Numerical investigation on flow field characteristics of dual synthetic cold/hot jets using POD and DMD methods

In order to improve the control ability of synthetic jets in compressible boundary layer,a novel control method based on dual synthetic cold/hot jets coupled control of velocity profile and temperature profile was proposed.As fundamental investigations on the effects of synthetic jet temperature on the jet behavior and flow field characteristics were essentially necessary,preliminary numerical simulations were conducted to study the influence of temperature(200 K and 400 K)on the flow field characteristics of synthetic jets using Large Eddy Simulations(LES)model.Time-averaged flow fields showed that different temperatures led to variable behavior of two strands of jets.For dual synthetic cold jets,a potential-core arose apparently with its height ranging from 0.01 to 0.03 m,while for dual synthetic hot jets,two strands of jets emerged downstream.The modal decomposition of instantaneous flow fields had been done using both Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD)and Dynamic Mode Decomposition(DMD).Various modes showed different characteristics of the flow fields.As the POD method focuses on the energy of flow while the DMD method focuses on the frequency,the first two modes had many similarities,but the third and fourth modes demonstrated completely different vortex structures.The current researches play a role of preliminary investigations for further and comprehensive exploration of novel flow control measures in global velocity field.

Experimental investigations for parametric effects of dual synthetic jets on delaying stall of a thick airfoil

A promising strategy of synthetic jet arrays （SJA） control for NACA0021 airfoil in preventing flow separation and delaying stall is investigated. Through aerodynamic forces, flowfield and velocity profiles measurements, it indicates that the synthetic jet （S J） could enlarge the mixing of the shear layer and then enhance the stability of boundary layer, resulting in scope reduction of the flow separation zone. Furthermore, the control effects of dual jet arrays positioned at 15%c （Actuator 1） and 40%c （Actuator 2） respectively are systematically investigated with different jet parameters, such as two typical relative phase angles and various incline angles of the jet. The jet closer to the leading edge of airfoil is more advantageous in delaying the stall of airfoil, and overall, the flow control performances of jet arrays are better than those of single actuator. At the angle of attack （AoA） just approaching and larger than the stall AoA, jet array with 180° phase difference could increase the lift coefficient more significantly and prevent flow separation. When momentum coefficient of the jet arrays is small, a larger jet angle of Actuator 2 is more effective in improving the maximum lift coefficient of airfoil. With a larger momentum coefficient of jet array, a smaller jet angle of Actuator 2 is more effective.

Novel roll effector based on zero-mass-flux dual synthetic jets and its flight test

The autonomous and controllable Dual Synthetic Jet Actuator(DSJA)is firstly integrated into the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV),and flight tests without the deflection of rudders are carried out to verify the viability of DSJA to control the attitudes of UAV during cruising.DSJA is improved into an actuator with two diaphragms and three cavities,which has higher energy levels.Actuators,differentially distributed on both sides of the wings,are installed on the trailing edge close to the wing tips.Flight tests,containing Differential Circulation Control(DCC)using double-side actuators,Positive Circulation Control(PCC)using left-side actuators and Negative Circulation Control(NCC)using right-side actuators,are implemented at cruising speed of 25 m/s.Results show that roll attitude control without rudders could be realized by DSJAs.DCC and NCC can generate the rightward roll and yaw angular velocity,prompting UAV to turn right.The stronger controlling ability can be achieved by DCC,with the maximum roll angular velocity of 15.62(°)/s.PCC can generate a rightward roll moment,but a leftward yaw moment will be produced at the same time.Leftward yaw induces the leftward rolling moment,which weakens the roll control effect,making UAV keep to yaw to the left with a small slope.

Vortical structures and density fluctuations analysis of supersonic forward-facing step controlled by self-sustaining dual synthetic jets

Shock wave/boundary layer interaction(SWBLI)is still one of the unresolved bottlenecks that restrict the development of more advanced flight vehicles.Supersonic forward-facing step(FFS),an extreme case of compression ramp,often occurs severe SWBLIs with a large separation bubble.In this paper,experimental investigations on vortical structures and density fluctuations characteristics of supersonic FFS controlled by self-sustaining dual synthetic jets(SDSJ)are carried out in a Mach number 2.95 wind tunnel.High spatial–temporal resolution flowfield images of FFS without/with active flow control are captured by adopting nano-particle-based planar laser scattering technique.The control effects of the distance between the actuator and the step are mainly compared.The paper finds that the SDSJ can effectively change the feature of flowfield,eliminate the separation shock and the reattachment shock,compel the original shock induced by the step leading edge to distort and reduce its intensity finally.Density fluctuations analysis demonstrates that the whole flows seem to move upstream with the increase of distance(dS-J).Discrete Fourier transformation spectrums results reveal that the fluctuations are mainly located in the low-frequency region at first.High-frequency components and frequency bandwidth increase slightly after the SDSJ are applied.

