Numerical investigation of dual-porosity model with transient transfer function based on discrete-fracture model

Based on the characteristics of fractures in naturally fractured reservoir and a discrete-fracture model, a fracture network numerical well test model is developed. Bottom hole pressure response curves and the pressure field are obtained by solving the model equations with the finite-element method. By analyzing bottom hole pressure curves and the fluid flow in the pressure field, seven flow stages can be recognized on the curves. An upscaling method is developed to compare with the dual-porosity model （DPM）. The comparisons results show that the DPM overestimates the inter-porosity coefficient ）, and the storage factor w. The analysis results show that fracture conductivity plays a leading role in the fluid flow. Matrix permeability influences the beginning time of flow from the matrix to fractures. Fractures density is another important parameter controlling the flow. The fracture linear flow is hidden under the large fracture density. The pressure propagation is slower in the direction of larger fracture density.

Fractured reservoir modeling by discrete fracture network and seismic modeling in the Tarim Basin,China

Fractured reservoirs are an important target for oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin and the prediction of this type of reservoir is challenging.Due to the complicated fracture system in the Tarim Basin,the conventional AVO inversion method based on HTI theory to predict fracture development will result in some errors.Thus,an integrated research concept for fractured reservoir prediction is put forward in this paper.Seismic modeling plays a bridging role in this concept,and the establishment of an anisotropic fracture model by Discrete Fracture Network （DFN） is the key part.Because the fracture system in the Tarim Basin shows complex anisotropic characteristics,it is vital to build an effective anisotropic model.Based on geological,well logging and seismic data,an effective anisotropic model of complex fracture systems can be set up with the DFN method.The effective elastic coefficients,and the input data for seismic modeling can be calculated.Then seismic modeling based on this model is performed,and the seismic response characteristics are analyzed.The modeling results can be used in the following AVO inversion for fracture detection.

INVESTIGATION OF FRACTURE DESIGN FOR MEDIUM CARBON STEEL UNDER EXTRA-LOW CYCLIC FATIGUE IN AXIAL LOADING

The extra-low cyclic fracture problem of medium carbon steel under axial fatigue loading was investigated. Several problems, such as the relations of the cycle times to the depth and tip radius of the notch, loading frequency, loading range and the parameters of fracture design for medium carbon steel on condition of extra-low axial fatigue loading were discussed based on the experiments. Experimental results indicated that the tension-pressure fatigue loading mode was suitable for extra-low cyclic fatigue fracture design of medium carbon steel and it resulted in low energy consumption, fracture surface with high quality, low cycle times, and high efficiency. The appropriate parameters were as follows： loading frequency 3-5 Hz, notch tip radius r = （0.2-0.3） mm, opening angle α = 60°, and notch depth t = （0.14-0.17）D.

Modeling of Rocks with Spatial Distributed Fractures by Random Medium Theory

By using the spectrum expanding theory of random processes and Hudson's crack model,we developed a random medium model for rocks with spatial random distributed number density of cracks. This model could connect the micro-parameters of the cracks with the macro- mechanical properties, and can be effectively applied to model the real inhomogeneous medium. Numerical example indicates that the random distribution characters could be different for different elastic constants under the same random distribution of number density of cracks. By changing the value of the autocorrelation length pair, it is possible to model the difference of the distribution in the two coordinate directions. Numerical modeling results for seismic wave propagating in rocks with random distributed fractures using a staggered high-order finite-difference (SHOFD) are also presented.

Effect of Boron on Delayed Fracture Resistance of Medium-Carbon High Strength Spring Steel

The delayed fracture behavior of medium carbon high strength spring steel containing different amounts of boron （0. 000 5%, 0. 001 6 %） was studied using sustained load delayed fracture test. The results show that delayed fracture resistance of boron containing steels is higher than that of conventional steel 60Si2MnA at the same strength level and it increases with the increase of boron eontent from 0. 000 5% to 0. 001 6%. The delayed fracture mode is mainly intergranular in the boron containing steels tempered at 350℃, which indicates that the addition of boron does not change the fracture character. However, the increase of boron content enlarges the size of the crack initia tion area. Further study of phase analysis indicates that most boron is in solid solution, and only a very small quantity of boron is in the M3 （C, B） phase.

