Effects of a Dry-Mass Conserving Dynamical Core on the Simulation of Tropical Cyclones

The accurate forecasting of tropical cyclones(TCs)is a challenging task.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a dry-mass conserving(DMC)hydrostatic global spectral dynamical core on TC simulation.Experiments were conducted with DMC and total(moist)mass conserving(TMC)dynamical cores.The TC forecast performance was first evaluated considering 20 TCs in the West Pacific region observed during the 2020 typhoon season.The impacts of the DMC dynamical core on forecasts of individual TCs were then estimated.The DMC dynamical core improved both the track and intensity forecasts,and the TC intensity forecast improvement was much greater than the TC track forecast improvement.Sensitivity simulations indicated that the DMC dynamical core-simulated TC intensity was stronger regardless of the forecast lead time.In the DMC dynamical core experiments,three-dimensional winds and warm and moist cores were consistently enhanced with the TC intensity.Drier air in the boundary inflow layer was found in the DMC dynamical core experiments at the early simulation times.Water vapor mixing ratio budget analysis indicated that this mainly depended on the simulated vertical velocity.Higher updraft above the boundary layer yielded a drier boundary layer,resulting in surface latent heat flux(SLHF)enhancement,the major energy source of TC intensification.The higher DMC dynamical core-simulated updraft in the inner core caused a higher net surface rain rate,producing higher net internal atmospheric diabatic heating and increasing the TC intensity.These results indicate that the stronger DMC dynamical coresimulated TCs are mainly related to the higher DMC vertical velocity.

STUDY ON THE HEAT AND MASS TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF BEEF UNDERGOING FREEZE DRYING

This paper establishes the mathematical model in calculating the effective thermal conductivity and the effective mass diffusivity of dried layer of beef undergoing freeze drying process.First,experimental measurements are done on the dehydrated quantity as well as temperature variations at different locations of the beef steak.Then the effective thermal conductivity and the effective mass diffusivity are calculated by applying the above mathematical model on the data of the dehydrated quantity.These two coefficients are further used in the calculation of temperature distribution.The result is in agreement with the measurement,thus confirming the correctness of the model and the values of the coefficients.

Effect of Source-Sink Manipulation on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaf and the Remobilization of Dry Mass and Nitrogen in Vegetative Organs of Wheat

The photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and the accumulation and remobilization of pre-anthesis dry mass（DM） and nitrogen（N） in vegetable organs in nine wheat cultivars under different source-sink manipulation treatments including defoliation（DF）, spike shading（SS） and half spikelets removal（SR） were investigated. Results showed that the SS treatment increased the photosynthetic rate（Pn） of flag leaf in source limited cultivar, but had no significant effect on sink limited cultivar. The SR treatment decreased the Pn of flag leaf. Grain DM accumulation was limited by source in some cultivars, in other cultivars, it was limited by sink. Grain N accumulation was mainly limited by source supply. The contribution of pre-anthesis dry mass to grain yield from high to low was stem, leaf and chaff, while the contribution of pre-anthesis N to grain N from high to low was leaf, stem and chaff. Cultivars S7221 and TA9818 can increase the contribution of remobilization of DM and N to grain at the maximum ratio under reducing source treatments, which may be the major reason for these cultivars having lower decrease in grain yield and N content under reducing source treatments.

Free flexural vibration of a partially wet tapered Timoshenko beam with intermittent mass and stiffness variations, eccentric tip mass and non-classical foundation

