Research progresses and prospects of medicated oil dual-purpose crop safflower based on patent mining

Safflower is widely cultivated and used as a dual-purpose medicinal oil worldwide.This research used the incoPat patent database to search the global safflower patents for nearly 20 years,aiming to reveal the development process and current situation of the safflower industry in China and around the world by analyzing patent application trends,patent technology characteristics,advantageous industries and regions,patent quality,etc.The analysis shows that safflower patent applications are generally increasing,and the period 2010-2016 is characterized by the rapid development of patent applications.The technical features of global patents are mainly concentrated in pharmaceutical preparations,cosmetics,food and health care,various beverages,animal feed,safflower cultivation and harvesting equipment,and safflower seed oil.During the rapid development of patent applications,safflower was further developed in cosmetics,edible oil,and harvesting equipment.In addition,patent applications in rheumatism and bone diseases have increased,with the potential for development.China is the leading region for researching and developing medicinal safflower patents,especially Shandong and Henan provinces.Foreign patents are more focused on the value development of safflower seed oil in food and chemicals.Compared to the major countries and organizations that apply for safflower patents on a global scale,the quality of Chinese safflower patents is medium,and more awareness of patent protection is required.This paper provides suggestions for the subsequent development of the safflower industry,summarizes and analyzes the development trend of safflower patents,and provides new ideas to obtain innovative patent results.

Effects of Fleckvieh on the Performance of Dual-Purpose Cattle Improved by Hybridization with Local Beef Cows

[Objective] The paper aimed to study the improved effect of local beef cattle with Fleckvieh cattle and provide theoretical basic data for local cattle industry in central plain agricultural area in China. [Method] With 500 local beef cattle as female parents and Fleckvieh cattle as male parents,hybridization improvement was conducted via artificial insemination. The growth performance,slaughter performance,milk performance and milk components of F1 and F2 hybrids were measured. [Result] The birth body weights of F2 were significantly higher than those of local beef cow,but there was no remarkable difference between F1 and local beef cow or F1 and F2. The growth rates of F1 and F2 at different stages were higher than those of local beef cattle. The slaughter performance,such as carcass weight( P < 0. 05),dressing percentage,net meat rate( P < 0. 05),marbling score of F1 and F2 were higher than those of local beef cow. Milk production performance,such as actual milk yield,305 d corrected milk yield and 4% standard milk yield of F2 were signally higher than those of F1 and local beef cattle( P< 0. 05),and F1 was markedly higher than local beef cattle( P < 0. 05). For milk composition,although milk fat percentage,milk protein rate,lactose rate and total solids( TS) of F1 and F2 were slightly lowered compared with local beef cattle at varying degrees,they were still at high levels compared with Holstein cows.[Conclusion]Fleckvieh cattle,as a male parent,can significantly improved growth performance,slaughter performance and milk performance of offsprings. It would also increases the economic efficiency of local beef cattle by higher quality and price,as well as changing production model from beef to dual purpose of beef and milk.

Farm Technical Efficiency under the Seasonal Milk Production of the Dual-Purpose Cattle System in El Salvador

The objective of this research was to calculate the technical efficiency and its determinants in seasonal milk production of dual-purpose cattle system farms of El Salvador （DPCS）. Seasons were classified as rainy （May-October） and dry （November-April）. The stochastic production frontier model through the Cobb-Douglas specification was used to provide the technical efficiency score and its determinants for the production data of the 2009 rainy season and the 2010 dry season of the DPCS farms from South East El Salvador. The results showed that the mean technical efficiency was 14% higher for the dry season than for the rainy season. Moreover, more farms obtained higher efficiency scores in the dry season. In the rainy season, milk production was attributed to labor and farmland, whereas in the dry season, it was attributed to the decrease of herd size. Therefore, we suggest adopting strategies such as increased cow productivity and improved feed quality to increase the overall technical efficiency of DPCS farms.