Prediction of oil recovery in naturally fractured reservoirs subjected to reinfiltration during gravity drainage using a new scaling equation

By comparing numerical simulation results of single-porosity and dual-porosity models,the significant effect of reinfiltration to naturally fractured reservoirs was confirmed.A new governing equation was proposed for oil drainage in a matrix block under the reinfiltration process.Utilizing inspectional analysis,a dimensionless equation suitable for scaling of recovery curves for matrix blocks under reinfiltration has been obtained.By the design of experiments,test cases with different rock and fluid properties were defined to confirm the scope of the presented equation.The defined cases were simulated using a realistic numerical simulation approach.This method can estimate the oil amount getting into the matrix block through reinfiltration,help simulate the oil drainage process in naturally fractured reservoirs accurately,and predict the recovery rate of matrix block in the early to middle periods of production.Using the defined scaling equation in the dual-porosity model can improve the accuracy of the predicted recovery rate.

Fracture characterization of Asmari Formation carbonate reservoirs in G Oilfield, Zagros Basin, Middle East

The Asmari Formation in the G oilfield on the Iran-Iraq border is a fractured-porous multi-lithology mixed reservoir, for which fracture is an important factor affecting oil productivity and water cut. The characterization and modeling of fractures in the carbonate reservoir of G oilfield are challenging due to weak conventional well log responses of fractures and a lack of specific logs, such as image logs. This study proposes an integrated approach for characterizing and modeling fractures in the carbonate reservoir. The features, formation mechanism, influencing factors, and prediction methods of fractures in the Asmari Formation carbonate reservoirs of G oilfield were studied using core observation, thin section, image log, cross-dipole acoustic log (CDAL), geomechanics numerical simulation (GNS), and production data. According to CDAL-based fracture density interpretation, GNS-based fracture intensity prediction between wells, and DFN-based rock fracture properties modeling, the quantitative fracture characterization for G oilfield was realized. This research shows that the fractures in the Asamri Formation are mainly medium-to high-angle shear fractures. The substantial compression stress during the Miocene played a major role in the formation of the prominent fractures and determined their trend in the region, with primary trends of NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW. The fracture distribution has regularity, and the fractures in zone A dolomites are more highly developed than that in zone B limestones vertically. Horizontally, fractures intensity is mainly controlled by faults and structural location. The results of this study may benefit the optimization of well design during field development. From 2019 to 2021, three horizontal wells pilot tests were deployed in the fractures belt in zone A, and these fractures prominently increased the permeability of tight dolomite reservoirs. The initial production of the wells is four to five times the average production of other wells in the area, showing a good development effect. Meanwhile, the updated numerical simulation validates that the history match accuracy of water cut based on the dual-porosity model is significantly improved, proving the fracture evaluation and prediction results to be relatively reliable and applicable.

中深层稠油水平井前置CO_(2)蓄能压裂技术

利用准噶尔盆地西北缘乌夏地区中深层稠油油藏参数,对水平井前置CO_(2)蓄能压裂技术的开发机理、关键操作参数及开发效果进行了详细研究。研究结果表明:①伴随压裂—焖井—生产等开发阶段的延伸,前置CO_(2)蓄能压裂后的油井逐步显现出增能改造、扩散降黏、膨胀补能、释压成泡沫油流等特性,井底流压提高了2~4MPa,CO_(2)扩散至油藏的1/3,原油黏度降至500mPa·s以下,泡沫油流明显;②研究区最优压裂段间距为60m、裂缝半长为90m、裂缝导流能力为10t/m,CO_(2)最佳注入强度为1.5m3/m,注入速度为1.8m3/min,油井焖井时间为30d,油藏采收率提高了2%~3%;③通过与常规压裂生产效果进行对比,前置CO_(2)蓄能压裂技术可使产油量提高5.2t/d,预测CO_(2)换油率达2.45,开发效果显著提升。

