Primary coexisting adenocarcinoma of the colon and neuroendocrine tumor of the duodenum: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine tumors(NETs)arise from the body’s diffuse endocrine system.Coexisting primary adenocarcinoma of the colon and NETs of the duodenum(D-NETs)is a rare occurrence in clinical practice.The classification and treatment criteria for D-NETs combined with a second primary cancer have not yet been determined.CASE SUMMARY We report the details of a case involving female patient with coexisting primary adenocarcinoma of the colon and a D-NET diagnosed by imaging and surgical specimens.The tumors were treated by surgery and four courses of chemothe-rapy.The patient achieved a favorable clinical prognosis.CONCLUSION Coexisting primary adenocarcinoma of the colon and D-NET were diagnosed by imaging,laboratory indicators,and surgical specimens.Surgical resection com-bined with chemotherapy was a safe,clinically effective,and cost-effective treat-ment.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the duodenum:Surgical management and survival results

AIM:To provide long-term survival results of operable duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors(DGISTs)in a tertiary center in China.METHODS:In this retrospective study,the pathological data of 28 patients with DGISTs who had been treated surgically at the Second Department of General Surgery,Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital(SRRSH)from June1998 to December 2006 were reviewed.All pathological slides were examined by a single pathologist to confirm the diagnosis.In patients whose diagnosis was not confirmed by immunohistochemistry at the time of resection,representative paraffin blocks were reassembled,and sections were studied using antibodies against CD117(c-kit),CD34,smooth muscle actin(SMA),vimentin,S-100,actin(HHF35),and desmin.Operative procedures were classified as wedge resection(WR,local resection with pure closure,without duodenal transection or anastomosis),segmental resection[SR,duodenal transection with Roux-Y or BillrothⅡgastrojejunostomy(G-J),end-to-end duodenoduodenostomy(D-D),end-to-end or end-to-side duodenojejunostomy(D-J)],and pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD,Whipple operation with pancreatojejunostomy).R0 resection was pursued in all cases,and at least R1 resection was achieved.Regional lymphadenectomy was not performed.Clinical manifestations,surgery,medical treatment and follow-up data were retrospectively analyzed.Related studies in the literature were reviewed.RESULTS:There were 12 males and 16 females patients,with a median age of 53 years(20-76 years).Their major complaints were"gastrointestinal bleeding"(57.2%)and"nonspecific discomfort"(32.1%).About14.3%,60.7%,17.9%,and 7.1%of the tumors originated in the first to fourth portion,respectively,with a median size of 5.8 cm(1.6-20 cm).Treatment was by WR in 5 cases(17.9%),SR in 13 cases(46.4%),and by PD in 10 cases(35.7%).The morbidity and mortality rates were 35.7%and 3.6%,respectively.The median post-operative stay was 14.5 d(5-47 d).During a follow-up of 61(23-164)mo,the 2-year and 5-year relapse-free survival was 83.3%and 50%,respectively.Eighty-four related articles were reviewed.CONCLUSION:Surgeons can choose to perform limited resection or PD for operable DGISTs if clear surgical margins are achieved.Comprehensive treatment is necessary.

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the third portion of the duodenum treated by wedge resection: A case report

A 65-year old woman was admitted to our hospital with abdominal pain. Computed tomography showed a tumor measuring about 3 cm in diameter with no metastatic lesion or signs of local infiltration. Gastroduodenal endoscopy revealed the presence of a submucosal tumor in the third portion of the duodenum and biopsy revealed tumor cells stained positive for c-kit. These findings were consistent with gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) and we performed a wedge resection of the duodenum, sparing the pancreas. The postoperative course was uneventful and she was discharged on day 6. Surgical margins were negative. Histology revealed a GIST with a diameter of 3.2 cm and 【 5 mitoses/50 high power fields, indicating a low risk of malignancy. Therefore, adjuvant therapy with imatinib was not initiated. Wedge resection with primary closure is a surgical procedure that can be used to treat low malignant potential neoplasms of the duodenum and avoid extensive surgery, with significant morbidity and possible mortality, such as pancreatoduodenectomy.

Duodenum-preserving local excision of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor

BACKGROUND:Duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare. Because of the complex anatomy of the duodenum, the methods of resection of these tumors are controversial and diverse. METHODS:We report a case of a duodenal GIST in the anterolateral wall of the second part of the duodenum, which was successfully managed by local excision. The surgery was facilitated by preoperative mapping with Indian ink and navigation by endoscopy to assess the adequacy of resection and to avoid injury to the ampulla. RESULT:Reconstruction was successful with a duodeno-jejunostomy and protected by a nasoduodenal drain. CONCLUSION:The patient had no postoperative complications and the tumor was confirmed to be a GIST of the duodenum successful with an adequate resection margin.

