans)在DNA水平上的遗传多样性 ,初步讨论了拟果蝇在中国大陆的起源。以 4 0种 10bp长的寡聚核苷酸随机引物进行PCR扩增 ,根据遗传距离利用UPGMA法作出的相关聚类图显示 :(1) 38个地理群体按纬度以南京 (NJ)为界明显地分为南北两大支系 ,北方支系以北京 (BJ)为界又分为明显的两个亚支 ,一支为东北支系包括漠河、海拉尔、黑河、佳木斯、哈尔滨、长春、沈阳、丹东、延吉、图们等 10个群体 ;另一支包括北京、大同、呼和浩特、银川、西宁、兰州、太原、石家庄、烟台、济南、徐州、连云港等 12个群体。南方支系包括郑州、武汉、上海、南京、杭州、重庆、南昌、温州、长沙、贵阳、福州、昆明、厦门、广州、南宁、海南等 16个群体。(2 )各地理群体之间的遗传距离与地理分布有密切关系 ,基本按地理位置的相关性聚类在一起。根据了解到的事实 ,(1)拟果蝇在中国是一个外来种 ;(2 )拟果蝇在中国大陆的入侵是最近 30年左右的事情 ;(3)拟果蝇在全国的广泛分布是最近 10多年的事情。所以拟果蝇各群体的聚类关系可能并不是地理分化的结果 ,而是由于建立各地方群体的祖先?

中国大陆部分地区Drosophila immigrans果蝇种群中mtDNA的遗传多态性研究

选用14种限制性内切酶对分布在中国大陆部分地区的Drosophilaimmigrans果蝇种群的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）进行了分析。在6个地理种群的46个单雌系中仅检测到11种限制性类型。表征种群内均一程度的I值平均为0．833。衡量种群间等同程度的J值平均为0．797。在整个种群中只有16．8％（Gst）的变异是由种群间变异所引起的。说明分布在中国大陆部分地区的D．immigrans果蝇的遗传组成均一程度高，遗传多态程度低，遗传变异贫乏。由UPG法分析6个种群的净遗传距离，显示了分布在秦岭华阳种群（HY）的特殊性。推测D．immigrans果蝇扩散到云南的高海拔地区可能是较晚发生的事件。并推测中国大陆的D．immigrans种群比分布在中国台湾，日本的种群原始。

樱桃果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)对新疆的风险分析

樱桃果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)是果蝇属中为数不多的为害成熟果实的重要害虫,近年来在世界范围内造成了严重的经济损失。作为中国最主要的向西开放和开拓中西亚以及欧洲市场的重要口岸,新疆尚未有发现该虫的报道。本研究对樱桃果蝇在新疆地区的适生区进行了预测。CLIMEX软件预测其潜在适生区为伊犁地区以及温宿县、拜城县、和静县以及温泉县部分地区;GARP软件预测其潜在适生区为新疆北部部分地区及南部大部分地区;两者结合认为,伊犁地区察布查尔自治县为樱桃果蝇的高度适生区域。参照国际上有害生物危险性定量分析方法,综合评估了樱桃果蝇对新疆各地州市的潜在危险性,认为樱桃果蝇对新疆为高度危险性害虫,建议将樱桃果蝇列入新疆补充林业检疫性有害生物名单。

Drosophila auraria复合种的进化遗传学研究──支序分析与数值分析（下）

Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｕｒａｒｉａ复合种的进化遗传学研究──支序分析与数值分析（下）戴灼华，刘凤丽（北京大学生命科学学院北京１００８７１）本研究旨在探讨Ｄ．ａｕｒａｒｉａ复合种内各成员在种系发生中的地位，重建系统发生树，论文的上篇［遗传学报，１９９...

Dynamic regulation of alternative splicing and chromatin structure in Drosophila gonads revealed by RNA-seq

Both transcription and post-transcriptional processes, such as alternative splicing, play crucial roles in controlling developmental programs in metazoans. Recently emerged RNA-seq method has brought our understanding of eukaryotic transcriptomes to a new level, because it can resolve both gene expression level and alternative splicing events simultaneously. To gain a better understanding of cellular differentiation in gonads, we analyzed mRNA profiles from Drosophila testes and ovaries using RNA-seq. We identified a set of genes that have sex-specific isoforms in wild-type （WT） gonads, including several transcription factors. We found that differentiation of sperms from undifferentiated germ cells induced a dramatic downregulation of RNA splicing factors. Our data confirmed that RNA splicing events are significantly more frequent in the undifferentiated cell-enriched bag of marbles （barn） mutant testis, but downregulated upon differentiation in WT testis. Consistent with this, we showed that genes required for meiosis and terminal differentiation in WT testis were mainly regulated at the transcriptional level, but not by alternative splicing. Unexpectedly, we observed an increase in expression of all families of chromatin remodeling factors and histone modifying enzymes in the undifferentiated cell-enriched bam testis. More interestingly, chromatin regulators and histone modifying enzymes with opposite enzymatic activities are coenriched in undifferentiated cells in testis, suggesting that these cells may possess dynamic chromatin architecture. Finally, our data revealed many new features of the Drosophila gonadal transcriptomes, and will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of how differential gene expression and splicing regulate gametogenesis in Drosophila. Our data provided a foundation for the systematic study of gene expression and alternative splicing in many interesting areas of germ cell biology in Droso- phila, such as the molecular basis for sexual dimorphism and the regulation of the proliferation vs terminal differentiation programs in germline stem cell lineages. The GEO accession number for the raw and analyzed RNA-seq data is GSE16960.

