Modeling and simulation of solvent behavior and temperature distribution within long stick propellants with large web thickness undergoing drying

Drying is a complicated physical process which involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer in the removal of solvents inside propellants.Inappropriate drying techniques may result in the formation of a hard skin layer near the surface to block the free access of most solvent through for long stick propellants with large web thickness,which lead to lower drying efficiency and worse drying quality.This study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of drying process and clarify the mechanism of the blocked layer near the propellant surface.A new three-dimensional coupled heat and mass transfer(3D-CHMT)model was successfully developed under transient conditions.The drying experiment results show that the 3DCHMT model could be applied to describe the drying process well since the relative error of the content of solvent between simulation and experiment values is only 5.5%.The solvent behavior simulation demonstrates that the mass transfer process can be divided into super-fast(SF)and subsequent minorfast(MF)stages,and the SF stage is vital to the prevention of the blocked layer against the free access for solvent molecules inside propellant grains.The effective solvent diffusion coefficient(Deff)of the propellant surface initially increases from 3.4×10^(-6)to 5.3×10^(-6)m^(2)/s as the temperature increases,and then decreases to 4.1×10^(-8)m^(2)/s at 60-100 min.The value of Deffof surface between 0-1.4 mm has a unique trend of change compared with other regions,and it is much lower than that of the internal at100 min under simulation conditions.Meanwhile,the temperature of the propellant surface increases rapidly at the SF stage(0-100 min)and then very slowly thereafter.Both the evolution of Deffand temperature distribution demonstrate that the blocked layer near the propellant surface has been formed in the time period of approximately 0-100 min and its thickness is about 1.4 mm.To mitigate the formation of blocked layer and improve its drying quality of finial propellant products effectively,it should be initially dried at lower drying temperature(30-40℃)in 0-100 min and then dried at higher drying temperature(50-60℃)to reduce drying time for later drying process in double base gun propellants.The present results can provide theoretical guidance for drying process and optimization of drying parameters for long stick propellants with large web thickness.

New lumped-mass-stick model based on modal characteristics of structures: development and application to a nuclear containment building

In this study, a new lumped-mass-stick model （LMSM） is developed based on the modal characteristics of a structure such as eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The simplified model, named the ＂frequency adaptive lumped-massstick model,＂ hasonly a small number of stick elements and nodes to provide the same natural frequencies of the structure and is applied to a nuclear containment building. To investigate the numerical performance of the LMSM, a time history analysis is carried out on both the LMSM and the finite element model （FEM） for a nuclear containment building. A comparison of the results shows that the dynamic responses of the LMSM in terms of displacement and acceleration are almost identical to those of the FEM. In addition, the results in terms of floor response spectra at certain elevations are also in good agreement.

Development of basic technique to improve seismic response accuracy of tributary area-based lumped-mass stick models

Although a detailed finite element(FE) model provides more precise results, a lumped-mass stick(LMS) model is preferred because of its simplicity and rapid computational time. However, the reliability of LMS models has been questioned especially for structures dominated by higher modes and seismic inputs. Normally, the natural frequencies and dynamic responses of a LMS model based on tributary area mass consideration are different from the results of the FE model. This study proposes a basic updating technique to overcome these discrepancies; the technique employs the identical modal response, D(t), to the detailed FE model. The parameter D(t) is a time variable function in the dynamic response composition and it depends on frequency and damping ratio for each mode, independent of the structure's mode shapes. The identical response D(t) for each mode is obtained from the frequency adaptive LMS model; the adaptive LMS model which can provide identical modal frequencies as the detailed FE model. Theoretical backgrounds and formulations of the updating technique are proposed. To validate the updating technique, two types of structures(a symmetric straight column and an unsymmetric T-shaped structure) are considered. From the seismic response results including base shear and base moment, the updating technique considerably improves the seismic response accuracy of the tributary area-based LMS model.

幅度信息辅助的海面低空多目标多假设跟踪算法

在海面低空多目标跟踪场景下,由于受到海杂波的影响,多假设跟踪算法会生成大量虚假航迹并发生航迹中断。针对此问题,提出一种基于幅度信息辅助的海面低空多目标多假设跟踪算法。首先,算法采用先验的信杂比信息,通过设置幅度门限区分出目标回波量测与杂波量测;然后,利用回波量测的幅度信息修正多假设跟踪算法中的航迹得分,提高数据关联的准确度;最后,针对跟踪处理后出现的航迹中断问题,采用图模型方法实现航迹粘连。仿真实验结果表明,文中提出的算法能够有效降低海杂波的影响,减少虚假航迹与中断航迹的产生。