Hematemesis as the initial complication of pancreatic adenocarcinoma directly invading the duodenum: A case report

Pancreatic carcinoma is a debilitating disease and carries a poor prognosis. It is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, even though pancreas, stomach, duodenum and jejunum are adjacent organs. The incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma directly invading the gastrointestinal tract leading to gastrointestinal hemorrhage is very low, and most of them present with melena and hematochezia. Here, we describe one unique case manifesting characteristically severe and unremitting hematemesis as an initial presentation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This tumor directly invaded the duodenal mucosa as a bleeding protruding tumor mass. Our MEDLINE search has confirmed that this is the first reported case with an initial manifestation of hematemesis from pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Asians.Pancreatic adenocarcinoma directly invading duodenum complicated by hemorrhage can be a rare cause of hematemesis, and clinicians should be reminded of it while they are making differential diagnosis.

Limited resection for duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors:Surgical management and clinical outcome

AIM:To analyze our experience in patients with duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GIST) and review the appropriate surgical approach.METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with duodenal GIST surgically treated at our medical institution between 2002 and 2011.Patient files,operative reports,radiological charts and pathology were analyzed.For surgical therapy open and laparoscopic wedge resections and segmental resections were performed for limited resection(LR).For extended resection pancreatoduodenectomy was performed.Age,gender,clinical symptoms of the tumor,anatomical localization,tumor size,mitotic count,type of resection resectional status,neoadjuvant therapy,adjuvant therapy,risk classification and follow-up details were investigated in this retrospective study.RESULTS:Nine patients(5 males/4 females) with a median age of 58 years were surgically treated.The median follow-up period was 45 mo(range 6-111 mo).The initial symptom in 6 of 9 patients was gastrointestinal bleeding(67%).Tumors were found in all four parts of the duodenum,but were predominantly located in the first and second part of the duodenum with each 3 of 9 patients(33%).Two patients received neoadjuvant medical treatment with 400 mg imatinib per day for 12 wk before resection.In one patient,the GIST resection was done by pancreatoduodenectomy.The 8 LRs included a segmental resection of pars 4 of the duodenum,5 wedge resections with primary closure and a wedge resection with luminal closure by Roux-Y duodeno-jejunostomy.One of these LRs was done minimally invasive;seven were done in open fashion.The median diameter of the tumors was 54 mm(14-110 mm).Using the Fletcher classification scheme,3/9(33%) tumors had high risk,1/9(11%) had intermediate risk,4/9(44%) had low risk,and 1/9(11%) had very low risk for aggressive behaviour.Seven resections showed microscopically negative transsection margins(R0),two showed positive margins(R1).No patient developed local recurrence during follow-up.The one patient who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy died due to progressive disease with hepatic metastasis but without evidence of local recurrence.Another patient died in complete remission due to cardiac disease.Seven of the nine patients are alive disease-free.CONCLUSION:In patients with duodenal GIST,limited surgical resection with microscopically negative margins,but also with microscopically positive margins,lead to very good local and systemic disease-free survival.

Ligation-assisted endoscopic submucosal resection with circumferential mucosal incision for duodenal carcinoid tumor

Here we present the case of a 64-year-old female with a duodenal carcinoid tumor treated by ligation-assisted endoscopic submucosal resection(ESMR-L) with circumferential mucosal incision(CMI). Band ligation was effective in resecting the duodenal carcinoid tumor after CMI,with an uneventful post-procedural course. Histopathological examination showed clear tumor margins at deeper tissue levels. Thus,in the present case,ESMR-L with CMI was useful for the treatment of duodenal carcinoid tumor.

Case of a tumor comprising gastric cancer and duodenal neuroendocrine tumor

The present report describes a rare case of a tumor composed of early gastric cancer and a duodenal neuroendocrine tumor(NET). A 78-year-old woman underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy at a local institution for screening of the upper gastrointestinal tract which revealed a protruded tumor through the pyloric ring from the pyloric antrum. The tumor was too large to treat at the facility; consequently, she was referred to our hospital for further management. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with tumor biopsy of the lesion revealed the diagnosis of early gastric cancer. Endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed with sufficient free margins in both vertical and horizontal directions. Histopathological findings showed NET confined to the submucosal layer and covered by welldifferentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical stainings showed that the two lesions existed continuously. While the possibility of a collision cancer was considered, it was suggested that the two lesions existed continuously. Finally, the tumor was diagnosed as gastric cancer composed of duodenal NET G1, with a lymphatic invasion of NET component.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for diagnosing a rare extraluminal duodenal gastrointestinal tumor

Duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) are extremely rare disease entities, and the extraluminal type is difficult to diagnose. These tumors have been misdiagnosed as pancreatic tumors; hence, pancreaticoduodenectomy has been performed, although partial duodenectomy can be performed if accurately diagnosed. Developing a diagnostic methodology including endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) and fine-needle aspiration(FNA) has allowed us to diagnose the tumor directly through the duodenum. Here, we present a case of a 50-year-old woman with a 27-mm diameter tumor in the pancreatic uncus on computed tomography scan. EUS showed a well-defined hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic uncus that connected to the duodenal proper muscular layer and was followed by endoscopic ultrasoundguided fine-needle aspiration(EUS-FNA). Histological examination showed spindle-shaped tumor cells positively stained for c-kit. Based on these findings, the tumor was finally diagnosed as a duodenal GIST of the extraluminal type, and the patient underwent successful mass resection with partial resection of the duodenum. This case suggests that EUS and EUS-FNA are effective for diagnosing the extraluminal type of duodenal GISTs, which is difficult to differentiate from pancreatic head tumor, and for performing the correct surgical procedure.

Unexpected endoscopic full-thickness resection of a duodenal neuroendocrine tumor

A 57-year-old man underwent endoscopy for investigation of a duodenal polyp. Endoscopy revealed a hemispheric submucosal tumor, about 5 mm in diameter, in the anterior wall of the duodenal bulb. Endoscopic biopsy disclosed a neuroendocrine tumor histologically, therefore endoscopic mucosal resection was conducted. The tumor was effectively and evenly elevated after injection of a mixture of 0.2% hyaluronic acid and glycerol at a ratio of 1:1 into the submucosal layer. A small amount of indigo-carmine dye was also added for coloration of injection fluid. The lesion was completely resected en bloc with a snare after submucosal fluid injection. Immediately, muscle-fiber-like tissues were identified in the marginal area of the resected defect above the blue-colored layer, which suggested perforation. The defect was completely closed with a total of 9 endoclips, and no symptoms associated with peritonitis appeared thereafter. Histologically, the horizontal and vertical margins of the resected specimen were free of tumor and muscularis propria was also seen in the resected specimen. Generally, endoscopic mucosal resection is considered to be theoretically successful if the mucosal defect is colored blue. The blue layer in this case, however, had been created by unplanned injection into the subserosal rather than the submucosal layer.

Unusual cause of lesions in the descending duodenum and liver:A case report and review of literature

The descending duodenum is rarely involved in Schistosoma japonicum(S. japonicum) infection. Here, we report a case of acute Schistosoma infection, which presented with abdominal pain, abdominal distension and irregular fever. Tumor-like lesions were observed in the descending duodenum. Simultaneously, heterogeneity in hepatic perfusion was demonstrated by dynamic computed tomography scanning. Biopsy of the descending duodenum showed the deposition of Schistosoma eggs. Following administration of the antihelminthic drug praziquantel, the patient showed rapid clinical improvement. In conclusion, we report a patient with acute S. japonicum infection presenting as tumor-like lesions in the descending duodenum and heterogeneity of blood perfusion in liver parenchyma.

Obstructive jaundice due to a rare periampullary tumor

Gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor predominantly arising in the second part of the duodenum with rare local recurrence or metastasis to regional lymph nodes.A 92-year-old female presented with obstructive jaundice.On exam she had pale conjunctiva and icteric sclera.Abdominal examination revealed tenderness in the upper abdomen.Laboratory data was consistent with obstructive jaundice.Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a dilated gall bladder and a common bile duct(CBD)with no evidence of liver lesions or pancreatic head mass.Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a 1 cm isoechoic submucosal nodule at the periampullary area,dilated CBD(9 mm),a prominent pancreatic duct(4.1 mm)and a hydropic gall bladder with no stones.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography was performed to relieve obstruction and showed a 1 cm periampullary mass which underwent an en-bloc snare resection.Histopathology analyses with immunohistochemical stains were positive for cytokeratin,synaptophysin,S-100 protein,neuron specific enolase and negative for actin and desmin consistent with periampullary gangliocytic paraganglioma.Periampullary gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare benign tumor of the small bowel.Common presentation includes abdominal pain and obstructive jaundice which should be included in differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.Endoscopic resection is a curative therapy in the absence of local invasion or distant metastasis.

