Microstructure refinement of a dual phase titanium alloy by severe room temperature compression

Microstructure refinement of a dual phase titanium alloy, Ti-3AI-4.5V-5Mo, by severe room temperature compression was investigated. Nanocrystalline grains were observed in the sample with 75% reduction, in which the grain sizes of a phase and β phase were approximately 50 and 100 nm. Conversely, the average thicknesses of a phase and β phase in as-received microstructure were measured to be 0.7 and 0.5 μm, respectively. TEM and XRD methods were used to analyze the microstructure and texture changes after severe deformation. Microstructure refinement was deduced to the complex interaction among slip dislocations in the a phase, the complex interaction among slip dislocations and martensites in the β phases. In addition, the interaction between the a phase and the β phase also contributed to the microstructure refinement.

Effect of continuous annealing parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructures of a cold rolled dual phase steel

A cold rolled dual phase （DP） steel with the C-Si-Mn alloy system was trial-produced in the laboratory, utilizing a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator. The effects of continuous annealing parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the DP steel were investigated by mechanical testing and microstructure observation. The results show that soaking between 760 and 820℃ for more than 80 s, rapid cooling at the rate of more than 30℃/s from the quenching temperature between 620 and 680℃, and overaging lower than 300℃ are beneficial for the mechanical properties of DP steels. An appropriate proportion of the two phases is one of the key factors for the favorable properties of DP steels. If the volume fraction of martensite and, thereby, free dislocations are deficient, the tensile strength and n value of DP steels will decrease, whereas, the yield strength will increase. But if the volume fraction of martensite is excessive to make it become a dominant phase, the yield and tensile strength will increase, whereas, the elongation will decrease obviously. When rapid cooling rate is not fast enough, pearlite or cementite will appear, which will degrade the mechanical properties. Even though martensite is sufficient, if it is decomposed in high temperature tempering, the properties will he unsatisfied.

Stress-strain partitioning analysis of constituent phases in dual phase steel based on the modified law of mixture

A more accurate estimation of stress-strain relationships for martensite and ferrite was developed, and the modified law of mixture was used to investigate the stress-strain partitioning of constituent phases in dual phase （DP） steels with two different martensite volume fractions. The results show that there exist great differences in the stress-strain contribution of martensite and ferrite to DP steel. The stress-strain partitioning coefficient is not constant in the whole strain range, but decreases with increasing the true strain of DP steel. The softening effect caused by the dilution of carbon concentration in martensite with the increase of martensite volume fraction has great influence on the strain contribution of martensite. The strain ratio of ferrite to martensite almost linearly increases with increasing the true strain of DP steel when the martensite volume fraction is 22%, because martensite always keeps elastic. But the strain ratio of ferrite to martensite varies indistinctively with the further increase in true strain of DP steel above 0.034 when the martensite volume fraction is 50%, because plastic deformation happens in martensite. The stress ratio ofmartensite to ferrite decreases monotonously with increasing the true strain of DP steel whether the martensite volume fraction is 22% or 50%.

Dual Phase Heat Treatment of Low-Alloy Steel

Dual phase heat treatment is an economical and effective way for improving the properties of low carbon steels and low-alloy steel materials. In this paper, the microstructures and mechanical properties of 20MnSi steel treated by different dual phase heat treatment have been studied. The results show that dual phase heat treatment with pre-quenching technique and then heating from room temperature to the critical zone can achieve finer and more homogeneous microstructure than that with pre-normalizing technique and then cooling from austenite zone to the critical zone. Among all factors affecting dual phase heat treatment, quenching temperature at the critical zone and tempering temperature play an important part in mechanical properties. Using proper dual phase heat treatment technique with computer optimized parameters, the yield strength, the elongation and impact toughness of 20MnSi can reach 860 MPa, 16% and 207 MPa respectively.

Dry Sliding Oxidative Wear in Plain Carbon Dual Phase Steel

To investigate the tribological potential of the dual phase （DP） steel as a wear resistant material, the wear and the friction characteristics of this steel, which consists of hard martensite islands embedded in a ductile ferrite matrix, have been investigated and compared with those observed in plain carbon hardened （H） steel that has the same carbon content of 0.2%. Dry sliding wear tests have been carried out using a pin-on-disk wear testing machine at different normal loads of 21.3 N, 28. 5 N, 35.7 N, and 42.6 N and at a constant sliding velocity of 1.20 m/s. The analysis of surface and wear debris of samples showed that the wear mechanism was mainly mild oxidative. The friction and the wear rate of the H steel and the DP Steel have been explained with respect to the microstructure and the wear mechanism.

