Identification of the dominant loop of a dual-loop macro-reentry left atrial flutter without prior intervention using high-density mapping technology:A case report

BACKGROUND Left atrial flutter without prior cardiac interventions is uncommon,especially dual-loop macro-reentry atrial flutter.The critical step to ablate dual-loop macroreentry atrial flutter is to identify the dominant loop and key isthmus.Although entrainment mapping could help identify the dominant loop and key isthmus,it may alter or terminate tachycardia.High-density mapping allows the generation of electroanatomic maps without altering or terminating tachycardia.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report a case of symptomatic left atrial flutter without prior intervention.In this case,high-density mapping revealed a dual-loop macro-reentry around the mitral annulus and central scar of the anterior wall.The propagation result showed that the dominant loop was around the mitral annulus,and the key isthmus was between the central scar and mitral annulus.The atrial flutter terminated successfully after ablation was performed.CONCLUSION In this case,we demonstrate that high-density mapping technology may help identify the dominant loop of dual-loop atrial flutter without entrainment,which makes ablation easier.

微电网中三相逆变器孤岛运行控制技术

分布式电源通常采用无互联线的传统"功率–电压–电流"三环下垂控制器来实现并联系统间的功率均分,但采用三环下垂控制不仅控制器复杂,而且其控制效果受连线阻抗阻感比影响严重。尤其是在线路短、阻抗小的微电网系统中,过小的连线阻抗会严重影响功率均分效果甚至会导致系统不稳定。为此设计一种基于虚拟阻抗的"电压–电流"双环下垂控制方法,使并联系统在连线阻抗很小且不对称,传统功率下垂控制方式已不能稳定工作的情况下,仍然能够维持良好的电流均分效果。对比传统三环下垂方法,其具有稳定裕度大,动态响应快,实现简单等特点。最后在理论分析的基础上进行实验研究,通过与三环下垂控制方式的对比,验证了双环下垂控制的有效性。

基于下垂特性控制的无互联线逆变器并联动态性能分析

对于无互联信号线逆变器并联系统,采用传统有功和无功功率下垂控制法往往会引起动态性能的问题。该文在传统下垂法中额外加入瞬态下垂分量,并且稳态下垂分量采用了旨在减小连线阻抗影响的并联控制策略,使多逆变器模块的电流均分能快速达到稳定。运用小信号建模分析表明控制方程系数的匹配能较大的影响瞬态响应,合理的参数设计有利于动态性能的提高。采用数字信号处理器(digital signal processor,DSP)实现全数字化逆变器并联系统设计,实验结果表明所提出的方案能有效提高无互联信号线逆变器并联系统的动态性能。

采用势函数法的微电网无功控制策略

由于受到微电网线路阻抗特性等因素的影响,传统的下垂控制存在无功出力难以按照下垂增益分配的问题。分析分布式电源无功出力与空载输出电压之间的关系,并在此基础上提出基于二级控制的微电网无功控制策略。该方案利用无功出力分配关系和空载输出电压的偏离程度构造势函数。微电网中央控制器根据势函数对各分布式电源的空载输出电压进行集中调整,达到改善无功出力分配的目的。仿真结果表明该方案具有良好的动态响应特性和稳态性能。此外,用正则环流无功概念来考察不同负荷水平对分布式电源无功出力分配的影响,进一步验证了所提方案的有效性。

微电网电压质量控制方法研究

由于微电网中不平衡负载的影响,使得微电网电压出现不平衡。针对这类问题,在dq坐标系下对低压微电网电压不平衡进行研究,并提出了相应的补偿方法。该方法采用加虚拟阻抗的下垂控制器来灵活准确地实现分布式电源的功率分配;通过电压不平衡补偿,使得分布式电源输出稳定的负荷电压从而自动补偿微电网的不平衡电压;而电压电流环对下垂控制中所给定的参考信号进行准确的跟踪,提高输出电能质量,进一步提升整个控制系统的性能。最后通过仿真结果证明了所提控制策略的可实现性和有效性。

微网逆变器的改进鲁棒下垂多环控制

对于孤岛模式下的逆变器,其等效输出阻抗和连线阻抗差异对功率分配和环流抑制的影响较大。鲁棒下垂控制虽然可以减小阻抗差异对功率精确分配的影响,但在逆变器投入并联运行过程,存在冲击电流大、过渡时间长的不足,影响鲁棒下垂控制的实用化。为此,以阻性线路阻抗为例,提出一种改进的鲁棒下垂多环控制方法,其由功率外环和电压、电流双环构成。电压、电流双环设计中,采用考虑负载影响的控制器参数设计方法,抑制负载变化对电容电流内环跟踪性能的不利影响。功率外环通过引入阻性虚拟阻抗将逆变器的等效输出阻抗设计成阻性,提出一种改进的鲁棒下垂控制方法,与常规鲁棒下垂控制相比,可以改善逆变器的并机过程,减小并机冲击电流,加快并机过渡过程,实现平滑快速并机过渡。仿真与实验结果表明了所提理论的正确性和有效性。

