The effects of specimen size and shape on development of water loss and shrinkage of mortar and concrete respectively were investigated. The experimental results showed that the effects of specimen size and shape on w...The effects of specimen size and shape on development of water loss and shrinkage of mortar and concrete respectively were investigated. The experimental results showed that the effects of specimen size and shape on water loss ratio were consistent with those on drying shrinkage strain. It is also indicated that drying shrinkage strain has obvious linear correlation with water loss ratios independent of specimen size and shape. The effects of specimen size and shape on the water loss ratio were embodied in established model of averaged relative humidity improved by considering effects of sequential hydration and calculated by finite difference method. Furthermore, the effects of specimen size and shape on drying shrinkage strain of concrete were experimentally deduced and applied to modify criterion EB-FIP1990. The comparison between experimental and calculated results shows that the modified EB-FIP1990 can be adopted to predict drying shrinkage strain of concrete with reasonable accuracy.展开更多
A dry-gas seal system is a non-contact seal technology that is widely used in different industrial applications.Spiral-groove dry-gas seal utilizes fluid dynamic pressure effects to realize the seal and lubrication pr...A dry-gas seal system is a non-contact seal technology that is widely used in different industrial applications.Spiral-groove dry-gas seal utilizes fluid dynamic pressure effects to realize the seal and lubrication processes,while forming a high pressure gas film between two sealing faces due to the deceleration of the gas pumped in or out.There is little research into the effects and the influence on seal performance,if the grooves and the gas film are at the micro-scale.This paper investigates the micro-scale effects on spiral-groove dry-gas seal performance in a numerical solution of a corrected Reynolds equation.The Reynolds equation is discretized by means of the finite difference method with the second order scheme and solved by the successive-over-relaxation(SOR) iterative method.The Knudsen number of the flow in the sealing gas film is changed from 0.005 to 0.120 with a variation of film depth and sealing pressure.The numerical results show that the average pressure in the gas film and the sealed gas leakage increase due to micro-scale effects.The open force is enlarged,while the gas film stiffness is significantly decreased due to micro-scale effects.The friction torque and power consumption remain constant,even in low sealing pressure and spin speed conditions.In this paper,the seal performance at different rotor face spin speeds is also described.The proposed research clarifies the micro-scale effects in a spiral-groove dry-gas seal and their influence on seal performance,which is expected to be useful for the improvement of the design of dry-gas seal systems operating in the slip flow regime.展开更多
Applying mathematic models to evaluate absorbed-N effects on dry matter production at different developmental stages would help determine proper nitrogen management according to crop demands and yield target. Two fiel...Applying mathematic models to evaluate absorbed-N effects on dry matter production at different developmental stages would help determine proper nitrogen management according to crop demands and yield target. Two field trials were carried out for establishing absorbed-N effects on dry matter production(ANEDr) model, using uniform design in 2010–2011and 2012–2013 winter wheat growing seasons in Hebei Province, China. Another field trial was carried out in 2010–2011for model validation. Dry matter and N concentration in leaf and non-leaf organs were measured at setting, jointing, anthesis, and maturity. Theory of best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP) was applied to analyse the N effects of leaf and non-leaf organs on dry matter production. Within ANEDr model, four N-affected phases at each stage were concerned,leaf absorbed-N effect before this stage, non-leaf organ absorbed-N effect before this stage,leaf absorbed-N effect at this stage, and non-leaf organ absorbed-N effect at this stage. In addition, developmental processes, genotype characters and temperature were three factors that determine each N effect. It was demonstrated that ANEDr model can precisely quantify absorbed-N effects on dry matter production with high correlation coefficient(r=0.95). Comparing with other models, ANEDr model considered both leaf and non-leaf organs according to developmental processes of winter wheat, showed higher flexibility and simplicity, thus could be applied to different environments, cultivars and crops after parameter adjustment.展开更多