A Study on the Wear Behaviour of Dual Phase Steels

Dual phase （DP） steels containing four different amounts of martensite ranging from 43 vol. pct to 81 vol. pct have been developed from 0.2 wt pct carbon steel by intercritical heat treatment at a fixed temperature of 780℃ with varying holding times followed by water quenching. Dry sliding wear tests have been conducted on DP steels using a pin- on-disk machine under different normal loads of 61.3, 68.5, 75.7 and 82.6 N and at a constant sliding speed of 1.20 m/s. At these loads, the mechanism of wear is primarily delamination, which has been confirmed by SEM micrographs of subsurface and wear debris of samples. Wear properties have been found to improve with the increase in martensite volume fraction in dual phase steels.

Phase composition, transition and structure stability of functionally graded cemented carbide with dual phase structure

The phase composition, phase transition and phase structure transformation of the wire-cut section of functionally graded WC-Co cemented carbide with dual phase structure were investigated by XRD phase analysis. It is shown that the composition of η phase in the core zone is Co_3W_3C (M_6 C type). The structure of cobalt based solid solution binder phase is fcc type. At the cooling stage of the sintering process, the phase transition of η phase, i.e. M_6C→M_12C and the martensitic phase transition of the cobalt based solid solution binder phase, i.e. fcc→hcp are suppressed, which facilitates the strengthening of the alloy. Because the instantaneous temperature of the discharge channel is as high as 10 000 ℃ during the wire cutting process, the processed surface is oxidized. Nevertheless, the oxide layer thickness is in micro grade. In the oxide film, η phase is decomposed into W_2C and CoO, and cobalt based solid solution binder is selectively oxidized, while WC remains stable due to the existence of carbon containing liquid organic cutting medium.

Mechanical properties of fine-grained dual phase low-carbon steels based on dynamic transformation

The fine grained dual phase （FG-DP） steel with ferrite grains of 2-4.5 μm and martensite islands smaller than 3 μm was obtained through the mechanism of deformation-enhanced ferrite transformation （DEFT）. Mechanical properties of the steel were tested at room temperature. The results indicated that with a similar volume fraction of martensite （about 20vol%）,FG-DP steel exhibited a superior combination of higher strength and more rapid strain hardening at low strains compared with the coarse-grained dual phase （CG-DP） steel obtained by critical annealing. The combination of higher strength,large elongation,and more rapid strain hardening of FG-DP steel can be attributed to the fine ferrite grain and finely dispersed martensite islands. In addition,the uniformly distributed martensite islands in FG-DP steel have smaller interspacing compared with that of CG-DP steel. So,at the initial plastic deformation stage,the plastic deformation of ferrite was restrained and more pronounced load was transferred from ferrite to martensite. The plastic deformation of martensite in FG-DP steel started earlier.

Development of Tailored Structure and Tensile Properties of Thermomechanical Treated Micro Alloyed Low Carbon Dual Phase Steel

Direct hot rolled dual phase steel production represents a challenging route, compared with cold rolled and intercritical annealing process, due to complex and sophisticated control of the hot strip mill processing parameters. Instead, high technology compact slab production plant offers economic advantages, adequate control and prompt use of the advanced thermomechanical controlled rolling. The current work aims to obtain different structures and tensile properties by physical simulation of direct hot rolled niobium micro alloyed dual phase low carbon steel by varying the metallurgical temperatures of hot strip mill plant. This starts with adaptation of the chemical analysis of a low carbon content to fall far from the undesired peritectic region to avoid slab cracking during casting. Thermodynamic and kinetics calculations by Thermo-Calc 2020 and JMat pro software are used to define the transformation’s temperatures Ae1 and Ae3 as well as processing temperatures;namely of reheating, finishing rolling, step cooling and coiling temperatures. The results show that the increase of finishing rolling temperature from 780°C to 840°C or decreasing either of step cooling duration at ferrite bay from 7 to 4 seconds, enhances yield and tensile strengths, all due to more martensite volume fraction formation. The yield and tensile strengths also increase with decreasing coiling temperature from 330°C to 180°C, which is explained due to the increase of dislocation densities resulted from the sudden shape change during martensite formation at the lower coiling temperature in additional to the self-tempering of martensite formed at higher coiling temperatures which soften the dual phase steel.