基于孤岛运行模式仿真的研究

本文采用下垂控制作为孤岛运行的控制方式。在孤岛运行的模式中,考虑到不同的负载对孤岛运行有着不一样的效果。本文所采用的是负载端为阻性和阻感性的孤岛运行。通过比较得出其对系统的影响,尤其是根据各自的有功功率和无功功率的分布来判断各自产生谐波的大小,并都通过MATLAB/Simulink软件进行建模仿真,进行验证。

分布式电力系统谐波的治理

针对分布式电源通过电力电子装置并网发电产生分布式电力系统谐波问题,提出了采用分布式有源滤波系统来抑制谐波,通过多个有源滤波器优化配置并联接入多谐波源电网,达到整条线路谐波畸变率最低.为了保证有源滤波器并联稳定长期运行,引入下垂控制进行改进,从而实现负载功率的均分和环流的抑制,维持线路电压畸变率在较低水平.仿真结果说明了该理论的正确性和有效性.

Giant magneto-impedance sensor with working point selfadaptation for unshielded human bio-magnetic detection

Background Compared with traditional biomagnetic field detection devices,such as superconducting quantum interference devices(SQUIDs)and atomic magnetometers,only giant magneto impedance(GMI)sensors can be applied for unshielded human brain biomagnetic detection,and they have the potential for application in next-generation wearable equipment for brain-computer interfaces(BCIs).Achieving a better GMI sensor without magnetic shielding requires the stimulation of the GMI effect to be maximized and environmental noise interference to be minimized.Moreover,the GMI effect stimulated in an amorphous filament is closely related to its working point,which is sensitive to both the external magnetic field and the drive current of the filament.Methods In this paper,we propose a new noise reducing GMI gradiometer with a dual-loop self-adapting structure.Noise reduction is realized by a direction-flexible differential probe,and the dual-loop structure optimizes and stabilizes the working point by automatically controlling the external magnetic field and drive current.This dual-loop structure is fully program controlled by a micro control unit(MCU),which not only simplifies the traditional constant parameter sensor circuit,saving the time required to adjust the circuit component parameters,but also improves the sensor performance and environmental adaptation.Results In the performance test,within 2 min of self-adaptation,our sensor showed a better sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)than those of the traditional designs and achieved a background noise of 12 pT/√Hz at 10 Hz and 7pT/√Hz at 200 Hz.Conclusion To the best of our knowledge,our sensor is the first to realize self-adaptation of both the external magnetic field and the drive current.

微源并网逆变器改进下垂控制策略研究

针对微网中敏感负荷对频率和电压幅值要求较高这一情况,笔者提出了一种下垂系数随反正切函数变化的下垂控制策略。把反正切函数的两种特性应用于微源的下垂控制,第一个特性可以保证微源输出频率和电压始终维持在设定的范围之内,第二个特性可以保证微源在输出参考功率附近有较快的动态响应。最后将改进后的下垂控制策略与改进前的下垂控制策略相比较,比较结果证明了该策略的可行性和优越性。

H_∞-Mixed Sensitivity Design of Roll Channel of Bank-to-Turn Autopilot for Small Diameter Bomb

According to requirements of the bank-to-turn (BTT) control for a small diameter bomb (SDB), the robust design problem for the roll autopilot was studied by H∞-mixed sensitivity control method. A roll channel dynamics model was established. Considering the couple between the yaw and roll channel as uncertain disturbance, the roll autopilot was designed using dual-loop scheme which takes a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) as inner-loop, to ensure the control effect of the certain part in model, and an H∞-mixed sensitivity control as outer-loop, to restrain coupling disturbance and strengthen the system's robust performance. The dynamic tracking performance and the robustness for the parameter disturbance of the roll controller were analyzed. The simulated results show that the roll control system functions better and robustly.

