Look from the empty nester problem of urban and rural dual structure of society

More and more empty nest has become a social problem that couldn＇t ignore. The problem of empty nester is the essence of urban and rural dual structure social changing. The emergence of empty-nesters is a serious problem in China＇s social development process, with the aging of the population increasing, urban-rural divide more and more obvious. The condition of the human society has gradually formed the rural and the division of labor and the dual structure of the city. This paper expounds the connotation, significance and characteristics of empty nest elderly, analyzes on the problems existing in current urban and rural society and the problem of empty nest elderly in the new situation puts forward the suggestions and countermeasures.

The Chinese Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure Model and Analysis

Based on the characteristics of urban-rural dual economic structure in China,we build a dynamic endogenous urban-rural dual economic model closely linked to China's reality,and carry out mathematical economics analysis of optimized conditions for urban and rural sectors. The main results show that:(i) The labor growth rate of urban-rural sectors must be greater than the time discount rate,or else there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(ii) The accumulation rate of physical capital and human capital of urban-rural sectors,and the rate of technological progress,need to be greater than the corresponding depreciation rate plus the time discount rate,otherwise there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(iii) The low accumulation rate in the rural sector,and the occurrence of labor outflow,human capital loss and lack of investment,will expand income gap between urban and rural areas,which is a reason for solidification of urban-rural dual economic structure.

Study on Factors Influencing Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure of Chongqing Based on the State Space Variable Parameter Method

Firstly,this paper reviews and analyzes historic background of urban-rural integration of Chongqing,and the evolution and trend of urban and rural dual economic structure.On the basis of previous researches,it selects factors and variables influencing urban and rural dual economic structure,and establishes an econometric model.By state space Kalman filtering method,it analyzes dynamic influence of factors upon urban-rural dual economic intensity.According to empirical conclusion,it puts forward corresponding policy recommendations for promoting integrated urban and rural economic development of Chongqing.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Spatial pattern of urban-rural integration in China and the impact of geography

Urban-rural integration (URI) is a global challenge that is highly related to inequalities, poverty, economic growth, and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Existing research has evaluated the extent of URI and explored its influencing factors, but urban-rural linkages are seldom incorporated in evaluation systems, and geographical factors are rarely recognized as the influencing factors. We construct a URI framework including regional economy, rural development, urban-rural linkage, and urban-rural gap. Based on a dataset consisting of 1,669 counties in China in 2020, we reveal the spatial pattern of URI and find a high correlation between the spatial pattern of URI and the relief degree of land surface (RDLS). Using structural equation modeling, we discover that topography has direct ( − 0.18, p < 0.001) and indirect ( − 0.17, p < 0.001) effects on URI. The indirect negative effects are mediated through the infrastructure, and the combination of localized advantages and modern technical conditions could mitigate the negative impact of topography. Finally, we identify 742 counties as lagging regions in URI, which can be clustered into eight types. Our findings could facilitate policy designing for those countries striving for integrated and sustainable development of urban and rural areas.

Development Path of Urban-rural Integration

The urban and rural areas are regarded as two major components of the regional economic system. Only through joint balanced development of the two can we achieve overall economic optimization and social welfare maximization. But the great social division of labor has separated urban areas from rural areas,which casts the shadow of city-oriented theory on cooperative relations between urban and rural areas. Mutual separation between urban and rural settlements and independent development trigger off a range of social problems. We must undertake guidance through rational development path of urban-rural integration,to eliminate the phenomenon of urban-rural dual structure,and promote the sustainable development of population,resources and environment in urban and rural areas as soon as possible.