The paper bulids a countercurrent multi-effect drying process model which can be expressed as a linear programming(LP) problem with the minimum total energy consumption as target function. Based on the model it can be...The paper bulids a countercurrent multi-effect drying process model which can be expressed as a linear programming(LP) problem with the minimum total energy consumption as target function. Based on the model it can be conventient to solve the heat load , degree of drying and other drying parameters of each effect. And it realizes the mathematical simulation an analysis of multi-effect drying process. Such process not only reuses the secondary steam but also utilizes the high energy grade. Drying silica sand using 1-effect drying to 5-effect drying is presented as an example. The energy consumption and energy saving rate are compared by using co-current multi-effect drying and countercurrent multi-effect drying. As a summary, the countercurrent multi-effect drying is better than co-current drying. Considered the equipment investment and energy conservation, the study also concluded that the countercurrent 4-effect drying is the optimum selection, and it can save 57.6% energy compared to countercurrent 1-effect drying.展开更多
We studied the characteristics of dry matterproduction and matter partitioning in hybridrice and the relationships of them with heterot-ic effect in 1993. Two popular indica hybrids, Shanyou 63(Zhenshan 97A/Minhui 63 ...We studied the characteristics of dry matterproduction and matter partitioning in hybridrice and the relationships of them with heterot-ic effect in 1993. Two popular indica hybrids, Shanyou 63(Zhenshan 97A/Minhui 63 ) and Teyou 63(Longtepu A/Minhui 63), as well as theircommon restorer line, Minhui 63 (elite cultivar展开更多
花椒热风干燥降速期水分含量低,水分扩散慢,导致热风干燥耗时长。为提高干燥效率,并通过热风与微波组合干燥,分别进行热风干燥、微波干燥和热风-微波组合干燥实验,探究不同干燥参数对花椒失水特性的影响,以确定合理的干燥转换临界点和...花椒热风干燥降速期水分含量低,水分扩散慢,导致热风干燥耗时长。为提高干燥效率,并通过热风与微波组合干燥,分别进行热风干燥、微波干燥和热风-微波组合干燥实验,探究不同干燥参数对花椒失水特性的影响,以确定合理的干燥转换临界点和最优组合干燥模型,并将傅里叶准则数(F_(0))引入Fick第二扩散定律方程,求解有效水分扩散系数(D_(eff))。研究结果表明:热风和微波单独干燥时,升高风温风速和增加微波功率均有利于缩短干燥时间;热风-微波组合干燥花椒时,热风段转微波段的最佳目标含水率即为热风干燥的临界点含水率(65%(w.b)),且高热风温度和高微波功率均可使微波干燥段获得高失水速率;热风-微波组合干燥花椒热风段和微波段对应的最优模型分别为Wang and Singh模型和Page模型,D_(eff)范围分别为1.908×10^(-9)~3.547×10^(-9)m^(2)/s和1.883×10^(-8)~3.321×10^(-8)m^(2)/s。热风-微波组合干燥方式能够显著提高干燥效率,促进花椒内部水分扩散,干燥模型可为优化干燥工艺和设计干燥设备提供理论依据。展开更多
基金Funded by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2009CB623200)Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation(No.LQ12E08002)+1 种基金Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(No.2012A610159)the School Disciplinary Projects(No.zj1113,XKL11D2081)
文摘The effects of specimen size and shape on development of water loss and shrinkage of mortar and concrete respectively were investigated. The experimental results showed that the effects of specimen size and shape on water loss ratio were consistent with those on drying shrinkage strain. It is also indicated that drying shrinkage strain has obvious linear correlation with water loss ratios independent of specimen size and shape. The effects of specimen size and shape on the water loss ratio were embodied in established model of averaged relative humidity improved by considering effects of sequential hydration and calculated by finite difference method. Furthermore, the effects of specimen size and shape on drying shrinkage strain of concrete were experimentally deduced and applied to modify criterion EB-FIP1990. The comparison between experimental and calculated results shows that the modified EB-FIP1990 can be adopted to predict drying shrinkage strain of concrete with reasonable accuracy.