A compliant tower is modeled as a partially dry, partially tapered, damped Timoshenko beam with the superstructure modeled as an eccentric tip mass, and a non-classical damped boundary at the base. The foundation is modeled as a combination of a linear spring and a torsional spring, along with parallel linear and torsional dampers(Kelvin-Voigt model). The superstructure adds to the kinetic energy of the system without affecting the potential energy, thereby reducing the natural frequencies. The weight of the superstructure acts as an axial compressive load on the beam, reducing its natural frequencies further. The empty space factor due to the truss-type structure of the tower is included. The effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia are included in the vibration analysis; with the non-uniform beam mode-shapes being a weighted sum of the uniform beam mode-shapes satisfying the end condition. The weights are evaluated by the Rayleigh-Ritz(RR) method, and verified using finite element method(FEM). The weight of the superstructure acts as an axial compressive load on the beam. Kelvin-Voigt model of structural damping is included.A part of the structure being underwater, the virtual added inertia is included to calculate the wet natural frequencies. A parametric study is done for various magnitudes of tip mass and various levels of submergence. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the Rayleigh-Ritz method, as compared to the FEA, has been demonstrated. The advantage of using closed-form trial functions is clearly seen in the efficacy of calculating the various energy components in the RR method.

AN ANALYSIS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFERPHENOMENON IN WOOD DURING DRYING

According to modeling simulation and experiments study, the heat and mass transtfer phenomenon.in wood during dring processes was analyzed. The results indicate: at initial stage of drying, moisture movement in wood is due to capillary force, heat transfer is major effect, at end stage, moisture movement in wood is due to diffusive transport, heat transfer is less

Soil Depth and Changes in Dry Mass and Competitive Intensity of Two C₄Grasses

The presence of grassland biomes and species cannot be predicted by examining bottom up causes such as precipitation and temperature. Top down causes including herbivory and fire seem to be major controlling aspects with other factors secondary. We examined soil depth and competitive ability of two North American C4 grasses in a greenhouse experiment. Changes in dry mass were determined and competitive intensity was calculated for both species. Species were grown separately or together in pots 30, 90, or 180 cm deep. When grown in monoculture, Schizachyrium scoparium total and belowground dry mass increased from the 30 to 90 cm depth, with no further significant increase from 90 to 180 cm. Aboveground dry mass did not increase significantly with depth. Total dry mass of Buchloe dactyloides increased significantly with depth when grown in monoculture. Aboveground dry mass increased from 30 to 90 cm depth but not from 90 to 180 cm. Belowground dry mass of B. dactyloides did not increase significantly with depth. In 180 cm pots, 53% of S. scoparium root dry mass was in the top 30 cm;74% of B. dactyloides root dry mass was in the top 30 cm. Roots of B. dactyloides were not found deeper than 90 cm. Aboveground dry mass of S. scoparium was not different in mixture or monoculture at any depth. Buchloe dactyloides aboveground dry mass in mixture was significantly lower than monoculture at the 30 cm depth, but not at 90 or 180 cm. The greatest competitive intensity was in the shallow soil pots. Soil depth could partially explain mosaics found in C4 grasslands where both species were found together with S. scoparium on deeper soils and B. dactyloides on shallower soils.

Influence of Osmotic Dehydration with High Electric Field on the Drying Kinetics and Mass Transfer of Green Apples

Traditional thermal methods of drying food have often led to loss of flavours, nutrients, vitamins, etc., which encourages non-thermal pretreatments such as osmotic dehydration （OD） and/or high electric field （HEF） application to improve the overall product quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of osmotic dehydration （50% sucrose） with high electric field strengths of 0.5 and 1.0 kV/cm as pretreatments on the drying kinetics and mass transfer of green apples during convective drying at 65 ~C and microwave drying at 1 W/g. The added value of the OD and HEF on the drying kinetics, and the effective mass transfer coefficients of the subsequent drying methods were investigated through this research. The efficacy of these pre-treatments was assessed and compared using cell disintegration index, product texture and thus bring forth new correlations between these pre-treatments and the cell disintegration index using dielectric spectroscopy and its effect on the product texture.