Screening of Oilseed and Vegetable Dual-purpose Rapeseed Combinations Based on Grey Relation Analysis and Cluster Analysis

To screen out the rapeseed(Brassica napus) combinations that are suitable for the production of both oilseed and vegetable, we carried out a field experiment for 11 new combinations(hybrids) of rapeseed and then performed grey relation analysis and cluster analysis on 12 traits including the yield and quality of young stem,seed yield, and several agronomic traits after harvesting of young stem. The results showed that A11, A7, and A4 had higher main stalk yield than other combinations.The young stem/leaf ratios of A11, A5, A7, A4, A3, and A1 were in line with the quality requirements for young stem commodity. The soluble sugar content of A2,A8, and A10 was higher than that of CK(Fengyou 737), and the seed yields of A4,A3, A2, A1, A5, and A6 were higher than that of CK. The 11 rapeseed combinations were classified into 3 grades by grey relation analysis and cluster analysis. Two combinations, A4(Y20A×95C4R) and A11(3194A×09-5R), showed the weighted relation degrees higher than 0.95, which were clustered into grade I by cluster analysis. They had good agronomic traits and good performance as both oilseed and vegetable. A8, A5, A3, A7, A2, A10, A6, and A1 were clustered into grade Ⅱ and A9 into grade Ⅲ. In this study, the oilseed and vegetable dual-purpose rapeseed combinations were screened out based on grey relation analysis and cluster analysis,which can provide reference for the breeding of oilseed and vegetable dual-purpose rapeseed combinations.

Implementation and Evaluation of Dual-Purpose Normal and Disaster Situations System Based on Delay and Disruption Tolerant Bluetooth MANETs

Dual-purpose systems for both normal and disaster situations are necessary for providing continuous services from normal situations to disaster situations. We have been developing the dual-purposed systems based on the assurance network design principle. The assurance network design principle makes the dual-purpose systems work stably in both normal and disaster situations. This paper proposes a connectivity-dependent data propagation scheme, in which each terminal transfers data adaptively by wireless multi-hop data transfer or store-and-forward data transfer depending on whether the terminal has connections to its neighboring terminals. To verify the resilience against disconnection among neighboring terminals, we show field experimental results on data propagation time. Also we propose the dual-purpose system, in which there are two types of graphical user interface (GUI) for both situations. Whenever each terminal receives a special packet in disaster situations, the GUI automatically switches from one type for normal situations to another type for disaster situations. We have unified these two types of GUI so that users can understand how to use them even when GUI is automatically switched. To validate feasibility of the dual-purpose normal and disaster situations system, we show experimental results on dissemination of assessment information and automatical switching of GUIs.

Enhancing Rice Productivity and Soil Nitrogen Using Dual-Purpose Cowpea-NERICARice Sequence in Degraded Savanna

ISFM （integrated soil fertility management） involving annual sequencing of dual-purpose early-maturing first crop of cowpeas with biomass incorporation before seeding second crop of early-maturing NERICA （New Rice for Africa） was evaluated to enhance rice productivity and soil-nitrogen. Five dual-purpose early-maturing cowpea cultivars and local cultivar （Katche） were seeded early in the wet season in five farmers＇ fields at Ouake （9046＇ N, 1°35′ E, highly degraded-savanna）, Benin. After pod harvest, cowpea residues were minimally worked into the soil using minimum tillage with hand-hoe and seeded with early-maturing, resilient NERICA8 rice that received either 20 kg N/ha or zero-N. Cowpea grain yield averaged 0.1-0.3 Mg/ha, and mean aboveground cowpea biomass produced and recycled was 0.54-0.64 Mg/ha among best cultivars （IT97-568-11 and IT89KD-288）. NERICA8 seeded after cowpea cv. IT97-568-11 and supplied with 20N gave the greatest grain yield of about 2.0 Mg/ha, accounting for 500% heavier grains than fallow-rice rotation with zero-N. Mineral-N dynamics monitored under NERICA8 in year 2 showed that previous IT97-568-11 plots had the highest mineral-N at tillering which persisted till panicle initiation stage. The adoption of an ISFM comprising annual cowpea-NERICA sequence by smallholder rice farmers could enhance productivity and improve N-supply in fragile savannas.