Novel yaw effector of a flying wing aircraft based on reverse dual synthetic jets

For achieving the nice stealth performance and aerodynamic maneuverability of a Flying Wing Aircraft(FWA),a novel yaw effector based on Reverse Dual Synthetic Jets(RDSJ)was proposed without the movement of rudders.Effects on aerodynamic characteristics of a small-sweep FWA and control mechanism were investigated by numerical simulations.Finally,reverse dual synthetic jet actuators were integrated into a real FWA and flight tests were firstly carried out.Numerical results show that RDSJ could make drag coefficient increase and weaken lift coefficient,which generate a yawing moment and a rolling moment in the same direction,realizing control of heading attitudes,but strong coupling with the pitching moment occurs at large angles of attack.For control mechanism,RDSJ could produce two reverse synthetic jets out of phases,improve the reverse pressure gradient and hence form alternate recirculation zones or even early large-area separation,which cause the rise of pressures before exits and the dip of pressures behind exits,achieving improvement of drag and the yawing moment.The results of flight tests support that RDSJ could realize control of heading attitudes without deflections of rudders during the cruise stage and achieve the maximal yaw angular velocity of 10.12(°)/s,verifying the feasibility of this novel yaw effector.

Theoretical modeling of vectoring dual synthetic jet based on regression analysis

The excellent vectoring characteristic of Dual Synthetic Jet(DSJ)provides a new control strategy for the active flow control,such as thrust vectoring control,large area cooling,separated flow control and so on.For incompressible flow,the influence relation of source variables,such as structure parameters of actuators,driving parameters and material attributes of piezoelectric vibrating diaphragm,on the vectoring DSJ and a theoretical model are established based on theoretical and regression analysis,which are all verified by numerical simulations.The two synthetic jets can be deemed as a main flow with a higher jet velocity and a disturbing flow with a lower jet velocity.The results indicate that the influence factors contain the low-pressure area formed at the exit of the disturbing flow,which could promote the vectoring deflection,and the impact effect of the disturbing flow and the suppressive effect of the main flow with the effect of restraining the vectoring deflection.The vectoring angle is a complex parameter coupled by all source variables.The detailed theoretical model,whose error is controlled within 3.6 degrees,can be used to quantitatively assess the vectoring feature of DSJ and thus to provide a guidance for designing the control law applied in the active flow control.

Lift enhancement based on virtual aerodynamic shape using a dual synthetic jet actuator

The Dual Synthetic Jet Actuator(DSJA) is used to develop a new type of lift enhancement device based on circulation control, and to control the flow over the two-dimensional(2D)NACA0015 airfoil. The lift enhancement device is composed of a DSJA and a rounded trailing edge(Coanda surface). The two outlets of the DSJA eject two jets(Jet 1 and Jet 2). Jet 1 ejects from the upper trailing edge, which increases the circulation of airfoil with the help of the Coanda surface. Jet2 ejects from the lower trailing edge, which acts as a virtual flap. The Reynolds number based on the airfoil chord length and free flow velocity is 250000. The results indicate that the circulation control method based on Dual Synthetic Jet(DSJ) has good performance in lift enhancement, whose control effect is closely related to momentum coefficient and reduced frequency. With the increase of the reduced frequency, the control effect of the lift enhancement is slightly reduced. As the momentum coefficient increases, the control effect becomes better. When the angle of attack is greater than 4°, the increments of lift coefficients under the control of DSJ are larger than those under the control of the steady blowing at a same momentum coefficient. The maximum lift augmentation efficiency can reach 47 when the momentum coefficient is 0.02, which is higher than the value in the case with steady blowing jet circulation control.