基金supported by Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Scholars of Ministry of Education of China
文摘A dry-gas seal system is a non-contact seal technology that is widely used in different industrial applications.Spiral-groove dry-gas seal utilizes fluid dynamic pressure effects to realize the seal and lubrication processes,while forming a high pressure gas film between two sealing faces due to the deceleration of the gas pumped in or out.There is little research into the effects and the influence on seal performance,if the grooves and the gas film are at the micro-scale.This paper investigates the micro-scale effects on spiral-groove dry-gas seal performance in a numerical solution of a corrected Reynolds equation.The Reynolds equation is discretized by means of the finite difference method with the second order scheme and solved by the successive-over-relaxation(SOR) iterative method.The Knudsen number of the flow in the sealing gas film is changed from 0.005 to 0.120 with a variation of film depth and sealing pressure.The numerical results show that the average pressure in the gas film and the sealed gas leakage increase due to micro-scale effects.The open force is enlarged,while the gas film stiffness is significantly decreased due to micro-scale effects.The friction torque and power consumption remain constant,even in low sealing pressure and spin speed conditions.In this paper,the seal performance at different rotor face spin speeds is also described.The proposed research clarifies the micro-scale effects in a spiral-groove dry-gas seal and their influence on seal performance,which is expected to be useful for the improvement of the design of dry-gas seal systems operating in the slip flow regime.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201203031)the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02-26)
文摘Applying mathematic models to evaluate absorbed-N effects on dry matter production at different developmental stages would help determine proper nitrogen management according to crop demands and yield target. Two field trials were carried out for establishing absorbed-N effects on dry matter production(ANEDr) model, using uniform design in 2010–2011and 2012–2013 winter wheat growing seasons in Hebei Province, China. Another field trial was carried out in 2010–2011for model validation. Dry matter and N concentration in leaf and non-leaf organs were measured at setting, jointing, anthesis, and maturity. Theory of best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP) was applied to analyse the N effects of leaf and non-leaf organs on dry matter production. Within ANEDr model, four N-affected phases at each stage were concerned,leaf absorbed-N effect before this stage, non-leaf organ absorbed-N effect before this stage,leaf absorbed-N effect at this stage, and non-leaf organ absorbed-N effect at this stage. In addition, developmental processes, genotype characters and temperature were three factors that determine each N effect. It was demonstrated that ANEDr model can precisely quantify absorbed-N effects on dry matter production with high correlation coefficient(r=0.95). Comparing with other models, ANEDr model considered both leaf and non-leaf organs according to developmental processes of winter wheat, showed higher flexibility and simplicity, thus could be applied to different environments, cultivars and crops after parameter adjustment.
文摘The paper bulids a countercurrent multi-effect drying process model which can be expressed as a linear programming(LP) problem with the minimum total energy consumption as target function. Based on the model it can be conventient to solve the heat load , degree of drying and other drying parameters of each effect. And it realizes the mathematical simulation an analysis of multi-effect drying process. Such process not only reuses the secondary steam but also utilizes the high energy grade. Drying silica sand using 1-effect drying to 5-effect drying is presented as an example. The energy consumption and energy saving rate are compared by using co-current multi-effect drying and countercurrent multi-effect drying. As a summary, the countercurrent multi-effect drying is better than co-current drying. Considered the equipment investment and energy conservation, the study also concluded that the countercurrent 4-effect drying is the optimum selection, and it can save 57.6% energy compared to countercurrent 1-effect drying.
文摘We studied the characteristics of dry matterproduction and matter partitioning in hybridrice and the relationships of them with heterot-ic effect in 1993. Two popular indica hybrids, Shanyou 63(Zhenshan 97A/Minhui 63 ) and Teyou 63(Longtepu A/Minhui 63), as well as theircommon restorer line, Minhui 63 (elite cultivar
文摘花椒热风干燥降速期水分含量低,水分扩散慢,导致热风干燥耗时长。为提高干燥效率,并通过热风与微波组合干燥,分别进行热风干燥、微波干燥和热风-微波组合干燥实验,探究不同干燥参数对花椒失水特性的影响,以确定合理的干燥转换临界点和最优组合干燥模型,并将傅里叶准则数(F_(0))引入Fick第二扩散定律方程,求解有效水分扩散系数(D_(eff))。研究结果表明:热风和微波单独干燥时,升高风温风速和增加微波功率均有利于缩短干燥时间;热风-微波组合干燥花椒时,热风段转微波段的最佳目标含水率即为热风干燥的临界点含水率(65%(w.b)),且高热风温度和高微波功率均可使微波干燥段获得高失水速率;热风-微波组合干燥花椒热风段和微波段对应的最优模型分别为Wang and Singh模型和Page模型,D_(eff)范围分别为1.908×10^(-9)~3.547×10^(-9)m^(2)/s和1.883×10^(-8)~3.321×10^(-8)m^(2)/s。热风-微波组合干燥方式能够显著提高干燥效率,促进花椒内部水分扩散,干燥模型可为优化干燥工艺和设计干燥设备提供理论依据。