Opportunities and challenges for development of urbanization in Western China

Urban and rural dual structure in Western China is obvious.The economic development of the central cities is relatively quick while that of the rural areas is lagging behind.The speeding up of urbanization contributes to the intensively uncoordinated development of urban and rural areas.Besides,the eco-fragile environment,shortage of available water resources,adverse geographic location,and relatively backward social economy restrict the development of urbanization in Western China.However,Western China also has the advantages of backwardness.This paper analyzes the present situation and development trend of urbanization in Western China.The results show that Western China has basically formed a development pattern with"industry promotes agriculture and urban leads to village".Therefore,combined with the present situation of Western China,this paper describes and analyzes the opportunities and challenges that may appear in the process of urbanization in Western China,puts forward the development pattern in which urban and rural areas can gain mutual support and co-development,and provides related recommendations.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

An Empirical Study of the Relationship between the Fixed Assets Investment and Urban-rural Income Gap during the Transition Period

As the gap in income between urban and rural residents bigger and bigger,based on the data from 1978 to 2007,this paper makes an empirical study of the dynamic relation between the fixed assets investment and the difference in income between urban and rural residents. The outcome from the study indicates a long-term balance exists between the investment rate of the fixed assets and the difference in income between urban and rural residents. A short-term deviation from the balance can be adjusted through long time. To a certain extent,city-oriented fixed assets investment policy is the main cause of the big gap in income between urban and rural residents. The big gap in income between urban and rural residents in turn reinforces their social status,thus further strengthening the city-oriented instead of countryside-oriented fixed assets investment policy. Based on that,this paper puts forward some suggestions on adjusting the fixed assets investment policy so as to shorten the difference in income between urban and rural residents and realize the goal of harmonious development between city and countryside.

服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的影响与机制

服务业高质量发展有助于农村劳动力就业、扩大农民收入来源。促进现代服务业高质量发展是缩减城乡收入差距、推进共同富裕的重要路径。基于1997—2021年我国30个省份(未含香港地区、澳门地区、台湾地区、西藏地区)数据,使用合成控制法、双重差分模型和三重差分模型分析服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的影响及其机制。研究发现,服务业高质量发展有助于缩减城乡收入差距,且这种缩减作用在北京、上海最强,在江苏、天津、浙江次之,在广东最弱;服务业高质量发展对东部、中部和西部地区城乡收入差距的缩减作用均显著,但在中部地区最强,在东部和西部地区较弱;绿色发展和区域协调发展在服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的影响中发挥正向调节作用,服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的缩减作用在绿色发展水平较高、区域协调发展水平较高的省份更强;服务业高质量发展能够通过产业结构升级(包括产业结构高级化、产业结构合理化)缩减城乡收入差距。为进一步发挥服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的缩减作用,应持续加强服务创新,推动服务业高质量发展;发挥区域比较优势,推动区域协调发展;引导绿色消费和生产,提升绿色发展水平;推动现代服务业和新兴产业发展,促进产业结构升级。

乡村收缩的内涵界定与测度研究

乡村收缩是我国城乡结构转化进程中呈现的新现象。文章首先从概念层面阐释了乡村收缩的内涵,梳理了我国乡村收缩需要重点把握的逻辑线索,进而通过文献调查和实地调研,以甘肃省为例从县域尺度对乡村收缩程度进行测度,从乡村人口、经济和社会三个维度揭示其形成机理。研究发现:(1)乡村收缩在不同语境其内涵可能存在差异,但其本质均是青壮年劳动力的过度流失;(2)2000年、2010年、2020年甘肃省乡村收缩指数均值呈现动态大幅度上升趋势,分别为26.11%、38.97%、49.98%,且上升趋势具有比较显著的空间差异性;(3)城乡二元结构下,资源禀赋和地理区位、经济发展与要素流动、历史基础与社会文化、政策安排与治理能力都对乡村收缩有影响。新时代我国应从振兴县域经济出发,依靠产业聚集、人才引进、资金筹措、城乡融合的政策组合来回应乡村收缩现象。