Mass Transfer in Infrared Drying of Gel-Coated Seeds

In order to contribute for a better understanding of mass transfer in drying of shrinking particles, in this study shrinkage and drying characteristics of sorghum seeds encapsulated into gel-based polymeric matrix were experimentally determined by using infrared (IR) radiation. IR drying of gel coated seeds was carried out at three different temperatures (65℃, 80℃ and 93℃). The shrinkage of the individual particles during drying was quantified by means of the volume and surface area changes evaluated from geometric measurements. The product quality was evaluated in terms of the changes of particle density and percent of cracks in gel coating incurred during drying. Surface area and volume of the gel-seed system decreased about 65% and 80% until the end of the process, respectively, stressing the need to take into account the surface area changes to calculate water flux density as function of moisture content and obtain an accurate interpretation of the drying mechanisms well as to include the volume shrinkage in mass transfer models to determine reliable values of moisture diffusivity. The IR drying behavior of gel-coated seeds was then characterized by the presence of three drying periods: heating up, constant moisture flux and falling moisture flux. Accelerated drying of gel coated seeds was obtained by applying higher IR radiation intensities. The effect of IR source temperature on the particle shrinkage was more pronounced at the constant moisture flux period and practically negligible at the decreasing moisture flux period. Neglecting shrinkage of individual coated-seeds during IR drying led to an erroneous absence of constant flux period and overestimation of the mass transfer by diffusion. Apparent density of the particles was greater at low-temperature IR drying than at high-temperature IR drying. Coated particles keep their original geometry, but a significant cracking of gel coating was observed at rapid drying rate conditions.

Calculation of the Added Mass of a Liquid Tank's Bulkheads

The added mass coefficient and the water level index formulas for the same-phase and anti-phase vibration of rectangular liquid tanks' bulkheads were derived based on dry mode theory. Three fluid-structure interaction numerical methods including Fluid FEM and Fluid BEM were used in this case. The comparison of numerical and theoretical results by the present method shows that ANSYS/Fluid80 is more credible, the NASTRAN/Virtual Mass Method is more suitable for engineering calculations and results of the same-phase vibration by the present method is more accurate.

Design and Preparation of High Elastic Modulus Self-compacting Concrete for Pre-stressed Mass Concrete Structures

Requirements of self-compacting concrete （SCC） applied in pre-stressed mass concrete structures include high fluidity, high elastic modulus, low adiabatic temperature rise and low drying shrinkage, which cannot be satisfied by ordinary SCC. In this study, in order to solve the problem, a few principles of SCC design were proposed and the effects of binder amount, fly ash （FA） substitution, aggregate content and gradation on the workability, temperature rise, drying shrinkage and elastic modulus of SCC were investigated. The results and analysis indicate that the primary factor influencing the fluidity was paste content, and the main methods improving the elastic modulusof SCC were a lower sand ratio and an optimized coarse aggregate gradation. Lower adiabatic temperature rise and drying shrinkage were beneficial for decreasing the cement content. Further, based on the optimization of mixture, a C50 grade SCC （with binder amount of only 480 kg/ m3, fly ash substitution of 40%, sand ratio of 51% and proper coarse aggregate gradation （Vs.~0 mm： V10-16 ram： V16.20 mm= 30%： 30%：40%）） with superior workability was successfully prepared. The temperature rise and drying shrinkage of the prepared SCC were significantly reduced, and the elastic modulus reached 37.6 GPa at 28 d.

不同贮藏温度及包装条件对乌天麻干片挥发性气味的影响

采用电子鼻及吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(purgeand trap-gaschromatography-massspectrometry,PT-GC-MS)分析3个贮藏温度(10、25、40℃)及4种包装条件(空气、N_(2)、CO_(2)、脱氧)对乌天麻干片的挥发性气味的影响。结果表明:在120 d的贮藏期内,不同温度及包装下的乌天麻干片挥发性气味存在一定的差异。温度是影响贮藏期乌天麻干片挥发性气味最主要的因素,低温更有利于保持乌天麻干片挥发性成分。其次是包装条件,在同一温度条件下,脱氧处理更有利于保持乌天麻干片的挥发性气味。随着贮藏时间的延长,不同温度及包装条件下,乌天麻干片中挥发性物质在种类和含量上均发生变化,在120 d贮藏期内,10℃脱氧处理组共检测出挥发性成分29种,总含量为214.52μg/g,醇类占总挥发性成分的54%;酯类占总挥发性成分的14%;烷烃类占总挥发性成分的10%;与对照组的挥发性成分最为接近。综上所述,10℃脱氧包装为乌天麻干片最佳贮藏条件,在该条件下贮藏,乌天麻干片的风味成分损失最小,可在较长贮藏期内有效保留乌天麻干片的风味成分。

