The lymphatic system has an important defensive role in the human body. The metastasis of most tumors initially spreads through the surrounding lymphatic tissue and eventually forms lymphatic metastatic tumors; the tu...The lymphatic system has an important defensive role in the human body. The metastasis of most tumors initially spreads through the surrounding lymphatic tissue and eventually forms lymphatic metastatic tumors; the tumor cells may even transfer to other organs to form other types of tumors. Clinically, lymphatic metastatic tumors develop rapidly. Given the limitations of surgical resection and the low effectiveness of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the treatment of lymphatic metastatic tumors remains a great challenge. Lymph node metastasis may lead to the further spread of tumors and may be predictive of the endpoint event. Under these circumstances, novel and effective lymphatic targeted drug delivery systems have been explored to improve the specificity of anticancer drugs to tumor cells in lymph nodes. In this review, we summarize the principles of lymphatic targeted drug delivery and discuss recent advances in the development of lymphatic targeted carriers.展开更多
Despite the exceptional progress in breast cancer pathogenesis,prognosis,diagnosis,and treatment strategies,it remains a prominent cause of female mortality worldwide.Additionally,although chemotherapies are effective...Despite the exceptional progress in breast cancer pathogenesis,prognosis,diagnosis,and treatment strategies,it remains a prominent cause of female mortality worldwide.Additionally,although chemotherapies are effective,they are associated with critical limitations,most notably their lack of specificity resulting in systemic toxicity and the eventual development of multi-drug resistance(MDR)cancer cells.Liposomes have proven to be an invaluable drug delivery system but of the multitudes of liposomal systems developed every year only a few have been approved for clinical use,none of which employ active targeting.In this review,we summarize the most recent strategies in development for actively targeted liposomal drug delivery systems for surface,transmembrane and internal cell receptors,enzymes,direct cell targeting and dual-targeting of breast cancer and breast cancer-associated cells,e.g.,cancer stem cells,cells associated with the tumor microenvironment,etc.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition leading to atrophy of the brain and robbing nearly 5.8 million individuals in the United States age 65 and older of their cognitive functions.Alzheimer’s disease ...Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition leading to atrophy of the brain and robbing nearly 5.8 million individuals in the United States age 65 and older of their cognitive functions.Alzheimer’s disease is associated with dementia and a progressive decline in memory,thinking,and social skills,eventually leading to a point that the individual can no longer perform daily activities independently.Currently available drugs on the market temporarily alleviate the symptoms,however,they are not successful in slowing down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.Treatment and cures have been constricted due to the difficulty of drug delivery to the blood-brain barrier.Several studies have led to identification of vesicles to transport the necessary drugs through the blood-brain barrier that would typically not achieve the targeted area through systemic delivered medications.Recently,liposomes have emerged as a viable drug delivery agent to transport drugs that are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier.Liposomes are being used as a component of nanoparticle drug delivery;due to their biocompatible nature;and possessing the capability to carry both lipophilic and hydrophilic therapeutic agents across the blood brain barrier into the brain cells.Studies indicate the importance of liposomal based drug delivery in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.The idea is to encapsulate the drugs inside the properly engineered liposome to generate a response of treatment.Liposomes are engineered to target specific diseased moieties and also several surface modifications of liposomes are under research to create a clinical path to the management of Alzheimer’s disease.This review deals with Alzheimer’s disease and emphasize on challenges associated with drug delivery to the brain,and how liposomal drug delivery can play an important role as a drug delivery method for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.This review also sheds some light on variation of liposomes.Additionally,it emphasizes on the liposomal formulations which are currently researched or used for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and also discusses the future prospect of liposomal based drug delivery in Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
基金supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20110071130011)the National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2012ZX09304004)
文摘The lymphatic system has an important defensive role in the human body. The metastasis of most tumors initially spreads through the surrounding lymphatic tissue and eventually forms lymphatic metastatic tumors; the tumor cells may even transfer to other organs to form other types of tumors. Clinically, lymphatic metastatic tumors develop rapidly. Given the limitations of surgical resection and the low effectiveness of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the treatment of lymphatic metastatic tumors remains a great challenge. Lymph node metastasis may lead to the further spread of tumors and may be predictive of the endpoint event. Under these circumstances, novel and effective lymphatic targeted drug delivery systems have been explored to improve the specificity of anticancer drugs to tumor cells in lymph nodes. In this review, we summarize the principles of lymphatic targeted drug delivery and discuss recent advances in the development of lymphatic targeted carriers.
文摘Despite the exceptional progress in breast cancer pathogenesis,prognosis,diagnosis,and treatment strategies,it remains a prominent cause of female mortality worldwide.Additionally,although chemotherapies are effective,they are associated with critical limitations,most notably their lack of specificity resulting in systemic toxicity and the eventual development of multi-drug resistance(MDR)cancer cells.Liposomes have proven to be an invaluable drug delivery system but of the multitudes of liposomal systems developed every year only a few have been approved for clinical use,none of which employ active targeting.In this review,we summarize the most recent strategies in development for actively targeted liposomal drug delivery systems for surface,transmembrane and internal cell receptors,enzymes,direct cell targeting and dual-targeting of breast cancer and breast cancer-associated cells,e.g.,cancer stem cells,cells associated with the tumor microenvironment,etc.
文摘Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition leading to atrophy of the brain and robbing nearly 5.8 million individuals in the United States age 65 and older of their cognitive functions.Alzheimer’s disease is associated with dementia and a progressive decline in memory,thinking,and social skills,eventually leading to a point that the individual can no longer perform daily activities independently.Currently available drugs on the market temporarily alleviate the symptoms,however,they are not successful in slowing down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.Treatment and cures have been constricted due to the difficulty of drug delivery to the blood-brain barrier.Several studies have led to identification of vesicles to transport the necessary drugs through the blood-brain barrier that would typically not achieve the targeted area through systemic delivered medications.Recently,liposomes have emerged as a viable drug delivery agent to transport drugs that are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier.Liposomes are being used as a component of nanoparticle drug delivery;due to their biocompatible nature;and possessing the capability to carry both lipophilic and hydrophilic therapeutic agents across the blood brain barrier into the brain cells.Studies indicate the importance of liposomal based drug delivery in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.The idea is to encapsulate the drugs inside the properly engineered liposome to generate a response of treatment.Liposomes are engineered to target specific diseased moieties and also several surface modifications of liposomes are under research to create a clinical path to the management of Alzheimer’s disease.This review deals with Alzheimer’s disease and emphasize on challenges associated with drug delivery to the brain,and how liposomal drug delivery can play an important role as a drug delivery method for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.This review also sheds some light on variation of liposomes.Additionally,it emphasizes on the liposomal formulations which are currently researched or used for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and also discusses the future prospect of liposomal based drug delivery in Alzheimer’s disease.