数字新基建对城乡融合发展的影响机理及实证检验

数字新基建是数字经济时代的新引擎,对于实现城乡高质量融合发展具有重要意义。该研究以2009—2022年中国31个省份的面板数据为样本,基于熵权法测度指标并建立计量模型,从城乡相互渗透、相互融合等多元化视角入手,立足融合型和创新型等为代表的数字新基建,实证检验了数字新基建对城乡融合发展及其各分维度的影响。进一步,探讨了数字新基建对城乡融合发展的空间溢出效应。研究结果表明:①数字新基建能够显著提升城乡融合发展水平,这一正向效应在东部和中部地区、非粮食主产区、低科技投入地区和低工业化水平地区更为显著。从分维度分析,数字新基建对空间融合、社会融合和生态融合起到正向的推动作用,而对人口融合和经济融合起到显著的抑制作用。②影响机制分析发现,在数字新基建推动城乡融合发展的过程中,创新活跃度和产业结构升级起到了至关重要的传导作用。一方面,数字新基建能够通过降低创新成本,进一步减少信息不对称、缩短研发时间以此提升城乡融合进程;另一方面,数字新基建可以深化要素市场联动,促进生产力水平智能化进而促进产业结构升级,以此推动城乡融合发展。③进一步分析发现,数字新基建对城乡融合发展进程产生了正向的空间溢出效应,有利于推动周边区域城乡融合发展。据此提出,应加强数字新基建在城乡融合发展过程中各领域的渗透程度,缩小城乡之间的数字鸿沟,同时根据不同区位、科技投入水平和工业化水平等采用差异化数字新基建发展战略,提升周边地区城乡融合发展水平。

海南省城乡冷链物流一体化发展现状与对策研究

大力推动城乡冷链物流一体化,是巩固和增强农村经济发展的重要手段之一,有利于打破城乡二元格局。本文以海南城乡冷链物流为研究对象,分析城乡冷链物流一体化必要性,通过实地调研海南省城乡冷链物流发展现状,发现存在冷链供应链尚未建立、城乡冷链资源分布不均、专业冷链物流人才匮乏、农村冷链信息化水平低、“最先一公里”冷链认知不足等问题,并针对存在的问题提出了相应对策,以期促进海南省城乡冷链物流一体化健康发展。

农村劳动力流动、经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响——基于动态面板与门槛效应模型的实证分析

城乡一体化发展是破解新时代社会主要矛盾的关键抓手。近年来,我国经济不断发展,农村劳动力流动规模不断扩大。但城乡二元结构并没有随着经济增长和劳动力流动而同步转化,存在着严重的滞后性。城乡二元结构成为掣肘经济持续发展的重要因素。文章基于2006—2020年我国31省份面板数据,运用系统动态面板模型(SYS-GMM)分析劳动力流动与经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响;运用门槛效应模型,以劳动力流动为门槛变量,分析经济增长对城乡二元结构的非线性影响。结果表明,劳动力流动促进城乡二元结构转化,而经济增长抑制城乡二元结构转化;经济增长对城乡二元结构的作用受到劳动力流动的影响,表现出门槛效应:当劳动力流动规模超过一定限度后,经济增长对城乡二元结构转化的抑制作用将得到缓解。

数字经济对城乡融合发展的影响研究——基于劳动力错配视角

城乡融合发展是应对城乡发展不平衡难题的关键所在,迫切需要引入当前经济体系中最活跃的数字经济来打破城乡融合发展中的困境。基于2011—2021年省级面板数据,建立熵值法指标体系,构建面板回归、门槛效应等模型,研究数字经济、城乡劳动力错配与城乡融合发展之间的关系。结果表明:数字经济能显著促进城乡融合发展;数字经济通过改善我国城乡劳动力错配现状,对城乡融合发展产生促进作用;而劳动力错配会带来效率损失,因此在数字经济促进城乡融合发展的过程中表现出遮掩效应。数字经济对城乡融合发展的作用程度受城乡劳动力错配门槛效应影响,当城乡劳动力错配程度较高时,数字经济的促进效应会被大幅抑制,造成资源浪费且不利于城乡融合发展。基于此,提出优化布局数字新基建,利用数字赋能调节城乡要素配置,完善要素市场体系,深化城乡分割体制改革,建设全国统一大市场等建议。

