Spatial pattern of urban-rural integration in China and the impact of geography

Urban-rural integration (URI) is a global challenge that is highly related to inequalities, poverty, economic growth, and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Existing research has evaluated the extent of URI and explored its influencing factors, but urban-rural linkages are seldom incorporated in evaluation systems, and geographical factors are rarely recognized as the influencing factors. We construct a URI framework including regional economy, rural development, urban-rural linkage, and urban-rural gap. Based on a dataset consisting of 1,669 counties in China in 2020, we reveal the spatial pattern of URI and find a high correlation between the spatial pattern of URI and the relief degree of land surface (RDLS). Using structural equation modeling, we discover that topography has direct ( − 0.18, p < 0.001) and indirect ( − 0.17, p < 0.001) effects on URI. The indirect negative effects are mediated through the infrastructure, and the combination of localized advantages and modern technical conditions could mitigate the negative impact of topography. Finally, we identify 742 counties as lagging regions in URI, which can be clustered into eight types. Our findings could facilitate policy designing for those countries striving for integrated and sustainable development of urban and rural areas.

The Chinese Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure Model and Analysis

Based on the characteristics of urban-rural dual economic structure in China,we build a dynamic endogenous urban-rural dual economic model closely linked to China's reality,and carry out mathematical economics analysis of optimized conditions for urban and rural sectors. The main results show that:(i) The labor growth rate of urban-rural sectors must be greater than the time discount rate,or else there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(ii) The accumulation rate of physical capital and human capital of urban-rural sectors,and the rate of technological progress,need to be greater than the corresponding depreciation rate plus the time discount rate,otherwise there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(iii) The low accumulation rate in the rural sector,and the occurrence of labor outflow,human capital loss and lack of investment,will expand income gap between urban and rural areas,which is a reason for solidification of urban-rural dual economic structure.

Study on Factors Influencing Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure of Chongqing Based on the State Space Variable Parameter Method

Firstly,this paper reviews and analyzes historic background of urban-rural integration of Chongqing,and the evolution and trend of urban and rural dual economic structure.On the basis of previous researches,it selects factors and variables influencing urban and rural dual economic structure,and establishes an econometric model.By state space Kalman filtering method,it analyzes dynamic influence of factors upon urban-rural dual economic intensity.According to empirical conclusion,it puts forward corresponding policy recommendations for promoting integrated urban and rural economic development of Chongqing.

Evolution Rules of Urban-rural Development and Inspiration for China's Agriculture

Based on urban-rural contrast coefficient,this article designs the agriculture relative development index(ARDI) as indicators measuring the intensity of urban-rural dual structure which is comparable among the countries of the world.This article calculates ARDI of 40 countries from 1980 to 2004.The result shows that ARDI in the developed countries and most of the middle-income countries are rising and yet there are declines in most of the low-income countries.The result also showed that most countries' ARDI will see a decline at the earlier stage of industrialization,so their dual economic structure will also aggravate and urban-rural gap will widen.With the economic development,the tendency will change and ARDI presents a U-shape change overall.The turning point is when a country becomes a middle-income one.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Development Path of Urban-rural Integration

The urban and rural areas are regarded as two major components of the regional economic system. Only through joint balanced development of the two can we achieve overall economic optimization and social welfare maximization. But the great social division of labor has separated urban areas from rural areas,which casts the shadow of city-oriented theory on cooperative relations between urban and rural areas. Mutual separation between urban and rural settlements and independent development trigger off a range of social problems. We must undertake guidance through rational development path of urban-rural integration,to eliminate the phenomenon of urban-rural dual structure,and promote the sustainable development of population,resources and environment in urban and rural areas as soon as possible.

Opportunities and challenges for development of urbanization in Western China

Urban and rural dual structure in Western China is obvious.The economic development of the central cities is relatively quick while that of the rural areas is lagging behind.The speeding up of urbanization contributes to the intensively uncoordinated development of urban and rural areas.Besides,the eco-fragile environment,shortage of available water resources,adverse geographic location,and relatively backward social economy restrict the development of urbanization in Western China.However,Western China also has the advantages of backwardness.This paper analyzes the present situation and development trend of urbanization in Western China.The results show that Western China has basically formed a development pattern with"industry promotes agriculture and urban leads to village".Therefore,combined with the present situation of Western China,this paper describes and analyzes the opportunities and challenges that may appear in the process of urbanization in Western China,puts forward the development pattern in which urban and rural areas can gain mutual support and co-development,and provides related recommendations.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