合并十二指肠球后溃疡并出血的十二指肠间质瘤的诊治:1例报道

十二指肠间质瘤临床较少见,回顾我院1例十二指肠间质瘤合并十二指肠球后溃疡并出血,且瘤体破溃与十二指肠肠腔相通的病例诊治,结合病例特点及文献复习,分析治疗体会并总结十二指肠间质瘤的疾病特点及诊治要点,提高大家对该病的认识,降低漏诊率。

1例十二指肠Brunner腺瘤内镜下黏膜切除术治疗实践

目的为十二指肠Brunner腺瘤的临床合理治疗提供参考。方法对1例十二指肠Brunner腺瘤进行诊疗,给予内科常规护理,完善各项化验检查;并根据患者的病情及其要求,于2021年10月31日行内镜下黏膜切除术(尼龙圈结扎、圈套器辅助、高频电切除)。结果疗效较好,无明显出血或穿孔,手术风险和治疗成本均较低;术后3个月复查发现,胃镜能顺利穿过幽门管、十二指肠腔,且患者无任何腹胀、呕吐等不良反应,体质量增加了8 kg。结论十二指肠Brunner腺瘤内镜下黏膜切除术创伤小,并发症少,安全有效。

十二指肠良性肿瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨十二指肠良性肿瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析18例经病理证实的十二指肠良性肿瘤的临床资料，包括临床症状、诊断方法、病灶部位、手术方式、病理结果和预后等。结果18例患者均行手术切除治疗，其中8例行局部切除术，1例行肠段切除术，1例行胃大部切除术，3例行乳头部肿瘤切除加括约肌成形术，5例行胰十二指肠切除术；病理检查证实腺瘤5例、管状腺瘤2例、绒毛状腺瘤2例、管状绒毛状腺瘤2例、错构瘤2例、错构瘤性息肉1例、Brunner腺瘤1例、腺肌瘤1例、纤维瘤病1例、异位胰腺1例；经2～60个月随访，1例死于非相关疾病，1例失访，其余生活质量良好。结论上腹部不适和上消化道出血是十二指肠良性肿瘤最为常见的症状，手术切除是首选的治疗方法，且预后良好。

十二指肠间质瘤的影像学表现与病理对照分析

目的:分析十二指肠间质瘤的CT、MRI表现,旨在提高对十二指肠间质瘤的诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析16例经免疫组化证实的十二指肠间质瘤的CT和MRI表现,其中12例患者行CT检查,4例行MRI检查,将影像学表现与手术病理结果对照。结果:16例患者中,病理诊断交界性或交界性偏低度恶性潜能5例,低度恶性4例,中-高度恶性7例。影像学表现为十二指肠区类圆形或分叶状软组织肿块,平扫主要表现为实性或者囊实性混杂密度/信号,动态增强后实性肿块或肿块实性部分明显强化,门静脉期持续强化,部分门脉期强化幅度高于动脉期;12例CT检查者中有10例伴有囊变或坏死区呈不均匀强化。16例肿瘤中3例病灶内见钙化,5例病灶内出现气体影。结论:十二指肠间质瘤的影像学表现与病理特征密切相关;CT和MRI对其定位诊断有重要价值,其中MRI在显示病灶出血、囊变方面更具优势。

十二指肠肿瘤58例外科诊断与治疗

目的:提高十二指肠肿瘤的诊治水平。方法:对58例十二指肠肿瘤外科诊治的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:(1)十二指肠肿瘤位于乳头上方4例,乳头周围50例,乳头下方4例;(2)临床表现随部位不同而不同,乳头上方肿瘤临床表现上腹部疼痛和呕吐,呕吐物胃内容,不含胆汁;乳头周围肿瘤临床表现为梗阻性黄疸,肤目黄染伴不同程度上腹不适和不规则发热,可扪及肿大胆囊;乳头下方肿瘤临床表现上腹疼痛伴呕吐,呕吐物为胃内容含胆汁,或呕血,黑便,可扪及肿块;(3)消化道气钡造影诊断正确率57.14%,B超35.9%,CT70.59%;纤维十二指肠镜为90.48%;(4)病理组织学诊断恶性肿瘤54例,其中十二指肠腺癌51例,包括十二指肠溃疡伴溃疡边缘癌变1例,乳头状腺瘤伴癌和局限性癌变各1例和十二指肠平滑肌肉瘤3例;乳头腺瘤2例;乳头壶腹部溃疡1例和乳头黏膜下腺癌样增生1例;(5)外科手术,胰十二指肠切除术50例,根治性胃十二指肠切除术4例,根治性十二指肠节段性切除术3例,经十二指肠乳头开口处肿瘤局部切除,胰胆管引流术1例;(6)治疗结果:全组均治愈或好转出院,无手术死亡率;随访结果,获随访21例,1年生存率66.67%,3年生存率42.86%,5年生存率33.33%。结论:纤维十二指肠镜检查和活检是诊断十二指肠肿瘤的主要方法;肿瘤部位不同,治疗方法亦异,乳头上方肿瘤以胃十二指肠切除为主,乳头下方肿瘤以十二指肠节段性切除为主,乳头周围肿瘤根据肿瘤生物学特性选择胰十二指肠切除或经十二指肠肿瘤局部切除(TDE)或ESE。