基于合成双射流的Al_(2)O_(3)纳米流体散热数值研究

使用Al2O3纳米流体对基于合成双射流激励器的通道强化换热进行了数值研究,分析了不同体积分数的纳米流体对通道冷却性能的影响。激励器工作后,膜片往复振动,在射流口产生了交替吸入与喷出的射流并冲击基板,装置的冷却性能大大提高。同时,纳米颗粒的加入增大了流体的导热系数,流体传热性能有所提高,但同时也增加了进出口压降。引入了综合性能评价因子KFOM和整体传热增强度KDTE,发现随着纳米流体体积分数的增加,KFOM和KDTE也增大,这表明使用纳米流体后,整体装置的冷却性能有一定程度的提升。此外,分析了激励器频率和等效振幅对散热的影响,结果表明:频率对装置整体散热性能影响较小;随着等效振幅增大,射流速度增大,芯片温度降低,装置整体冷却性能更好;激励器工作后也同样影响纳米颗粒在通道内的分布情况,每一时刻下纳米颗粒的分布都不尽相同,且聚集在基板底部的纳米颗粒将会增强换热效果,这也是影响整个装置散热性能的重要因素。

矩形射流口几何构型对合成双射流工作特性影响分析

合成双射流技术作为一种新型的主动流动控制技术,除具备常规合成射流结构简单、响应迅速等特点外,还能有效解决控制流场与环境流场间压差引起振膜失效的问题,兼具能量利用率高、结构灵活和易于一体化集成等优点。合成双射流工作特性易受射流口大小、形状等几何构型的影响,为进一步研究合成双射流工作特性,设计了25组不同矩形射流口几何参数的合成双射流激励器,通过PIV实验得到合成双射流激励器射流口处流场结构与频率特性的关系,分析射流口几何参数对激励器腔体亥姆霍兹共振频率的影响,并总结出最佳长宽比-深纵比关系;结合数值模拟研究激励器几何参数特性,探究射流口几何参数对射流速度分布与轴切换现象的影响规律,并与PIV实验结果进行对比验证。结果表明小长宽比矩形射流口所形成的射流在空间上的分布更集中,射流峰值速度更大;而大长宽比矩形射流口形成的射流的速度较低,且单股射流易受压力差作用发生偏转,但涡量分布更加均匀,与环境流体的能量交换更充分。

合成双射流控制翼型分离流动的数值研究

合成双射流激励器是合成射流技术发展的最新成果,所形成的射流具有更高能量、流动更稳定的特点。采用数值模拟的方法,对比研究了合成射流与合成双射流对翼型分离流动的改善效果。结果表明:合成射流可以将翼型失速攻角提高2°、最大升力系数增加18%,合成双射流可以将翼型失速攻角提高4°、最大升力系数增加35%,证明了合成双射流具有更好的分离流动控制效果。另外着重分析了合成双射流工作频率和动量系数对控制效果的影响,发现当激励器工作频率为流场特征频率的1和2倍时,对翼型气动特性的改善效果最好,同时控制效果会随动量系数的增加而增大。

合成双射流矢量特性影响因素分析

为了拓展合成双射流作动器在无人机推力矢量控制方面的应用,需要对合成双射流作动器结构进行优化,提高其矢量性能。通过分析合成双射流的特性,引入了以射流冲程为基础的无量纲距离,建立了射流矢量角的计算方法,并以此为评价指标,采用单因素试验法分析了合成双射流作动器无量纲结构参数对射流矢量角的影响机制和规律。利用极差分析法获得了各参数对射流矢量角影响的显著程度:出口宽度>出口长度>出口间距>出口深度>腔体高度,提出了作动器结构参数设计的原则。

基于POD方法的合成双射流流场模态分析

为更深入地了解合成双射流自身的流场特性,开展了PIV实验研究,分析了一个周期内流场涡结构的演化特征,对实验数据进行了本征正交分解(POD)模态分析,详细分析了各阶模态所表征的流动结构、时间系数及其频谱特征。结果表明,合成双射流激励器的两个腔体交替压缩形成两股相位差180°、相互卷积吸引的旋涡对,能量效率和工作频率倍增;前四阶POD模态占据了流场80.5%的能量,对应的时间系数的频率分别为激励器的工作频率和二阶谐频;POD前两阶横向模态呈对称分布,后两阶呈反对称分布;而前两阶流向模态则呈反对称分布,后两阶呈对称分布,反映了合成双射流流场的对称性特征。