Austenite formation during intercritical annealing in C-Mn cold-rolled dual phase steel

Two different kinds of experimental techniques were used to in-situ study the austenite formation during intercritical annealing in C-Mn dual phase steel. The microstructure evolution was observed by confocal laser scanning microscope, and the austenite isothermal and non-isothermal transformation kinetics were studied by dilatometry. The results indicate that banded structure is produced for the reason of composition segregation and the competition between recrystallization and phase transformation. Austenite prefers to nucleate not only at ferrite/ferrite grain boundaries, but also inside the grains of ferrite.Furthermore, the austenitizing process is accomplished mainly via migration of the existing austenite/ferrite interface rather than nucleation of new grains. The incubation process can be divided into two stages which are controlled by carbon and manganese diffusion, respectively. During the incubation process, the nucleation rate of austenite decreases, and austenite growth changes from two-dimensional to one-dimensional. The partitioning coefficient, defined as the ratio of manganese content in the austenite to that in the adjacent ferrite, increases with increasing soaking time.

Effect of controlled rolling on the martensitic hardenability of dual phase steel

The C-Mn and C-Mn-Nb steels were thermo-mechanically processed to develop dual phase steel and to study the effect of controlled rolling on the martensitic hardenability of austenite. The steel specimens were intercritically annealed at 790℃, rolled at that temperature to the reductions of 10%, 23%, and 47% and immediately cooled at different rates. Quantitative metallography was used to construct the microstructure map, which illustrated that increasing deformation progressively reduced the proportion of new ferrite formed at all cooling rates and increased the amount of martensite at fast and intermediate rates. The martensitic hardenability of austenite remaining after all the rolling reductions was plotted as a function of cooling rates. It was observed that for the austenite-martensite conversion efficiencies greater than about 25%, controlled rolling increased the martensitic hardenability of austenite.

EFFECT OF TRACE B AND Ga ON TRANSFORMATION CONTROL OF Mn-Si-Cr AS-ROLLED DUAL PHASE STEELS

Trace of B and Ga can substitute for Mo in Mn-Si-Cr dual phase steels.The technological process and CCT curves of steels treated with B and Ga are similar to those for Mn-Si-Cr-Mo steel.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TENSILE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF A DUAL PHASE STEEL

Bused on the deformation model of dual phase steels, an expression for the stress of martensite in dual phase steels is derived, it predictes that the onset of plastic deformation of martensite (transition strain) depends on the strain hardening of ferrite and on the strength of martensile. The relationship between the flow stress and microstructural parameters of a 0.12C-0.9Mn dual phase steel was investigated using the expression for the flow stress of dual phase steel[1] . By calculating the stress ratio and the stress-strain partition coefficient, the loud transition and the stress-strain partition between two phases are studied. It shows that the deformation of dual phase steel lies between the isostress and isostrain states and the stress-strain pratition changes continuously during the deloramtion.

TEMPERING RESPONSE OF A DEFORMED LOW CARBON DUAL PHASE STRUCTURE

The low carbon dual phase structure was cold de formed first,then was tempered at 200 to 600℃.The variation in strength and ductility during tempering of the steel was investigated.It was found that a fter the de formed dual phase structure was tempered at 200 to 600℃, with the increase in the tempering temperature the tensile strength decreases rapidly;the lotal elongation remains constant at 200 to 500℃ but began to rise dramatically at a critical temperature between 500 and 600℃.However,when the non-deformed dual phase structure was tempered at the same temperature range,the tensile strength decreases and the total elongation increases continuously with the increase of temperature.It was demonstrated from TEM analysis that precipitating carbides density along the boundaries ofmartensite lath and the recrystallized grains are responsible for the tempering response ofthe de formed dual phase structure.

(α+β)Dual Phase CuZnAl Shape Memory Alloy

The effect of α phase on CuZnAl shape memo- ry alloy(SMA)has been systematically studied by electrical resistance method,quantitative measure- ment of micrography and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).It is found that,by controlling the amount of α phase in(α+β)-CuZnAl alloy, phase transformation temperatures can be adjusted precisely in a wide range,while the good shape memory effect of CuZnAl is kept.In a word, quenching from(α+β)dual phase region is a rea- sonable method of adjusting phase transformation temperatures for CuZnAl alloy.