An Empirical Study of the Relationship between the Fixed Assets Investment and Urban-rural Income Gap during the Transition Period

As the gap in income between urban and rural residents bigger and bigger,based on the data from 1978 to 2007,this paper makes an empirical study of the dynamic relation between the fixed assets investment and the difference in income between urban and rural residents. The outcome from the study indicates a long-term balance exists between the investment rate of the fixed assets and the difference in income between urban and rural residents. A short-term deviation from the balance can be adjusted through long time. To a certain extent,city-oriented fixed assets investment policy is the main cause of the big gap in income between urban and rural residents. The big gap in income between urban and rural residents in turn reinforces their social status,thus further strengthening the city-oriented instead of countryside-oriented fixed assets investment policy. Based on that,this paper puts forward some suggestions on adjusting the fixed assets investment policy so as to shorten the difference in income between urban and rural residents and realize the goal of harmonious development between city and countryside.

乡村收缩的内涵界定与测度研究

乡村收缩是我国城乡结构转化进程中呈现的新现象。文章首先从概念层面阐释了乡村收缩的内涵,梳理了我国乡村收缩需要重点把握的逻辑线索,进而通过文献调查和实地调研,以甘肃省为例从县域尺度对乡村收缩程度进行测度,从乡村人口、经济和社会三个维度揭示其形成机理。研究发现:(1)乡村收缩在不同语境其内涵可能存在差异,但其本质均是青壮年劳动力的过度流失;(2)2000年、2010年、2020年甘肃省乡村收缩指数均值呈现动态大幅度上升趋势,分别为26.11%、38.97%、49.98%,且上升趋势具有比较显著的空间差异性;(3)城乡二元结构下,资源禀赋和地理区位、经济发展与要素流动、历史基础与社会文化、政策安排与治理能力都对乡村收缩有影响。新时代我国应从振兴县域经济出发,依靠产业聚集、人才引进、资金筹措、城乡融合的政策组合来回应乡村收缩现象。

服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的影响与机制

服务业高质量发展有助于农村劳动力就业、扩大农民收入来源。促进现代服务业高质量发展是缩减城乡收入差距、推进共同富裕的重要路径。基于1997—2021年我国30个省份(未含香港地区、澳门地区、台湾地区、西藏地区)数据,使用合成控制法、双重差分模型和三重差分模型分析服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的影响及其机制。研究发现,服务业高质量发展有助于缩减城乡收入差距,且这种缩减作用在北京、上海最强,在江苏、天津、浙江次之,在广东最弱;服务业高质量发展对东部、中部和西部地区城乡收入差距的缩减作用均显著,但在中部地区最强,在东部和西部地区较弱;绿色发展和区域协调发展在服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的影响中发挥正向调节作用,服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的缩减作用在绿色发展水平较高、区域协调发展水平较高的省份更强;服务业高质量发展能够通过产业结构升级(包括产业结构高级化、产业结构合理化)缩减城乡收入差距。为进一步发挥服务业高质量发展对城乡收入差距的缩减作用,应持续加强服务创新,推动服务业高质量发展;发挥区域比较优势,推动区域协调发展;引导绿色消费和生产,提升绿色发展水平;推动现代服务业和新兴产业发展,促进产业结构升级。

农村劳动力流动、经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响——基于动态面板与门槛效应模型的实证分析

城乡一体化发展是破解新时代社会主要矛盾的关键抓手。近年来,我国经济不断发展,农村劳动力流动规模不断扩大。但城乡二元结构并没有随着经济增长和劳动力流动而同步转化,存在着严重的滞后性。城乡二元结构成为掣肘经济持续发展的重要因素。文章基于2006—2020年我国31省份面板数据,运用系统动态面板模型(SYS-GMM)分析劳动力流动与经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响;运用门槛效应模型,以劳动力流动为门槛变量,分析经济增长对城乡二元结构的非线性影响。结果表明,劳动力流动促进城乡二元结构转化,而经济增长抑制城乡二元结构转化;经济增长对城乡二元结构的作用受到劳动力流动的影响,表现出门槛效应:当劳动力流动规模超过一定限度后,经济增长对城乡二元结构转化的抑制作用将得到缓解。