不同出口倾角合成双射流流动特性及边界层控制

基于合成双射流全流场计算模型———X-L模型,对不同出口倾角合成双射流的流动特性进行了数值研究。平直出口合成双射流激励器工作时,合成双射流在出口下游相互作用融合成一股射流,且合成双射流间有"自给"现象的发生;倾斜出口合成双射流激励器工作时,在激励器出口下游会形成一股沿壁面的流动,该壁面流可以对周围流体进行有方向的能量和质量输送;随着激励器出口倾斜角度的增大,合成双射流间"自给"现象减弱,沿壁面流速度增大。然后,对不同出口倾角合成双流激励器进行边界层流动控制进行了初步研究。结果显示,合成双射流激励器可控制边界层流动,通过改变激励器出口倾角可以实现对边界层内速度型"饱和"程度的控制。

非对称腔体合成双射流矢量特性数值研究

利用合成射流全流场计算X-L模型,对非对称腔体合成双射流激励器的射流矢量特性进行了数值模拟,分析了激励器不同腔体体积比、不同振动膜速度、不同频率下的合成双射流流场。研究结果表明,当激励器两腔体不对称时,所形成的合成双射流不再垂直向下游流动,而是会发生偏转,即射流具有矢量特性,偏转角度的大小可以通过激励器工作条件进行调节。其机理是振动膜对大小不同的两腔体的相对压缩量不同,使得两出口处所形成射流的能量和低压区不再对称,因此导致合成双射流向低能量(大腔体)一侧偏转。振动膜振幅和频率的提高对低压区大小分别起到增加和减弱的作用,所以偏转角度又随着振动膜最大速度的增加而增大,随工作频率的增加而减小。

合成冷/热射流控制超声速边界层流动稳定性

为了探究超声速边界层流动稳定性及其转捩控制机理,提出基于合成冷/热射流的边界层速度-温度耦合控制方法,并通过数值模拟研究了Ma=4.5超声速平板边界层不稳定波的传播,采用线性稳定性理论中的时间模式分析了壁面吹吸、射流温度、扰动频率、扰动振幅等对不稳定波控制效果的影响.结果表明:无射流控制时,边界层内同时存在不稳定的第一模态扰动波和第二模态扰动波,且二维波形式的第二模态占主导地位;壁面吹吸作用下,仅出现更加不稳定的第二模态,第一模态被抑制;速度-温度耦合控制下,射流温度对扰动模态的不稳定区域大小及扰动增长率影响显著,射流温度与来流温度不同时,温度的脉动使得流动转捩为湍流的速度加快,边界层速度型更加饱满,抗干扰能力增强,流动稳定性提高;高频的吹吸扰动对流场的控制效果优于低频扰动,扰动频率超过400 Hz时,第二模态扰动波时间增长率降低,扰动分量对边界层速度剖面和温度剖面的修正加快,第二模态更加稳定;扰动振幅减小为主流速度的1%时,仅出现时间增长率较小的第二模态,控制效果较好,进一步减小时,第一模态重新出现,并且波数范围与第二模态先重合后分离,对应的时间增长率先增加后减小.研究结果为边界层转捩控制技术提供了新的思路.

基于前缘合成双射流的飞翼布局纵向气动控制特性研究

为兼顾飞翼布局飞行器的隐身性和气动操控性,提出了一种基于合成双射流的飞翼布局纵向气动控制技术,研究其对小后掠飞翼布局大攻角下的气动操控能力。采用数值模拟方法,分析了前缘阵列式合成双射流与不同攻角飞翼布局流场的相互作用,探究其对飞翼布局纵向气动特性的影响,最后对比了传统合成射流控制,突出了其优势。结果表明:前缘阵列式合成双射流可有效提高大攻角升力、减小阻力,增大升阻比,同时还会使俯仰力矩出现非线性变化,具备大攻角滚转姿态操控能力;合成双射流在前缘形成周期性涡结构,增强了边界层底部低速流体与主流的动量交换,提高了边界层抗逆压梯度的能力;攻角8°~10°时,合成双射流可完全抑制前缘分离,但攻角10°时,在靠近后缘处形成分离区,使升力略有减小;攻角12°时,合成双射流可推迟流动分离,分离线移动至机翼中段;攻角14°~16°时,合成双射流虽然仅可有效抑制靠近展向分离起始位置处的流动分离,但同时也增加了分离区内的流动能量,有效提高升力;攻角18°时,吸力面近乎完全分离,合成双射流虽未能有效抑制分离,但会使前缘吸力峰值回升,仍有增升、减阻的效果;与合成射流相比,合成双射流控制产生的气动变化量更大,更具应用潜力。