Influence of silicon on the microstructures, mechanical properties and stretch-flangeability of dual phase steels

Uniaxial tension tests and hole-expansion tests were carried out to determine the influence of silicon on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and stretch-flangeability of conventional dual-phase steels. Compared to 0.03wt% silicon, the addition of 1.08wt% silicon induced the formation of finer ferrite grains （6.8μm ） and a higher carbon content of martensite （Cm≈ 0.32wt%）. AS the silicon level increased, the initial strain-hardening rate （n value） and the uniform elongation increased, whereas the yield strength, yield ratio, and stretch-flangeability decreased. The microstructures were observed after hole-expansion tests. The results showed that low carbon content martensite （Cm ≈ 0.19wt%） can easily deform in coordination with ferrite. The relationship between the mechanical properties and stretch-flangeability indicated that the steel with large post-uniform elongation has good stretch-flangeability due to a closer plastic incom- patibility of the ferrite and martensite phases, which can effectively delay the production and decohesion of microvoids.

Microstructure-Properties Correlation of Dual Phase Steels Produced by Controlled Rolling Process

The purpose of this research is to quantify the effects of compositional and processing parameters on the microstruc-ture and properties of dual phase steel produced directly by hot rolling and rapid cooling. Steels with the base composition of 0.1%C, 1.4%Si, and 1.0%Mn with additions of 0.5%Cr to influence hardenability, 0.04%Nb to retard recrystallization in the latter stages of rolling, or 0.02%Ti to inhibit grain growth during and after reheating were investigated. Investigation was made to predict microstructure evolution and to correlate microstructure with processing parameters. The effects of the important microstructure parameters such as ferrite grain size, martensite volume fraction (VM) and morphology (polygonal or fibrous) on the tensile and impact properties are discussed. Multiple linear regression analysis of the ultimate tensile strength has shown that, increasing VM and martensite microhardness and grain refinement of ferrite are the major contributions to increase the strength of the steel. It was found that the dual-phase steel produced by controlled rolling process, with a microstructure which consisted of fine grained ferrite (4 um) and 35%~40% fibrous martensite, presented optimum tensile and impact properties because of enhanced resistance to crack propagation.

Effect of Tempered Martensite on Magnetomechanical Damping of Ferritic Matrix Dual Phase Alloys

The influence of the volume fraction of tempered martensite on magnetomechanical damping of the ferritic matrix in dual-phase alloys was studied.The experimental results showed that(1) dual-phase damping alloy is of good combination of strength and toughness: (2)good damping ca- pacity(Q^(-1)≥5.0×10^(-3))can be obtained in dual-phase alloys only when the volume fraction of tempered martensite was controlled properly.The effect of martensite on magnetomechanical damp- ing of the ferritic matrix was analysed.The damping capacity of dual-phase alloys was related to the volume fraction V_m of tempered martensite by Q_^(-1)=Q_^(-1) (1-V_m/1+BV_m)at small vibration strain amplitudes ε_A≤5.0×10^(-6).

Corrosion Behavior of Fe-Al-Zn Interphased Dual Phase Steel in Marine Environment

Intercritical heat treatment operation has been in use for the development of Dual Phase Steel (DPS) and has been found to improve the mechanical properties of the steel. In spite of the enhancement a limitation was however observed as to its corrosion susceptibility. In a bid to further enhance the corrosion resistance of the DPS while maintaining its mechanical properties, galvanealing operation was adopted which involving the immersion of the DPS into Al-Zn melt and subsequently subjecting it to annealing operation at 550°C. Weight loss and linear polarization technique were used to measure or evaluate its resistance in 3.5% NaCl (a simulated marine environment). A minimum of 3 samples was used per immersion time. From the result, it was observed that there is a general sharp decrease in the corrosion rate of the GAS as compared to the control sample. The sample immersed and allowed to dwell in the melt for 20 seconds and further annealed with a soaking time of 20 minutes exhibited the highest corrosion resistance. The polarization curve also shows that the substrate was generally passivated, and this is as a result of the Al-Zn/Fe adhesiveness.

STUDY ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF 18Si MnCu DUAL PHASE STEEL

After intercritical treatment,the structure and properties of 18SiMnCu cold rolled sheet steel is studied. When the sheet steel held at 780℃ and followed by 25℃/ s colling rate, a composite structure of (F+M+A) and optimum mechanical properties were obtained:σ_s=300MPa,σ_b = 750MPa,δ=27%, n= 0.27. The transformation process of retained austenite was examined by x-ray and TEM.