Warhead fragments motion trajectories tracking and spatio-temporal distribution reconstruction method based on high-speed stereo photography

High speed photography technique is potentially the most effective way to measure the motion parameter of warhead fragment benefiting from its advantages of high accuracy,high resolution and high efficiency.However,it faces challenge in dense objects tracking and 3D trajectories reconstruction due to the characteristics of small size and dense distribution of fragment swarm.To address these challenges,this work presents a warhead fragments motion trajectories tracking and spatio-temporal distribution reconstruction method based on high-speed stereo photography.Firstly,background difference algorithm is utilized to extract the center and area of each fragment in the image sequence.Subsequently,a multi-object tracking(MOT)algorithm using Kalman filtering and Hungarian optimal assignment is developed to realize real-time and robust trajectories tracking of fragment swarm.To reconstruct 3D motion trajectories,a global stereo trajectories matching strategy is presented,which takes advantages of epipolar constraint and continuity constraint to correctly retrieve stereo correspondence followed by 3D trajectories refinement using polynomial fitting.Finally,the simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately track the motion trajectories and reconstruct the spatio-temporal distribution of 1.0×10^(3)fragments in a field of view(FOV)of 3.2 m×2.5 m,and the accuracy of the velocity estimation can achieve 98.6%.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of precession warhead based on multi-view micro-Doppler analysis

The warhead of a ballistic missile may precess due to lateral moments during release. The resulting micro-Doppler effect is determined by parameters such as the target's motion state and size. A three-dimensional reconstruction method for the precession warhead via the micro-Doppler analysis and inverse Radon transform(IRT) is proposed in this paper. The precession parameters are extracted by the micro-Doppler analysis from three radars, and the IRT is used to estimate the size of targe. The scatterers of the target can be reconstructed based on the above parameters. Simulation experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in this paper.

Double casing warhead with sandwiched charge:The axial distribution of fragments velocities

The double casing warhead with sandwiched charge is a novel fragmentation warhead that can produce two groups of fragments with different velocity,and the previous work has presented a calculation formula to determine the maximum fragment velocity.The current work builds on the published formula to further develop a formula for calculating the axial distribution characteristics of the fragment velocity.For this type of warhead,the simulation of the dispersion characteristics of the detonation products at different positions shows that the detonation products at the ends have a much larger axial velocity than those in the middle,and the detonation products have a greater axial dispersion velocity when they are closer to the central axis.The loading process and the fragment velocity vary with the axial position for both casing layers,and the total velocity of the fragments is the vector sum of the radial velocity and the axial velocity.At the same axial position,the acceleration time of the inner casing is greater than that of the outer casing.For the same casing,the fragments generated at the ends have a longer acceleration time than the fragments from the middle.The proposed formula is validated with the X-ray radiography results of the four warheads previously tested experimentally and the 3D smoothedparticle hydrodynamics numerical simulation results of several series of new warheads with different configurations.The formula can accurately and reliably calculate the fragment velocity when the lengthto-diameter ratio of the charge is greater than 1.5 and the thickness of the casing is less than 20%its inner radius.This work thus provides a key reference for the theoretical analysis and the design of warheads with multiple casings.

Cluster Warhead Dispersing Technique and Its Interior Ballistic Calculation

Cluster warhead dispersing technique is analyzed with gas dynamic theory. It is seen that the front cover opening and two stage dispersing system is suitable for guided sub missiles whose number is not so large. The interior ballistic performances of this system are calculated with numerical calculation method. The performances such as the pressure in the pressure chambers and the velocity of the sub missiles are obtained in curve form.