果蝇Drosophila nasuta亚群系统发育问题的探讨

果蝇Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａｎａｓｕｔａ亚群由１４个处于不同物种分化阶段的种、亚种和分类元组成。这个亚群的物种有许多进化上的独特之处，使得它在物种分化研究方面倍受关注。然而，在形态学、生殖隔离、染色体和同工酶多态、线粒体ＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ、求偶歌特征以及线粒体和核基因序列分析等方面的研究都未能清楚地阐明这一亚群的系统进化关系。本文综合分析了关于这一亚群的进化遗传学的研究结果，并提出了有待进一步研究的一些问题。

黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)视觉系统显微结构的研究

采用CP(Colophony-Paraffin,CP,专利号:ZL98125709.7)切片和定向包埋技术,首次对黑腹果蝇(Drosophilamelanogaster)的头部进行了3μm的连续切片及制片,经常规染色后,在光学显微镜下对其视觉系统的显微结构进行了详细的观察研究.结果表明,黑腹果蝇的视觉系统主要由复眼、视叶和一些纤维通路组成.复眼由许多形态相同的小眼构成,每个小眼由外向内分别由半球形的角膜、倒锥形的晶体和柱形的视觉柱组成,视觉柱中有7个感光细胞,其轴突穿过复眼底部的视神经孔与视叶相连;视叶由外向内又依次分为神经节层、外髓、内髓板和内髓4个髓质区以及视网膜底部与神经节层之间的网膜后交叉、神经节层与外髓之间的外交叉和外髓与内髓之间的内交叉.黑腹果蝇视觉系统中主要包括角膜细胞、晶锥细胞、网膜细胞(光感细胞)、色素细胞、柱状神经元、无长突细胞和切向神经元7种类型的神经细胞,其胞体直径均小于3μm.

Simulation of gene pyramiding in Drosophila melanogaster

Gene pyramiding has been successfully practiced in plant breeding for developing new breeds or lines in which favorable genes from several different lines were integrated. But it has not been used in animal breeding, and some theoretical investigation and simulation analysis with respect to its strategies, feasibility and efficiency are needed before it can be implemented in animals. In this study, we used four different pure lines of Drosophila melanogaster, each of which is homozygous at a specific mutant gene with a visible effect on phenotype, to simulate the gene pyramiding process and analyze the duration and population size required in different pyramiding strategies. We finally got the ideal individuals, which are homozygous at the four target genes simultaneously. This study demonstrates that gene pyramiding is feasible in animal breeding and the interaction between genes may affect the final results.

Transgenic analyses of TGIF family proteins in Drosophila imply their role in cell growth

TG-interacting factors （TGIFs） belong to a family of TALE-homeodomain proteins including TGIF, TGIF2, and TGIF2LX/Y （TGIF2 like on X or Y chromosome） in human. They potentially play important functions in various tissues during development. Mutations in TGIF are frequently associated with malformation of forebrain and facial structures; TGIF2 proteins are over-expressed in many ovarian cancer cell lines; and TGIF2LX/Y are specifically expressed in adult testis. The molecular functions of these proteins have been investigated mostly in cultured cells. TGIF and TGIF2 have been found as transcriptional repressors that modulate TGF-beta signaling. However these findings are far from sufficient to explain their mutant phenotypes or expression patterns, and the functions of TGIF2LX/Y have never been reported. Here we use Drosophila as a model system to explore the functions of TGIF family proteins in vivo. We observed in fly tissues such as fat body, epithelia, and neuronal cells, that expressing human TGIF2 or human TGIF2LX generally inhibited cell growth in size and number. Co-expressing Drosophila Myc, Cyclin E, or human c-MycS partially rescued the growth inhibition induced by human TGIFs, whereas activated insulin pathway signaling did not. Taken together, we provide in vivo evidence for the potential functions of human TGIF2 and TGIF2LX in growth control. Additionally, we confirmed that Drosophila TGIFs are transcriptional activators by assaying their activities in spermatogenesis.