应用P波振幅的傅里叶系数反演裂缝密度

裂缝预测是非常规储层预测的重要内容。裂缝密度不仅反映了裂缝的发育程度,也是影响裂缝孔隙度和渗透率的重要参数。文中提出了一种应用纵波反射振幅分方位傅里叶系数正、余弦分量加权的裂缝密度反演方法。基于线性滑动裂缝等效介质理论,分别推导了含油和含气条件下HTI介质纵波反射振幅傅里叶系数与裂缝密度的关系,并利用二阶傅里叶系数预测裂缝对称轴方位角;研究了地震数据含噪声时二阶傅里叶系数正、余弦分量信噪比之比随裂缝对称轴方位角的变化规律,并提出应用二阶傅里叶系数正、余弦分量加权的裂缝密度反演方法。模型试算结果表明,所提的裂缝密度反演方法具有较强的抗噪性和稳定性;将其应用于实际地震数据,裂缝密度预测结果与测井信息吻合,验证了方法的有效性。

孔隙—裂缝型岩溶热储热——流—化多场耦合作用机理

岩溶型热储开采过程中,储层孔隙内水岩反应会导致流动通道变形,忽略这一反应过程将导致热储产能预测偏差较大。为了揭示水岩作用下岩溶型热储孔隙和裂缝形态的演化特征,综合考虑了孔隙和裂缝内的水岩反应过程,搭建了孔隙—裂缝双重介质热—流—化多场耦合模型并验证了其准确性,进而分析了热—流—化多物理场与孔隙—裂缝形态的分布特征,探究了孔隙—裂缝内水岩反应对孔、缝变形和系统取热性能的影响。研究结果表明:(1)欠饱和注入条件下,注入井处发生溶解反应,生产30年时,裂缝开度增大了0.32%,孔隙度增大了75.76%;(2)生产30年时,考虑孔隙—裂缝内水岩反应案例的裂缝平均开度降低了0.05%,考虑裂缝而不考虑孔隙内水岩反应案例的裂缝平均开度增大了17.12%,二者呈现相反的变化趋势;(3)考虑孔隙—裂缝内水岩反应案例相比于仅考虑裂缝而不考虑孔隙内水岩反应的案例,生产30年时,生产温度相差不大,系统注采压差增大了1.57倍。结论认为:(1)岩溶型热储孔隙内水岩反应对孔、缝变形和取热性能影响显著,其改变了水岩反应对裂缝开度的作用机理,影响系统注采压差;(2)孔隙内的水岩反应不容忽视,在进行岩溶型热储产能的精确预测和经济评价时必须予以充分考虑;(3)该认识可为岩溶型热储开发方案设计和产能预测方面提供理论和技术参考。

基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型的裂缝储层频变AVAZ反演研究

为了在地震资料和裂缝储层特征之间建立联系,对裂缝储层采用了等效介质模型.而传统的等效介质模型未充分考虑非完全弹性介质理论和基于频变各向异性理论的双相或多相流体假设,也不能对实际裂缝储层中的地震波频散和衰减现象提供准确合理的解释,并且储层参数的反演研究对裂缝储层的定性预测和定量描述举足轻重.为此,本文首先根据所提出的黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin动态等效介质模型,该模型考虑了耦合的双相流体假设、黏弹性理论、喷射流以及斑块效应,并在此基础上分析了裂缝储层参数(主要为裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度)对地震波频变特征的影响.然后基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型与Schoenberg和Protazio概括的Zoeppritz方程所计算出的频变反射系数,分析了反射PP波和PS波的频变AVAZ(Amplitude Versus Angle and Azimuth)特性和PP波频变反射系数与裂缝储层参数的关系.同时考虑到发生地震频散时,反射系数和频率产生关系,构建了在角度、方位和时间域内的新型正演方程.最后,基于PP波频变反射系数对裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度的变化有较好的敏感性特点,进行了两种反演方法研究:其一是基于贝叶斯理论直接反演方法,其中以对数绝对范数作为似然函数和高斯分布,即L2范数度量作为先验约束;其二是基于频变反射系数的MCMC(Markov Chain Monte Carlo)随机反演方法.通过频变AVAZ进行裂缝储层参数的反演研究,结果表明,MCMC随机反演方法在缺失先验的储层参数信息时,反演结果的不确定性较强.当存在有效且足够的先验信息时,反演结果的可靠性进一步提升.而基于贝叶斯理论直接反演方法,则显示出基于频变AVAZ来区别大尺度裂缝和微尺度裂隙的潜力.