Measurement method for cluster warhead's dispersion area based on binocular stereo vision technique

Cluster warhead has become the main ammunition of gun,rocket projectile and missile and it has been widely equipped in almost every country.More and more attention is paid to the damage effect of cluster warhead.The size of the dispersion area of cluster warhead is the main standard by which the damage effect of cluster warhead is estimated.The practical method of measuring the dispersion area was developed based on binocular stereo vision measurement theory.The calibration principle of the binocular stereo vision cameras was studied.The matching algorithm that relies on the gradient fields of the neighborhood of a pixel has been used to obtain the spatial information of matched points by acquiring apair of corresponding points in the left and right images of binocular cameras.The 3Dpositions of the flying path of cluster warhead were calculated.The umbrella that is similar to the dispersion track of static explosive cluster warhead was applied in the experiment to get the projection area of the umbrella on the ground.Experiment results verify the feasibility of the proposed method.

Design and theoretical analysis of test system for propellants' gas pressure in warhead

Aiming at harsh environment of cluster bombs center tube explosion dispersion and difficulties in installation of traditional test systems,a storage test system based on 16-bit ultra-low power microcontroller MSP430 is designed in order to acquire gas pressure during cluster bombs dispersion.To meet the requirement of low power consumption,the working states of system＇s modules during data acquisition are elaborated and the equation to calculate the gas pressure change during cylindrical center tube opening the hatch is deduced.The field test is conducted and good test results are obtained.

Simulation on damage effectiveness of hexagonal prism aimable warhead with multi-point synchronous initiations

In order to study the impacts of warhead geometry and initiation pattern on the lethality of aimable warhead, multi-point synchronous initiated hexagonal prism and cylindrical warheads were compared through numerical simulation, combined with theoretical formulas of fragment decelera- tion and target plugging. Enhancements of fragment velocity, kinetic energy and density toward the target and target destructions were analyzed. The results show that hexagonal prism warhead can produce dense fragment beams and enhance average velocity and kinetic energy with asymmetric eight-point initiation by 24. 13% and 54. 52% respectively, which are higher than those of the isomet- ric or same weight cylindrical warhead. The effective fragments are still relatively concentrated in an area of 8 m × 2 m for the hexagonal prism warhead when the distance between warhead and target is 40 m.

Effect of initiation manners on the scattering characteristics of semi-preformed fragment warhead

The lethality of a semi-preformed fragment warhead is closely related to the expand velocity and spatial distribution of the fragments from ruptured metal casing. The topic of how to improve the utilization of charge of have been drawing great attention from researchers and designer in this filed. In present paper,in order to investigate the influence of charge initiation manners on the scattering characteristics of semi-preformed fragment warhead, the numerical simulations and experimental test are conducted.Firstly, the influence of grid density on numerical results is investigated, and a proper numerical model with relatively high accuracy and effectiveness is determined. Then. numerical simulations of three kinds of different initiation position of a semi-preformed fragment warhead are carried out. An experimental test of the explosion of a semi-preformed fragment warhead is carried out. By comparing and analyzing the numerical results and experimental data, it is found that the initiation manners have great influence on scattering characteristics of semi-preformed fragment warhead. The researcher work of this paper would provide an effective alternative method to optimize the design of warhead.

Fragmentation model for large L/D (Length over Diameter) explosive fragmentation warheads

New advanced numerical computer model enabling accurate simulation of fragmentation parameters of large Length over Diameter(L/D)explosively driven metal shells has been developed and validated.The newly developed large L/D multi-region model links three-dimensional axisymmetric high strain high strain-rate hydrocode analyses with the conventional set of Picatinny Arsenal FRAGmentation(PAFRAG)simulation routines.The standard PAFRAG modeling technique is based on the Mott's theory of break-up of idealized cylindrical"ring-bombs",in which the length of the average fragment is a function of the radius and velocity of the shell at the moment of break-up,and the mechanical properties of the metal.In the newly developed multi-region model,each of the shell region,the break-up is assumed to occur instantaneously,whereas the entire shell is modeled to fragment at multiple times,according to the number of the regions considered.According to PAFRAG methodology,the required input for both the natural and the controlled fragmentation models including the geometry and the velocity of the shell at moment of break-up had been provided from the hydrocode analyses and validated with available experimental data.The newly developed large L/D multi-region PAFRAG model has been shown to accurately reproduce available experimental fragmentation data.