从城乡二元到城乡融合发展——中国式现代化进程中的城乡关系发展

城乡实现融合发展的关键在于消除制度性、历史性因素所造成的区域、城乡资源配置被边缘化的问题,从而推进国民经济结构的转型升级,继而实现现代化。回顾我国发展进程发现:中国城乡关系是从分离、对立到融合,从非均衡向均衡发展转变的过程,此过程把握了中国式现代化道路的生成逻辑,实现了城乡融合发展的新境界,开辟了马克思主义现代化理论的新道路。现阶段,我国乡村振兴与新型城镇化融合发展仍存在体制机制不健全,城乡基本公共服务体系包容性较差,乡村基础设施建设分布不均衡,城乡空间结构关系不协调等问题。文章认为需要从物质、文化、制度等层面进行战略统筹,树立科学的城乡融合理念,不断完善乡村治理体制;发挥有效市场和有为政府的合力,推进城乡要素市场一体化;以数字科技赋能城乡产业,孕育更多有利于城乡融合发展的新型产业。

国土空间规划视角下城乡融合发展实施路径研究——以南充高坪城乡融合片为例

国土空间规划成为当前推进城乡融合发展的重要举措。以南充高坪城乡融合片为例,通过梳理其现状特征,并剖析其目前面临的主要问题,在此基础上契合相关规划、政策关于城乡融合、乡村振兴等发展要求,提出城乡融合片的发展目标、定位以及实现城乡融合的实施路径,为其它地区城乡融合发展提供参考。

县域城乡融合发展的内在逻辑与路径趋向——基于“要素-结构-功能”的系统分析框架

县域城乡融合发展关涉新型城镇化和乡村振兴战略全局,是共同富裕的关键节点,也是中国式现代化的必然要求。基于“要素-结构-功能”的系统分析框架,县域城乡融合发展是以县域为抓手,以城乡要素资源为切入点,以结构为动力点,以功能为落脚点的整体性、开放性、异质性进程。县域城乡融合发展有着深层的内在逻辑,发挥县域劳动力、土地、资本、科技要素双向流动是逻辑基础;统筹多层次资源要素嵌入产业、文化、生态、治理结构是逻辑展开;耦合宜居、宜业、和美、和谐、韧性功能显现是逻辑归宿。因而,县域城乡融合发展的路径趋向需畅通要素流动,挖掘县域城乡融合发展的资源禀赋;完善结构适配,优化县域城乡融合发展的运行态势;助推功能显现,铸就县域城乡融合发展的集成效应。

数字普惠金融、城乡二元结构与农村相对贫困

作为金融与新生代数字信息技术的融合应用,数字普惠金融在我国破除城乡二元结构壁垒及缓解相对贫困问题中发挥着重要作用。本文基于中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),在城乡二元经济结构视角下,实证检验数字普惠金融对农村相对贫困的影响效应。研究发现:从总体上看,数字普惠金融能够有效缓解农村相对贫困,其中数字化程度、覆盖广度两个维度的影响效应最显著;数字普惠金融通过缩小城乡收入差距以及工农业劳动生产率差距弱化城乡二元结构,进而缓解农村相对贫困;数字普惠金融对西部地区、互联网发展水平高的地区,以及受教育水平高、家庭规模小的农村家庭减贫效果更加显著。因此,为使数字普惠金融实现最大化的减贫效应,应加强数字普惠金融各维度在农村的发展建设,补齐硬件短板;加快城镇化进程,推动二元经济转化;结合区域发展特点,优化区域数字普惠金融发展政策。

丝绸之路经济带核心区城乡融合发展的影响因素研究

作为“一带一路”建设的核心区、枢纽地带,新疆在推动城乡融合与对外开放方面有着至关重要的意义,同时对于促进当地经济社会发展具有深远影响。城乡融合是新时代下中国发展的重要战略方向,旨在实现城乡资源要素的共享和优势互补,城乡产业结构也逐渐向现代化、国际化的方向发展,实现城乡产业的互通和融合。本文测度并对地区层面面板实证检验城乡融合结果显示,目前新疆城乡融合水平较低但正稳步提升,地区差异较大且趋于缩小。对外开放稳健促进新疆城乡融合协调发展。