深冷轧制变形对新型Ni-W-Co-Ta高密度合金显微组织与性能的影响

采用熔炼-浇铸-锻造流程制备新型Ni-W-Co-Ta高强度合金,并对Ni-W-Co-Ta合金经深冷轧制变形后的显微组织及力学性能演变规律进行表征。结果表明:随着变形量的增加,新型Ni-W-Co-Ta高密度合金中等轴晶粒沿轧制方向不断被拉长,同时产生大量的滑移带以协调剧烈的塑性变形,并最终形成纤维组织。变形量的增大导致位错密度急剧增大,位错交互作用显著加强,进而使晶粒尺寸细化至纳米量级;合金强度、硬度随着变形量的增加而显著提高,伸长率则急剧下降。断口形貌则由韧性断裂(未变形)向准解理-韧性混合型断裂转变(90%变形量)。

沁水盆地南部郑庄区块中北部煤层气直井增产新技术研究与应用

为提高沁水盆地郑庄区块中北部煤层气直井产量,基于研究区评价井地应力测试资料、压裂裂缝监测资料,分析了研究区直井增产效果差的原因,提出了针对性增产技术,开展了现场对比试验,并对结果进行了分析,结果表明郑庄中北部直井产量低、措施增产效果差的主因为:①研究区以垂直裂缝为主、压裂缝长较短,且随着埋深增加,相同压裂规模形成的裂缝尺寸减小;②随着埋深增加,支撑剂嵌入深度增加,裂缝闭合加快,导致稳产时间短,产气曲线主体形态为“单峰型”;③经初次压裂后煤体结构更加破碎,新裂缝容易进入初次压裂裂缝,造新缝难度增加。针对上述原因,创新提出的充填预堵+大规模压裂+远端支撑增产技术,“充填预堵”即先采用相对较低的排量、砂比、规模充填初次压裂裂缝,然后再进行大规模重复压裂,实现堵老缝、造新缝。“大规模”压裂即大排量、大液量、高砂比压裂,将压裂液量由600~800 m^(3)提高至1300~2000 m^(3)以上,增加改造体积;将排量由6~8 m^(3)/min提高至10~14 m^(3)/min以上,增加裂缝长度和携砂性能;采用低黏压裂液体系配合低密度支撑剂,将砂比由7%~8%提高至10%~15%以上,提高铺砂强度,降低裂缝闭合程度。“远端支撑”即采用自悬浮支撑剂与大排量相结合,增长支撑剂运移距离,提高支撑裂缝比例。充填预堵+大规模压裂+远端支撑增产技术实施后平均单井日产量达到1380 m^(3),比措施前增产1190 m^(3),比邻井稳产气量增加近1000 m^(3),实现了郑庄中北部中深储层连片低产区直井产量突破。现场对比试验表明:实施“充填预堵”后再进行大规模压裂,平均净施工压力比初次压裂增加了3.3 MPa,形成了新裂缝,比直接进行大规模压裂增量提高1000 m^(3)。总体上,充填预堵+大规模压裂+远端支撑增产技术关键参数数值越大,增产效果越好。