制动闸片摩擦块孔结构对盘-块界面黏滑振动的影响

制动闸片摩擦块多采用孔结构以改善界面摩擦磨损行为及热分布特征。为进一步研究制动闸片摩擦块孔结构与盘-块界面黏滑振动特性的关系,通过开展摩擦学试验,分析了有孔和无孔摩擦块对界面黏滑振动的影响,并辨识了相应的Stribeck模型参数以描述盘-块界面间的摩擦因数特征。然后,建立了盘-块摩擦系统数值模型,基于辨识的Stribeck模型参数并结合理论分析,探讨了黏滑振动的关键影响因素,揭示了摩擦块孔结构对界面黏滑振动的作用机理。结果表明,摩擦因数-相对速度负斜率特征造成的负阻尼效应向系统输入能量,导致了系统的不稳定及黏滑振动。动、静摩擦因数的差值越大,负阻尼效应越强,系统黏滑振动强度及不稳定程度更高。相比无孔摩擦块,有孔摩擦块可通过孔结构调整界面摩擦特征,使动、静摩擦因数的差值减小,从而有效抑制界面黏滑振动强度,提高系统的稳定性。

带基础隔震器结构的Stick-slip运动模型

带基础隔振器结构的Ｓｔｉｃｋ－ｓｌｉｐ运动研究是一个很年轻的课题．有关文献指出：带可滑动基础的结构存在Ｓｔｉｃｋ－ｓｌｉｐ运动的可能，它将导致结构失稳以及由此引起疲劳破坏，因此该类结构的Ｓｔｉｃｋ－ｓｌｉｐ运动研究是有价值的．据此，调查了在地震作用下带滑动基础或基础隔振器结构，并建立其Ｓｔｉｃｋ－ｓｌｉｐ运动的离散动力学模型，指出了系统的复杂的非线性特性．

垂直井内上击器解卡过程中钻柱振动数学模型的建立与求解及动态解卡力分析

对于油气井内解卡过程中的钻柱振动情况及动态解卡力,目前还没有有效的分析方法。该研究建立了垂直井内上击器解卡过程中考虑钻井流体阻尼的钻柱振动数学模型,并进行了求解,分析了几个主要因素对动态解卡力的影响。首先,介绍了上击器解卡过程中钻柱振动的三个阶段:(1)拉伸储能阶段,对钻柱进行静力学分析;(2)泄压阶段,结合拉伸储能阶段的计算结果,通过特征函数展开法与拉普拉斯变换求解了泄压阶段的钻柱振动数学模型;(3)撞击阶段,引入了将钻柱-钻柱轴向撞击的强非线性问题转化为多段钻柱振动的线性问题的求解思路,通过紧差分方法对撞击阶段的钻柱振动数学模型进行求解,获得了钻柱中的弹性波传播规律以及动态解卡力。其次,建立了与三个阶段相应的数学模型并求解。然后,采用该模型计算了无阻尼情况下的荷载场与动态解卡力,经低通滤波处理后的计算结果与相应条件下的解析解以及ABAQUS软件所得结果均有较好的吻合,验证了该工况下解法的准确性。最后,分析了震击启动拉力、上击器位置、钻井流体黏度、以及芯轴有效距离对动态解卡力的影响。所得结论对使用震击解卡的作业过程具有一定的指导意义。

钻柱纵-扭耦合非线性振动的顶驱控制研究

本文基于钻柱纵-扭耦合振动的三自由度集总参数模型,利用数值仿真研究了顶驱控制对钻柱粘滑振动和跳钻现象的抑制效果。结果表明,调谐k-c控制对钻柱振动系统的粘滑振动和跳钻现象有一定程度的抑制作用,但是在输入角速度较大而标称钻压较小或者输入角速度较小而标称钻压较大时的抑制效果并不理想。调谐I-k-c控制可以成功地消除输入角速度和标称钻压变化对钻柱粘滑振动和跳钻现象带来的影响,使得输入角速度和标称钻压不论取何值,钻头的转速均稳定在给定的输入角速度附近,减少了钻压、扭矩和轴向位移的波动。

柔性多体系统含摩擦碰撞stick-slip过程动力学仿真

基于高次刚柔耦合理论和Lagrange乘子法,研究了柔性多体含摩擦碰撞stick-slip过程的全局动力学的精确建模与自动切换仿真问题。基于变拓扑思想,根据分离、碰撞、黏滞接触和滑动接触等状态分别构造相应的约束条件和动力学方程。运用冲量/动量法求解碰撞初始条件;引入切向滑动摩擦力势能的概念描述切向滑动接触力;给出接触、分离、黏滞、正向/逆向滑动状态之间的切换准则,实现了系统全局动力学自动切换。通过算例的数值仿真,分析了滑移/黏滞(微滑动)、正/逆向滑动等复杂非光滑现象,验证了该模型和算法的有效性。