The Synthetic Evaluation of Warhead Overall Efficiency

The evaluation system of smart ammunition warhead overall efficiency has been established in this paper. Allkinds of evaluation methods have been analyzed. Having led the concept of hierarchical structure into technique for orderpreference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method, we put forward the step TOPSIS method which is suitable forevaluating the overall efficiency of smart ammunition warheads. In the calculation of index weight, the graded weight cal-culus is put forward which hardly relies on the subjectivity of decision-makers and can reflect the sensitivity and compatibili-ty of the index. In the graded weight calculation, the proportional-arithmetic weight value calculus and sensitivity-compati-bility weight value calculus are given respectively.

Research on the Application of Explosive Network in the Shaped Charge Warhead

With respect to the problems of that the shaped charge warhead currently uses a cover method to improve the penetration power, a method using an explosive network technology as the detonation mode of shaped charge warhead is proposed. In the context of some shaped charge warhead, a synchronous explosive network prototype is designed according to some charge structure parameters, such as the liner and main grain. From the performance comparison test, it can be known that the explosive network not only stably detonates, but also largely improves the penetration power and stability. Experimental results show that explosive network technology is an effective method for improving the penetration power. The results lay a solid foundation for the engineering application of the technology in the shaped charge warhead.

Initiation Style Optimization of Aimed Warhead by Numerical Simulation

The kill characteristics of aimed warhead were studied. Emphasis on the improvement of initiation system, experiments and three dimensional numerical investigations were carried out. Simulation results of side three initiation points fit experiments well. Optimal initiation style is obtained through further simulation. It shows that the effective fragments and the effective kill energy of the optimal scheme increase 12.8% and 10.1% respectively.

Split warhead simultaneous impact

A projectile system is proposed to improve efficiency and effectiveness of damage done by anti-tank weapon system on its target by designing a ballistic projectile that can split into multiple warheads and engage a target at the same time. This idea has been developed in interest of saving time consumed from the process of reloading and additional number of rounds wasted on target during an attack. The proposed system is achieved in three steps: Firstly, a mathematical model is prepared using the basic equations of motion. Second, An Ejection Mechanism of proposed warhead is explained with the help of schematics. Third, a part of numerical simulation which is done using the MATLAB software. The final result shows various ranges and times when split can be effectively achieved. With the new system,impact points are increased and hence it has a better probability of hitting a target.

Strain rate dependency and fragmentation pattern of expanding warheads

For the characterization of the behaviors of a metal material in events like expanding warheads, it is necessary to know its strength and ductility at high strain rates, around 104e105/s. The flyer plate impact testing produces the uniform stress and strain rates but the testing is expensive. The Taylor test is relatively inexpensive but produces non-uniform stress and strain fields, and the results are not so easily inferred for material modeling. In the split-Hopkinson bar(SHB), which may be used in compression, tension and torsion testing, the strain rates never exceeds 103/s. In the present work, we use the expanding ring test where the strain rate is 104e105/s. A streak camera is used to examine the expanding ring velocity, and a water tank is used to collect the fragments. The experimental results are compared with the numerical simulations using the hydrocodes AUTODYN, IMPETUS Afea and a regularized smooth particle(RSPH) software. The number of fragments increases with the increase in the expansion velocity of the rings. The number of fragments is similar to the experimental results. The RSPH software shows much the same results as the AUTODYN where the Lagrangian solver is used for the ring. The IMPETUS Afea solver shows a somewhat different fragmentation characteristic due to the node splitting algorithm that induces pronounced tensile splitting.