中老年男性肌肉减少症与骨质疏松性骨折的相关性分析

目的 探讨中老年男性肌肉减少症(SP)与骨质疏松症性骨折(OF)的相关性。方法 选取2020年2月至2023年2月中老年(50~70岁)男性骨质疏松症(OP)患者85例,其中OF 64例,非骨质疏松性骨折(NOF)21例。选取同期、同年龄段体检中心体检的非骨质疏松症患者(NOP)110例作为对照组。采用双能X线吸收骨密度仪(DXA)测量四肢骨骼肌肌肉量(ASM),计算出四肢骨骼肌指数(ASMI),观察6 m步行速度。分析中老年男性SP与OF的相关性。结果 OF组患者中SP患病率(71.88%)高于NOF组(61.90%),且高于NOP组(15.45%)。SP组患者中,OP患病率(77.63%)高于NOP组(22.37%),其中OF患病率(77.97%)亦高于NOF组(22.03%)。OP组患者ASM、ASMI、步行速度低于NOP组,其中OF组患者ASM、ASMI、步行速度低于NOF组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,ASMI是OF的独立危险因素。结论 中老年男性SP患者易发生OP,且更易发生OF,预防OF对提高患者的生活质量,降低家庭和社会的经济负担有重要意义。

深部中厚煤层动压巷道顶板预制裂缝卸压护巷应用研究

针对深部中厚煤层动压对巷道造成的破坏问题,以枣泉煤矿130203工作面运输巷为研究对象,进行了深部中厚煤层动压巷道预制裂缝卸压护巷控制技术的研究。首先通过现场调查,分析了2号煤层工作面运输巷变形破坏特征及其原因,包括地质条件、采煤方法、巷道断面形状、支护方式等因素。在此基础上,对顶板人工预制裂缝卸压的作用进行了理论分析,探讨了裂缝深度、裂缝间距、裂缝方向等因素对卸压效果的影响。通过理论计算,得出了顶板人工预制裂缝卸压的合理参数,提出了“巷道侧人工预制裂缝”的卸压护巷技术,并基于该技术进行了设计与实践。实践结果表明,通过在巷道侧施工人工裂缝,有效地释放了围岩压力,提高了巷道的稳定性。

海上油田中深井多段优快爆燃压裂技术优化与应用

海上油田中深井实施爆燃压裂技术将产生较高峰值压力,易造成施工管柱破坏、电缆断裂等安全问题,并存在作业时效及作业效果较差等难题。针对爆燃压裂难点,研发了低燃速、耐175℃高温、耐72 MPa高压爆燃压裂推进剂火药,可满足海上油田中深井高温高压储层要求;优化形成了中深井电缆传输爆燃压裂工艺,作业时效相对于油管传输爆燃压裂至少可提高8倍以上,同时能够有效保证每米储层火药质量,所采用的高强度电缆和电缆井口防喷器解决了系列安全风险问题。优化形成的海上油田中深井多段优快爆燃压裂技术,在海上油田L-10a、X-B6井进行了现场试验,具有作业安全性高、时效快、效果好等优点,可为国内外类似中深井储层改造技术应用提供借鉴。

Impact of stress on solute transport in a fracture network: A comparison study

This paper compares numerical modeling of the effect of stress on solute transport （advection and matrix diffusion） in fractured rocks in which fracture apertures are correlated with fracture lengths. It is mainly motivated by the performance and safety assessments of underground radioactive waste repositories. Five research teams used different approaches to model stress/deformation, flow and transport pro- cesses, based on either discrete fracture network or equivalent continuum models. The simulation results derived by various teams generally demonstrated that rock stresses could significantly influence solute transport processes through stress-induced changes in fracture apertures and associated changes in per- meability. Reasonably good agreement was achieved regarding advection and matrix diffusion given the same fracture network, while some observed discrepancies could be explained by different mechanical or transport modeling approaches.