基于Stick-slip振动试验的Stribeck摩擦模型参数研究

开展了销-盘接触形式的Stick-slip(粘-滑)振动试验,分析试验结果的Stick-slip振动特性,辨识不同工况下Stick-slip振动中的摩擦参数,以及分析法向力和摩擦盘的转速对Stribeck摩擦模型中参数的影响。结果表明:法向力和转速会影响摩擦系统的Stick-slip振动特性;法向力会影响Stribeck模型中的动摩擦系数和衰减系数,转速则对静摩擦系数和衰减系数影响较大,对动摩擦系数影响较小。

Wall Sticking of High Water-Cut, Highly Viscous and High Gel-Point Crude Oil Transported at Low Temperatures

Some crude oils with high water cut have the capability to flow below the oil gel point, while the oil particles adhere to the pipe wall in the form of paste, also called "wall sticking". Wall sticking is a serious problem during the pipeline transportation, leading to partial or total blockage of the pipeline and energy wastage. In this paper, a series of laboratory flow loop experiments were conducted to observe the wall sticking characteristics of crude oil with high water cut, high viscosity and high gel point at low transportation temperatures. The effects of shear stress and water cut on the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were lower under stronger shear stress and higher water cut conditions. A criterion of wall sticking occurrence temperature(WSOT) and a regression model of wall sticking rate were then established. Finally, the software was developed to calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines of crude oils with high water-cut. It was able to predict the wall sticking thickness of gelled oil and then calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines. A typical case study indicated that the prediction results obtained from the software were in agreement with actual measured values.

Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width and visual field loss in glaucoma:a broken stick analysis

AIM：To determine the Bruch＇s membrane opening-minimum rim width（BMO-MRW） tipping point where corresponding visual field（VF） damages become detectable.METHODS：A total of 85 normal subjects and 83 glaucoma patients（one eye per participant） were recruited for the study.All of the patients had VF examinations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to measure the BMO-MRW.Total deviation values for 52 VF points were allocated to the corresponding sector according to the Garway-Heath distribution map.To evaluate the relationship between VF loss and BMOMRW measurements,a ＂broken-stick＂ statistical model was used.The tipping point where the VF values started to sharply decrease as a function of BMO-MRW measurements was estimated and the slopes above and below this tipping point were compared.RESULTS：A 25.9% global BMO-MRW loss from normative value was required for the VF loss to be detectable.Sectorally,substantial BMO-MRW thinning in inferotemporal sector（33.1%） and relatively less BMO-MRW thinning in the superotemporal sector（8.9%） were necessary for the detection of the VF loss.Beyond the tipping point,the slopes were close to zero throughout all of the sectors and the VF loss was unrelated to the BMO-MRW loss.The VF loss was related to the BMO-MRW loss below the tipping point.The difference between the two slopes was statistically significant（P≤0.002）.CONCLUSION：Substantial BMO-MRW loss appears to be necessary for VF loss to be detectable in patients with open angle glaucoma with standard achromatic perimetry.

Slip-Stick Vibrations of Wheelsets and Rail Corrugations

A dynamic space coupling model is developed for simulating the vibrations of wheel/rail systems as well as the torsion and bending vibrations of wheelsets. It is found that the slip stick vibrations of wheelsets are mainly caused and controlled by the crossing excitation or self excitation of the vertical vibrations of the whole system and by the bending vibrations and torsion vibrations of the wheelsets. It is found for the first time that the slip stick vibrations may occur in more than one forms, and one or another of the three kinds of vibrations is excited more strongly. Four typical kinds of slip stick vibrations are enumerated and described. The field investigation on rail corrugations shows that the four kinds of slip stick vibrations are most likely to exist and related with different corrugated features.

Characteristics of Water Absorption and the Loss of Dust-Sticking Agent

The development of NCZ-1 dust-sticking agent was first intreduced in china. The speed of water absorption of dust-stick-ing agent was measured and studied on mining site and in laboratory, and then the law of water absorption of dust-sticking agent was analyzed. In addition, the mathematical model of the loss rate of dust-sticking agent was established by the application of fluid mechanics theory, and the method of determining the sprinkle parameters of dust-sticking agent was obtained. Through practical verifi-cation, it is found that the error of this mathematical model is less than 10%. So it can be used in the field.