数字经济对城乡融合发展的影响研究——基于劳动力错配视角

城乡融合发展是应对城乡发展不平衡难题的关键所在,迫切需要引入当前经济体系中最活跃的数字经济来打破城乡融合发展中的困境。基于2011—2021年省级面板数据,建立熵值法指标体系,构建面板回归、门槛效应等模型,研究数字经济、城乡劳动力错配与城乡融合发展之间的关系。结果表明:数字经济能显著促进城乡融合发展;数字经济通过改善我国城乡劳动力错配现状,对城乡融合发展产生促进作用;而劳动力错配会带来效率损失,因此在数字经济促进城乡融合发展的过程中表现出遮掩效应。数字经济对城乡融合发展的作用程度受城乡劳动力错配门槛效应影响,当城乡劳动力错配程度较高时,数字经济的促进效应会被大幅抑制,造成资源浪费且不利于城乡融合发展。基于此,提出优化布局数字新基建,利用数字赋能调节城乡要素配置,完善要素市场体系,深化城乡分割体制改革,建设全国统一大市场等建议。

从城乡二元到城乡融合发展——中国式现代化进程中的城乡关系发展

城乡实现融合发展的关键在于消除制度性、历史性因素所造成的区域、城乡资源配置被边缘化的问题,从而推进国民经济结构的转型升级,继而实现现代化。回顾我国发展进程发现:中国城乡关系是从分离、对立到融合,从非均衡向均衡发展转变的过程,此过程把握了中国式现代化道路的生成逻辑,实现了城乡融合发展的新境界,开辟了马克思主义现代化理论的新道路。现阶段,我国乡村振兴与新型城镇化融合发展仍存在体制机制不健全,城乡基本公共服务体系包容性较差,乡村基础设施建设分布不均衡,城乡空间结构关系不协调等问题。文章认为需要从物质、文化、制度等层面进行战略统筹,树立科学的城乡融合理念,不断完善乡村治理体制;发挥有效市场和有为政府的合力,推进城乡要素市场一体化;以数字科技赋能城乡产业,孕育更多有利于城乡融合发展的新型产业。

新型城镇化与农业产业结构协同演化研究

农村劳动力转移在释放人口红利增加农民收入的同时,还伴随两个方面的影响,一方面农村劳动力转移规模的扩大,推动了农民市民化进程,加快了新型城镇化发展;另一方面则是农村劳动力转移释放了农村土地,为扩大农业生产经营规模、变革农业生产经营方式、发展现代农业创造了条件,因而新时代农业生产经营方式变迁需要匹配新型职业农民。人的发展和生产方式的变革推动农业产业结构渐进式升级,城乡生产要素流动则推动新型城镇化与农业产业结构的协同演化,促进城乡融合发展。

“三农”与“双循环”新发展格局——关于城乡融合发展推进乡村振兴的调研报告

脱贫攻坚战全面胜利后,如何巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,确保不发生规模性返贫;同时如何发挥“三农”在投资、消费和建设全国统一大市场中的作用,积极参与“加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”。结合典型案例分析近年来我国农业农村经济发展过程中的新变化、取得成效,梳理总结发展经验,面对出现的新问题,提出未来乡村经济提质发展的建议和策略:(1)坚持整区域规划统筹与农业产业差异化发展引领;(2)以基础设施均等化推动以人为本的城乡融合;(3)增强对农业科技以及农民教育和培训的资金投入;(4)创新发展合作组织协同构建农业社会化服务;(5)加强农业和农村发展的法律支持;(6)挖掘传统文化创建新的乡村文明;(7)参与畅通国内大循环;(8)开展农业对外交流合作。

“双碳”目标下城乡建设绿色发展的法律问题

城乡建设绿色发展已成为当代中国社会的一项重要任务,但城乡建设中还存在法律法规的不完善、执法标准的缺失和对违法违规行为的监管不严等法律问题。在此情况下,制定有针对性的法律法规,规范城乡建设行为,促进可持续发展,让城乡建设绿色发展真正落到实处,成为一个亟待解决的问题。在此,需要增强法治意识,加强法律法规制定、执行和监管工作,为城乡建设绿色发展提供有力的法律保障。

乡村振兴背景下推进县域城乡融合发展的三重逻辑

推进县域城乡融合发展,既是乡村全面振兴的内在要求,也是走中国特色乡村振兴道路的现实路径。从理论上看,作为马克思主义城乡观在中国的创造性突破,推进县域城乡融合发展是必然的;从历史角度看,县域城乡融合发展是对城乡一体化发展战略的继承与扬弃,能够有效破除城乡二元结构,所以走县域城乡融合发展之路是必要的;从现实角度看,中国县域结构具有稳定性,走县域城乡融合发展之路是可行的。新征程上,加快县域城乡融合发展,必须促进城乡要素流动通畅化,实行县域城乡规划一体化,加快县域内农民工市民化,实现县域公共服务均等化。