13例十二指肠神经内分泌肿瘤的临床资料分析

目的探讨十二指肠神经内分泌肿瘤的临床表现、内镜下特点、病理结果和治疗方案，提高其诊疗水平。方法对2009年9月-2013年5月本院确诊的十二指肠神经内分泌肿瘤13例病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组患者无特异的神经内分泌肿瘤临床表现，病变好发于十二指肠降段，多为单发，内镜下表现为半球形、息肉样或盘状黏膜隆起，表面伴有充血、糜烂或溃疡，触之质韧或硬，可推动，当病变累及肌层时，较固定。4例行内镜下病变切除，2例行外科局部手术切除，5例行胰十二指肠切除，2例在逆行胰胆管造影（encdscopicretrogradecholangio—pancreatographv，ERCPl术中于胆总管内置人支架缓解症状。1例ERCP后失访，1例ERCP两个月后死亡，余11例平均随访时间24．1（6-43）个月，随访期间均无复发或死亡。结论十二指肠神经内分泌肿瘤临床表现无特异性，内镜及病理免疫组化检查是早期诊断的重要手段。治疗包括内镜下切除和外科手术切除。

非乳头区十二指肠肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的多层螺旋CT表现与手术病理对照

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在非乳头区十二指肠肿瘤和肿瘤样病变诊断中的价值。资料与方法回顾性分析11例经手术病理证实的非乳头区十二指肠肿瘤或肿瘤样病变的MSCT表现,并与手术所见和病理结果进行对照。结果腺癌5例,恶性胃肠间质瘤3例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例,腺瘤性息肉1例,十二指肠肠壁血肿1例。MSCT对病变与周围结构的关系以及有无转移诊断较准确,并且能对部分病灶做出定性诊断。结论MSCT可以很好地显示非乳头区十二指肠肿瘤和肿瘤样病变及其与周围解剖结构的关系,在病变的定性方面也有一定的价值,能为临床治疗方案的选择提供可靠的信息。

十二指肠间质瘤30例外科治疗分析

目的:探讨十二指肠间质瘤的临床特征、外科治疗方法及效果。方法:回顾分析复旦大学附属中山医院1995—2006年间收治的30例十二指肠间质瘤患者的临床资料。结果:肿瘤最常见于十二指肠降部60%(18/30),其次为水平部20%(6/ 30),球部10%(3/30),升部10%(3/30)。肿瘤以恶性多见,占76.7%(23/30),交界性13.3(4/30),良性10%(3/30)。细胞类型以梭形细胞型多见,占73.3%(22/30),混合型次之,占23.3%(7/30),上皮细胞型少见,占3.3%(1/30)。临床表现无特异性,以黑便多见,占40%(12/30),其次为腹痛30%(10/30)、饱胀13.3%(7/30)、贫血20%(6/30)。诊断方法的选择依次为上消化道钡餐造影、胃镜、内镜超声及CT。30例患者均获得手术治疗,15例行胰十二指肠切除术,其中13例为降部肿瘤,2例为横部肿瘤,术后病理检查均无淋巴结转移;5例降部和2例球部肿瘤行肿瘤及十二指肠壁局部切除术,4例水平部和3例升部肿瘤行十二指肠节段切除术,另有1例球部肿瘤行远端胃大部切除术。术后随访15个月～9年,其中24例获得完整随访,1年生存率、3年生存率分别为100%和87.5%。结论:十二指肠间质瘤以恶性者多见,其局部侵袭性不如消化道癌,淋巴结转移少见,术前诊断主要依据上腹部增强CT、胃肠道钡剂造影、胃镜以及内镜超声检查,其手术方式的选择更多取决于肿瘤的部位和大小。