湿粉类制品生产工艺中米酵菌酸污染情况分析

目的:探索米酵菌酸在湿粉类制品生产工艺过程中的污染风险。方法:选取东莞市2家湿粉类制品企业作为监测点,于2021年7月至2022年6月期间,分4季度按生产工艺及流程共采集样品222份。其中食品类样品共99份,环境类样品共123份。对99份食品类样品进行米酵菌酸检测,并对222份样品进行唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌分离鉴定。对经生化鉴定为唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌的阳性菌株,进行椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种bon毒力基因检测;同时对阳性菌株进行产毒培养并灭菌,制备的提取液进一步检测米酵菌酸。结果:在99份食品类样品中检出3份米酵菌酸,分别来自1份巴基斯坦碎白米和由其制得的2份混合米浆(混合米浆2和混合米浆3);在222份样品中检出7株唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌,其中产毒株3株,分别来自1份缅甸碎白米和2份混合米浆(混合米浆2和混合米浆3);不产毒株4株。结论:进口碎米存在米酵菌酸污染风险,原料储存间和处理间的污染风险较大,生产工艺的源头--原料是重点污染环节,需重点关注,同时需重视生产环境的清洁消毒和加热工序的严格执行。

铁尾矿混凝土力学性质及耐久性

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。为了研究铁尾矿混凝土在受硫酸钠溶液干湿循环作用后的力学特性和耐久性,开展了受硫酸钠溶液侵蚀混凝土的抗压实验、抗氯离子侵蚀实验、抗冻实验和水化特性实验,分析不同铁尾矿掺量、干湿循环次数、溶液浓度对混凝土力学性质和耐久性的影响。结果表明:在铁尾矿掺量为30%、干湿循环次数为60次和硫酸钠浓度为5%时,混凝土的质量损失率较小而抗压强度耐腐蚀系数较大。随着铁尾矿掺量的不断增大,混凝土的抗氯离子侵蚀性能、抗冻性能越好,水化反应放热量不断减小。

大豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙固化黄河泥沙水稳定性试验研究

随着国家“交通强国”战略的提出,沿黄工程建设发展迅速,填筑用土需求剧增。黄河泥沙作为填筑材料的可行性已被证实,但其在多雨地区的服役性能需要改善,探索一种生态、高效的泥沙加固方法提高其水稳定性十分关键。本文基于酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)技术固化黄河泥沙的方法,分别开展了常规浸水条件和干湿循环条件下固化黄河泥沙的水稳定性试验,研究了浸水后试样的质量损失及强度折损情况,分析了干湿循环对固化后黄河泥沙试样强度软化系数的影响规律。结果表明:采用EICP技术固化的黄河泥沙试样浸水崩解过程相比原状试样更加缓慢;胶结液浓度1.5 mol/L的黄河泥沙试样长期(56 d)浸水后,几乎保持完整,质量损失率仅为6.36%,强度折损率仅为6.21%;10次干湿循环后,不同胶结液浓度处理后的黄河泥沙试样均出现了不同程度的颗粒松散和脱落现象,胶结液浓度1.5 mol/L、灌浆10次的黄河泥沙试样的抗压强度损失仅为9.96%,抗干湿循环能力最强。利用EICP技术可以有效的固化黄河泥沙并提升其水稳定性,这对推进黄河泥沙的资源化利用进程十分重要。