An experimental study of the dual-loop control of electro-hydraulic load simulator (EHLS)

This paper investigates motion coupling disturbance（the so called surplus torque）in the hardware-in-the-loop（HIL）experiments.The＇＇velocity synchronization scheme＇＇was proposed by Jiao for an electro-hydraulic load simulator（EHLS）in 2004.In some situations,however,the scheme is limited in the implementation for certain reasons,as is the case when the actuator＇s valve signal is not available or it is seriously polluted by noise.To solve these problems,a＇＇dual-loop scheme＇＇is developed for EHLS.The dual-loop scheme is a combination of a torque loop and a position synchronization loop.The role of the position synchronization loop is to decouple the motion disturbance caused by the actuator system.To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme,extensive simulations are performed using AMESim.Then,the performance of the developed method is validated by experiments.

A multiple-pass ring oscillator based dual-loop phase-locked loop

A dual-loop phase-locked loop（PLL）for wideband operation is proposed.The dual-loop architecture combines a coarse-tuning loop with a fine-tuning one,enabling a wide tuning range and low voltage-controlled oscillator（VCO）gain without poisoning phase noise and reference spur suppression performance.An analysis of the phase noise and reference spur of the dual-loop PLL is emphasized.A novel multiple-pass ring VCO is designed for the dual-loop application.It utilizes both voltage-control and current-control simultaneously in the delay cell. The PLL is fabricated in Jazz 0.18-μm RF CMOS technology.The measured tuning range is from 4.2 to 5.9 GHz.It achieves a low phase noise of–99 dBc/Hz@1 MHz offset from a 5.5 GHz carrier.

A dynamic-biased dual-loop-feedback CMOS LDO regulator with fast transient response

This paper presents a low-dropout regulator （LDO） for portable applications with dual-loop feedback and a dynamic bias circuit. The dual-loop feedback structure is adopted to reduce the output voltage spike and the response time of the LDO. The dynamic bias circuit enhances the slew rate at the gate of the power transistor. In addition, an adaptive miller compensation technique is employed, from which a single pole system is realized and over a 59~ phase margin is achieved under the full range of the load current. The proposed LDO has been implemented in a 0.6μm CMOS process. From the experimental results, the regulator can operate with a minimum dropout voltage of 200 mV at a maximum 300 mA load and IQ of 113μA. The line regulation and load regulation are improved to 0. l mV/V and 3.4 μV/mA due to the sufficient loop gain provided by the dual feedback loops. Under a full range load current step, the voltage spikes and the recovery time of the proposed LDO is reduced to 97 mV and 0.142 μs respectively.

Comparison of Conventional and Advanced Exergy Analysis for Dual-Loop Organic Rankine Cycle used in Engine Waste Heat Recovery

At present,the dual-loop organic Rankine cycle(DORC)is regarded as an important solution to engine waste heat recovery(WHR).Compared with the conventional exergy analysis,the advanced exergy analysis can better describe the interactions between system components and the irreversibility caused by economic or technical limitations.In order to systematically study the thermodynamic performance of DORC,the conventional and advanced exergy analyses are compared using an inline 6-cylinder 4-stroke turbocharged diesel engine.Meanwhile,the sensitivity analysis is implemented to further investigate the influence of operating parameters on avoidable-endogenous exergy destruction.The analysis result of conventional exergy analysis demonstrates that the priorities for the components that should be improved are in order of the high-temperature evaporator,the low-temperature turbine,the first low-temperature evaporator and the high-temperature condenser.The advanced exergy analysis result suggests that the avoidable exergy destruction values are the highest in the low-temperature turbine,the high-temperature evaporator and the high-temperature turbine because they have considerable endogenous-avoidable exergy destruction.The sensitivity analysis indicates that reducing the evaporation pinch point and raising the turbine efficiency can decrease the avoidable exergy destruction.

Design of a constant-voltage and constant-current controller with dual-loop and adaptive switching frequency control

A 5.0-V 2.0-A flyback power supply controller providing constant-voltage （CV） and constant-current （CC） output regulation without the use of an optical coupler is presented. Dual-close-loop control is proposed here due to its better regulation performance of tolerance over process and temperature compared with open loop control used in common. At the same time, the two modes, CC and CV, could switch to each other automatically and smoothly according to the output voltage level not sacrificing the regulation accuracy at the switching phase, which overcomes the drawback of the digital control scheme depending on a hysteresis comparator to change the mode. On-chip compensation using active capacitor multiplier technique is applied to stabilize the voltage loop, eliminate an additional package pin, and save on the die area. The system consumes as little as 100 mW at no-load condition without degrading the transient response performance by utilizing the adaptive switching frequency control mode. The proposed controller has been implemented in a commercial 0.35μm 40-V BCD process, and the active chip area is 1.5×1.0 mm^2. The total error of the output voltage due to line and load variations is less than 4-1.7%.