法向振动对Burridge-Knopoff模型Stick-Slip运动影响数值研究

Burridge-Knopoff模型是研究地震和其他机械系统动力学行为的实用模型。考虑到摩擦力的影响,Burridge-Knopoff模型运动呈现出动力学非线性,Stick-Slip运动是这种模型的典型运动特征。滑块法向振动对这种模型运动行为的影响规律尚未被有效研究,为此建立一种考虑了滑块法向振动影响的Burridge-Knopoff模型。Stribeck模型被用来刻画依赖于滑块与传送带之间相对速度的摩擦力。采用数值方法分析系统的典型运动规律,研究法向振动的频率和相位对系统运动模式的影响规律,考虑法向振动的Burridge-Knopoff模型存在混沌和分岔现象得到证实。

松软煤层近水平孔解卡机理研究

为了减少松软煤层卡钻事故的发生,分析了近水平孔卡钻的原因及卡钻的形成过程,并建立了各阶段的卡钻力学模型。通过对卡钻主要影响因素的分析,得出解卡的关键在于减小岩屑堆积的密实度和提升排渣效率,以此指导了L型螺旋槽钻杆的结构及功能设计。通过对U型槽螺旋钻杆、三棱钻杆和L型螺旋槽钻杆的排渣性能进行试验对比,验证了L型螺旋槽钻杆的排渣性能最优。通过现场试验验证了L型螺旋槽钻杆较市场上常用的U型槽螺旋槽钻杆更优。

基于PCA-LSTM的黏滑振动水平评估方法研究

石油钻井过程中,井下工具的黏滑振动会导致钻头发生周期性的黏滞和滑脱,容易引起钻头和钻具组合失效,造成井下事故。为此,基于井下测量技术的发展,采用长短期记忆(Long Short-term Memory,LSTM)神经网络智能算法建立黏滑振动水平评估模型,采用井下近钻头工程参数测量工具在钻头处采集7类高频井下工程参数,验证使用PCA-LSTM神经网络黏滑振动水平评估模型的准确性。研究结果表明,该评估模型均方根误差为0.026,较LSTM、PCA-BP、PCA-SVM评估模型分别下降了0.033、0.011和0.018,表明该模型抑制了过拟合造成的滞后效应,具有较高的精度,可有效评估钻头处黏滑振动水平。研究结果对指导钻井过程,及时调整地面参数,有效抑制黏滑振动,推动安全、快速、高效钻井具有重要作用。

深井钻柱纵-扭耦合下的黏滑振动特性分析

钻进过程中由扭转振动引起的黏滑振动会导致钻井质量下降、钻井工具失效,严重影响钻井成本和完井周期。为此,采用集中质量法,建立了深井钻柱的纵-扭耦合振动模型,借助5200 m实例井进行了模型验证及参数分析。分析结果表明:可以通过减小钻压或增加钻头刀翼来减弱钻柱系统的黏滑振动;较低的地层接触刚度将发生共振行为,共振会加剧钻柱系统的纵向振动,随着地层接触刚度增加,会出现明显的黏滑振动现象,其黏滞时间与地层接触刚度呈正相关;平滑的岩面轮廓下更容易发生黏滑行为,随着岩面轮廓起伏增加,钻柱的纵向振动加剧,瞬态钻压的波动范围进一步增加,并且钻头角速度抖颤现象更加明显。所得结论可为深井钻柱黏滑振动问题的研究提供理论参考。

钻头与岩石互作用下钻柱黏滑振动规律研究

黏滑振动会引起钻柱上产生高频波动的剪切应力,导致钻柱过早疲劳。为此,在考虑钻头与岩石互作用的情况下,耦合了钻头与岩石互作用模型与钻柱系统4自由度扭转振动模型,建立了考虑钻头与岩石互作用的钻柱系统扭转振动模型,并以现场实测数据对模型精度进行了验证;分析了井深、岩石类型对钻柱系统扭转振动特性的影响规律;据此提出了一些抑制深井/超深井黏滑振动的方法。研究结果表明:井越深越容易发生黏滑振动,且黏滑振动越强;岩石的可钻性越高,钻头在此类岩石中钻进时钻柱系统黏滑振动越弱;使用扭力冲击器等井下动力钻具可以有效地抑制黏滑振动,特别是在硬地层中钻进时,配合攻击性强的钻头可以有效抑制黏滑振动,提高机械钻速。

基于大数据挖掘的老年手杖个性化定制研究

目的随着互联网的发展,用户评论快速增长,利用这一海量数据进行文本分析,结合Kano模型,以此来获取更加全面的用户定制需求。方法提出了一种基于大数据评论文本挖掘的方法,来获取老年手杖个性化定制需求。首先将老年手杖分为三大不同产品等级,挑选典型产品,爬取用户评论;其次通过文本的对应分析获取不同等级手杖用户需求的差异;接着利用LDA模型、结合德尔菲专家法获取用户需求族群;最后利用Kano模型进行需求等级划分,并结合Fisher精确检验进行差异显著度检验。结果识别出老年手杖的基本型、期望型、兴奋型不同等级用户需求,以指导老年手杖个性化定制界面的设计。结论结果表明大数据挖掘与Kano模型相结合的方法,能够有效地获取用户个性化需求层级,并指导定制平台的搭建,为产品个性化定制平台的设计提供科学依据。