PDMS膜渗透浓缩对天然玫瑰冻干露香气的影响

为探究聚二甲基硅氧烷膜渗透汽化技术对玫瑰冻干露浓缩的影响,选取大马士革玫瑰为研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用法对冻干露挥发性香气成分进行分析,结合感官分析,评价其感官属性和可利用性。结果表明,玫瑰冻干露原液中检测出了54种香气物质,玫瑰特征性香气物质苯乙醇、香茅醇和香叶醇占比超过90%,极具利用价值。经过两次渗透浓缩后,玫瑰香气更加浓郁和典型,苯环类香气物质含量显著提高,表现为玫瑰香气物质的总香气活度值提高20.47%,感官风味剖面分析也有相似的结果,花香的风味强度值占比由37%提升至51%,与偏最小二乘回归验证分析的结果一致。通过感官标度打分法,发现二级渗透玫瑰冻干露的香气强度与市售玫瑰香精相似,100倍稀释后香气强度仍高于市售玫瑰苏打水,具有用于香精日化、饮料增香的潜力。

一步式QuEChERS-气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法快速测定风干牦牛肉中15种N-亚硝胺

建立了一步式QuEChERS自动提取和净化技术结合气相色谱-串联质谱同时测定风干牦牛肉中15种N-亚硝胺的分析方法。样品水化后,经乙腈提取,加入4.0 g MgSO_(4)和1.0 g NaCl除水,经十八烷基硅烷(C_(18))和N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)填料净化,采用DB-HeavyWAX色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)分离15种N-亚硝胺,在多重反应监测(MRM)模式下进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明,15种N-亚硝胺分离性能良好,在0.1~200μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r^(2))≥0.999 0;检出限(LOD)为0.05~0.20μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.10~0.50μg/kg;在1倍、2倍和10倍LOQ 3个添加水平下的平均回收率分别为79.4%~102.1%、80.6%~109.5%、83.0%~110.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.8%~16.0%。应用建立的方法检测2种不同加工工艺的市售样品,其中7种N-亚硝胺类化合物(N-亚硝基二甲胺、N-亚硝基二异丁胺、N-亚硝基二正丁胺、N-亚硝基甲基苯胺、N-亚硝基乙基苯胺、N-亚硝基吡咯烷、N-亚硝基二苯胺)均有不同程度检出,平均含量为0.08~20.18μg/kg,且熟制风干牦牛肉中N-亚硝胺的检出率和平均含量均高于传统生制风干牦牛肉。该方法实现了前处理的自动化,相较于其他传统方法,操作简单,实验效率高,人为影响因素小,检测灵敏度高,适用于风干牦牛肉中15种N-亚硝胺的快速测定,为研究肉制品中N-亚硝胺的测定提供了方法支持。

长期贮藏干枣在不同温度下的吸水和加工特性

干枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)是药食兼用的食品原料,其保健功能、贮藏和加工特性备受关注。长期贮藏的干枣脱水严重,果肉变硬、果皮发暗,商品价值降低。该文以分别贮藏约1和13个月的新疆骏枣和灰枣干枣为对象,研究干枣的浸泡吸(复)水的规律及其对干枣加工性能的影响。结果发现,贮藏13个月的骏枣和灰枣的湿基含水量较贮藏1个月的骏枣和灰枣减少了约50%,贮藏时间对果形指数、果肉质地和成分均有一定影响,长期贮藏的干枣仍具有很好的加工利用价值。干枣的吸水曲线大都呈对数曲线的规律,吸水过程受水温和干枣种类影响。低场核磁共振成像(Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging,LF-MRI)分析显示,水分主要从枣蒂和表面渗入到枣果内。贮藏约13个月的骏枣和灰枣的干基含水量分别为43.18 g/100 g(T=40℃)和41.06 g/100 g(T=60℃)时,出现轻微软化现象,此时可进行去核和切片加工;当干枣浸泡至干基含水量为129 g/100 g时,果肉软化充分,水分分布均匀,则可进行打浆加工,浆液粒度和色泽均较好。

胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子组成特征及来源解析

基于2019年6月至2020年8月胶州湾沿岸的大气降水样品,分析降水主要水溶性离子(Na^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、NH^(4+)、F-、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、MAS-(甲基磺酸根))的组成特征和湿沉降通量,评估其对近海营养成分输入的贡献和潜在生态效应,并利用气团后向轨迹和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)解析其主要来源.结果表明,观测期间,胶州湾大气降水雨量加权平均(Volume-weighted Mean,VWM)pH为6.41,电导率的VWM值为19.3μS/cm,降水中水溶性离子以Na^(+)、NH^(4+)、NO_(3)^(-)、Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)为主,在季节上呈现出冬春季浓度明显高于夏秋季的特征,而湿沉降通量则因受降水量的控制而主要集中在夏季(约占55%).胶州湾区域大气降水共清除7274.6t水溶性离子,营养盐(主要为NH^(4+)和NO_(3)^(-),以氮计)沉降入海量达951.9t/a,表明降水在清洁大气的同时也加剧了海洋环境的污染和海洋生态系统的失衡.气团后向轨迹分析得到了观测期间控制胶州湾降水的4类主要气团,在不同季节,降水过程受到不同气团的影响,其中以来自华东地区和东北方向的气团的影响较大.基于PMF的源解析结果显示,胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子受到农业源、海洋源、扬尘源、生物质和垃圾燃烧源、工业和交通源5种来源的共同控制,其中以农业源排放的贡献最为突出(26.7%),而其他4种源的贡献大致相当.研究证实胶州湾大气环境受到复杂人为源排放、矿物沙尘以及海洋源排放的综合制约,而人为排放的贡献占主导地位.

石蜡@碳酸钙相变微胶囊在海藻纤维中的应用研究

使用石蜡作为相变的基础材料、碳酸钙为壁材,采用自组装法制备功能良好的相变微胶囊,后与海藻酸钠共混后经湿法纺丝制备具有调温功能的海藻纤维。文章通过对微胶囊制备过程中芯壁质量比、搅拌速率、乳化剂类型及配比等工艺参数优化设计,使用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪研究了微胶囊的表面形貌和结构,热重分析仪、差示扫描量热仪、红外热成像仪等分析了微胶囊和调温纤维的热性能。结果表明,当微胶囊芯壁质量比为1︰1、反应转速为1000 r/min、乳化剂为Span80+Tween80(1︰2)时,可得到粒径均匀、形貌良好、具有优异热性能的相变微胶囊;将其与4%的海藻酸钠、2%的PVA混合得到纺丝原液,经湿法纺丝可制备出良好调温功能的海藻纤维。

高分辨液相色谱-串联质谱法分析冻干西洋参抗氧化多肽

本研究利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱串联质谱(UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS/MS)技术快速鉴定冻干西洋参多肽的氨基酸组成。采用碱溶酸沉法提取冻干西洋参粗蛋白,以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率为评价指标,筛选酶解冻干西洋参粗蛋白的最佳蛋白酶,并用最佳蛋白酶将粗蛋白酶解,经3 ku截留分子质量的透析袋透析得到不同组分,采用蛋白液相分析系统分离纯化抗氧化活性较好的组分。结果表明,选择胃蛋白酶酶解1 h时,DPPH自由基清除活性较好,清除率为(56.02±2.01)%,且透析得到<3 ku组分的抗氧化活性优于>3 ku组分和内源性肽组分。用蛋白液相分析系统对抗氧化活性较好的组分(<3 ku)进行分离,评价所得各组分的DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除能力。结果表明,组分F1和F2具有较强的抗氧化活性。经UHPLC-QOrbitrap MS/MS法鉴定,这2个组分均为由2~4个氨基酸组成的多肽,包括疏水氨基酸甘氨酸(Gly)、缬氨酸(Val)和亮氨酸(Leu),这可能是其具有较强抗氧化活性的原因。该方法可快速有效地鉴定冻干西洋参抗氧化多肽的组成,为揭示其组成与抗氧化活性的关系提供了依据。