大功率LED灯合成双射流主动散热费用模型研究

针对合成双射流激励器大功率LED灯主动散热方案,利用Ansys软件对LED灯模型在表面射流不同流速下的散热进行仿真,并结合试验结果验证,得到气体流速和pn结温度的散点图,利用Matlab进行Gauss曲线拟合,得到pn结温度与射流速度的关系;利用阿伦尼乌斯(Arrhenius)加速模型对pn结温度与LED灯寿命的关系进行预测,得到LED灯寿命与pn结温度的一般数学关系,进而得到LED灯寿命与合成双射流流速的数学关系,结合LED灯的经济性要求,建立了基于合成双射流的LED灯散热的费用模型;通过费用模型寻找最优解,可以确定LED灯单位时间最小费用及相应合成双射流最佳速度和LED灯寿命。

合成双射流对下游声压级影响试验

在Ma=0.4的来流条件下,利用安装在主翼后缘处的合成双射流激励器对襟翼上的流动进行控制,在风洞中开展了合成双射流对下游声压级影响的研究.基于脉动压力测量结果,结合油流显示试验,得到了合成双射流对下游不同流动状态区域声压级影响的一些结论.对于附着流,在其峰值频率附近激励会明显提高其声压级;对于受旋涡主导的流动,恰当的合成双射流控制可以降低声压级,激励频率较为关键.在俯仰运动过程中,对于附着流,激励提高了声压级,但不改变其迟滞特性;对于受旋涡主导的流动,激励对声压级的影响与攻角有关,能够减弱其迟滞特性,但激励强度对迟滞特性的影响较小,减小声压级的最佳激励与运动历程有关.

基于分布式合成双射流的飞行器无舵面三轴姿态控制飞行试验

将自主可控的合成双射流激励器集成于常规布局飞行器中,进行了三轴无舵面控制飞行试验,验证了分布式合成双射流对飞行器巡航时的无舵面姿态调控能力.对合成双射流激励器进行改进,设计了分布式三轴姿态控制合成双射流激励器,滚转环量控制激励器分别安装于两侧机翼翼尖处后缘,射流出口靠近压力面;偏航反向合成双射流控制激励器分别安装于靠近两侧机翼翼尖20%弦长处,上、下沿展向均匀布置;俯仰环量控制激励器安装于V尾下的平尾后缘,射流出口靠近压力面.针对巡航速度为30 m/s的飞行器,进行了三轴姿态控制飞行试验,结果表明:分布式合成双射流实现了飞行器巡航时的三轴无舵面姿态操控;横航向控制存在耦合,滚转环量控制激励器实现了飞行器的双向滚转操控,能产生的最大滚转角速度达16.87°/s,偏航反向合成双射流控制激励器实现了飞行器的双向偏航操控,能产生的最大偏航角速度达9.09°/s;俯仰环量控制激励器实现了飞行器的纵向控制,能产生的最大俯仰角速度达7.68°/s.

水滴结冰结霜及合成双射流除霜除冰实验研究

对水滴结冰结霜过程及合成双射流除霜除冰过程进行了实验研究。实验中利用半导体制冷片作为实验板将温度从室温降低到-30℃,在水滴凝固结冰结霜后启动合成双射流激励器。采用电子显微镜观测水滴凝固结冰结霜过程及合成双射流除霜除冰过程。结果显示:在合成双射流的作用下,霜的结构迅速由细长针叶状变为短粗的柱状冰晶,霜的厚度变薄;随后,由于合成双射流强迫对流换热作用,凝固水滴上的冰晶及锥形冰尖发生融化,凝固水滴上冰晶高度缓慢下降,锥形冰尖变平滑,融化的液态水在沿凝固水滴向下流动时遇冷再冻结,与下游冰晶结为更加质密的小颗粒状白霜,凝固水滴变矮,与冷平面接触面积增大。