Hot ductility behavior of a Fe-0.3C-9Mn-2Al medium Mn steel

The hot ductility of a Fe-0.3C-9Mn-2Al medium Mn steel was investigated using a Gleeble3800 thermo-mechanical simulator.Hot tensile tests were conducted at different temperatures(600-1300℃)under a constant strain rate of 4×10^(−3)s^(−1).The fracture behavior and mechanism of hot ductility evolution were discussed.Results showed that the hot ductility decreased as the temperature was decreased from 1000℃.The reduction of area(RA)decreased rapidly in the specimens tested below 700℃,whereas that in the specimen tested at 650℃was lower than 65%.Mixed brittle-ductile fracture feature is reflected by the coexistence of cleavage step,intergranular facet,and dimple at the surface.The fracture belonged to ductile failure in the specimens tested between 720-1000℃.Large and deep dimples could delay crack propagation.The change in average width of the dimples was in positive proportion with the change in RA.The wide austenite-ferrite intercritical temperature range was crucial for the hot ductility of medium Mn steel.The formation of ferrite film on austenite grain boundaries led to strain concentration.Yield point elongation occurred at the austenite-ferrite intercritical temperature range during the hot tensile test.

Experimental modeling of sanding fracturing and conductivity of propped fractures in conglomerate:A case study of tight conglomerate of Mahu sag in Junggar Basin,NW China

True tri-axial sanding fracturing experiments are carried out on conglomerate samples from the Permian Wuerhe Formation of Mahu sag,Junggar Basin,to study hydraulic fracture propagation geometry and quartz sand transport in ma-trix-supported fine conglomerate and grain-supported medium conglomerate.The effect of rough fracture surface on conduc-tivity is analyzed using the 3D-printing technology to reconstruct the rough surface formed in the fractured conglomerate.The hydraulic fractures formed in the matrix-supported fine conglomerate are fairly straight,and only more tortuous when en-countering large gravels at local parts;thus,proppants can get into the fractures easily with transport distance about 70%–90%of the fracture length.By contrast,in the grain-supported medium conglomerate,hydraulic fractures tend to bypass the gravels to propagate in tortuous paths and frequently change in width;therefore,proppants are difficult to transport in these fractures and only move less than 30%of the fracture length.As the ma trix-supported fine conglomerate has high matrix content and low hardness,proppants embed in the fracture surface severely.In contrast,the grain-supported medium conglomerate has higher gravel content and hardness,so the quartz sand is crushed more severely.Under the high proppant concentration of 5 kg/m^(2),when the closure stress is increased(above 60 MPa),fractures formed in both matrix-supported fine conglomerate and grain-supported medium conglomerate decrease in width significantly,and drop 88%and 92%in conductivity respectively compared with the case under the low closure stress of 20 MPa.The field tests prove that under high closure stress above 60 MPa,using a high proportion of fine proppants with high concentration allow the proppant to move further in the fracture;meanwhile proppant places more uniformly in the ro ugh fracture,resulting in a higher fracture conductivity and an improved well per-formance.

Effect of expansive fillings on fracture seepage

Based on an investigation of the damage process of fractures filled with expansion media,samples of filling media collected on the spot,were obtained. The physical water properties of fracture fillings were tested by a WZ-2 type Dilatometer. Given our test results of the hydrated properties of fracture fillings and the mechanical parameters of altered rock mass collected from the Daye Iron Mine and comparisons between the expansion stress of fracture fillings and mechanical parameters of altered rock mass,the effects of the mechanical response of fillings on fracture seepage are discussed. The results show that the ratio of filling swell pressure to tensile strength of altered rock specimen varied between 11.79 and 36.77 and the ratio of filling swell pressure to shear strength of these rock specimen ranged from 72.11 to 171.18. Therefore,fillings have an important effect on fracture seepage,and the effect of deformation of the fracture caused by swell pressure of the filling mechanics cannot be ignored either. The multiple hydraulic coupling effects of fillings on the impact of fracture permeability are discussed according to theoretical analyses. It is shown that the effect of expansion of fracture fillings greatly affects the deformation of altered rock masses. Both tensile effect and shear effect produced by fracture fillings greatly increase the permeability of fractures. The plastic and liquefaction effects of fracture fillings also improve the permeability of fractures. On the basis of this analysis,a mechanical seepage model of filled fracture is established.