The maize quadraplex tetraploids and duplex tetraploids were developed using Kato’s protocols. The phenotype ofheterosis and inbreeding depression over generations in their parents and progenies of F1, F2 and F3 were...The maize quadraplex tetraploids and duplex tetraploids were developed using Kato’s protocols. The phenotype ofheterosis and inbreeding depression over generations in their parents and progenies of F1, F2 and F3 were investigated.The results indicated that different duplex tetraploids have different genetic backgrounds, but they acquire maximumheterosis at same traits, such as the leaf length, leaf width, culm circumference and days to flowering. P.N. rises muchfaster from the F2 to F3 segment than the A.W. does for the plant height in duplex tetraploids. In comparing duplex andquadraplex over a generation the quadriplex is showing the greatest heterosis in plant height, leaf height, leaf width anddays to flowering. Most of the examples achieve the maximum heterosis at Qu F2, with the exception of culm circumference,which achieves greatest heterosis at PNAW F1. Meanwhile, this experiment shows that quadraplex tetraploids has distinctadditional favorable alleles that are not contained in duplex tetraploid, this is demonstrated by the heterosis found incrosses between the two duplex tetraploid. This finding helps explain quadraploids superiority and unique breedingbehavior, in which, the progressive heterosis and inbreeding depression in maize are due mainly to linkage disequilibrium.The severe inbreeding depression in duplex tetraploids is due mainly to the rapid loss of complementary chromosomes orgenes interactions in the first few generation of inbreeding. Correspondingly, the progressive heterosis in quadraplextetraploids is due mainly to a progressive increase in complementarities of homologous chromosomes or genes interactions.Greater complementarities of homologous chromosomes or genes interactions in tetraploids maize alse helps explainrecent molecular biology research indicating that some of traits in quadraplex tetraploids are more responsive to geneticdiversity than in duplex tetraploids. In addition, the dosage effect of polyploid in relation to the genetic basis of heterosisand inbreeding depression were discussed also.展开更多
体声波(BAW)双工器中Rx滤波器对Tx滤波器的负载效应,会使Tx滤波器的插入损耗性能退化而带外抑制性能过剩,进而使得BAW双工器性能不佳。为了解决这一问题,提出了一种BAW双工器的优化设计方法。设置BAW双工器中Tx滤波器的串联薄膜体声波...体声波(BAW)双工器中Rx滤波器对Tx滤波器的负载效应,会使Tx滤波器的插入损耗性能退化而带外抑制性能过剩,进而使得BAW双工器性能不佳。为了解决这一问题,提出了一种BAW双工器的优化设计方法。设置BAW双工器中Tx滤波器的串联薄膜体声波谐振器(FBAR)单元谐振区面积,及并联FBAR单元与串联FBAR单元谐振区面积比值为两组优化变量,通过牺牲Tx滤波器过剩带外抑制性能的方式,采用基于梯度的优化算法计算得到了两组优化变量的最终取值。以一个工作在FDD-LTE band 7的BAW双工器优化设计案例展示了该方法的应用流程。优化设计结果的仿真验证表明,Tx滤波器的插入损耗性能从2dB提升至1.1dB,带内波动性能从1dB提升至0.3dB。由此验证了该方法的可行性。展开更多
基金This study was in part supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars of Education Ministry of Chinaa grant from the Department of Energy Biosciences,USA,to University of Columbia,JB.
文摘The maize quadraplex tetraploids and duplex tetraploids were developed using Kato’s protocols. The phenotype ofheterosis and inbreeding depression over generations in their parents and progenies of F1, F2 and F3 were investigated.The results indicated that different duplex tetraploids have different genetic backgrounds, but they acquire maximumheterosis at same traits, such as the leaf length, leaf width, culm circumference and days to flowering. P.N. rises muchfaster from the F2 to F3 segment than the A.W. does for the plant height in duplex tetraploids. In comparing duplex andquadraplex over a generation the quadriplex is showing the greatest heterosis in plant height, leaf height, leaf width anddays to flowering. Most of the examples achieve the maximum heterosis at Qu F2, with the exception of culm circumference,which achieves greatest heterosis at PNAW F1. Meanwhile, this experiment shows that quadraplex tetraploids has distinctadditional favorable alleles that are not contained in duplex tetraploid, this is demonstrated by the heterosis found incrosses between the two duplex tetraploid. This finding helps explain quadraploids superiority and unique breedingbehavior, in which, the progressive heterosis and inbreeding depression in maize are due mainly to linkage disequilibrium.The severe inbreeding depression in duplex tetraploids is due mainly to the rapid loss of complementary chromosomes orgenes interactions in the first few generation of inbreeding. Correspondingly, the progressive heterosis in quadraplextetraploids is due mainly to a progressive increase in complementarities of homologous chromosomes or genes interactions.Greater complementarities of homologous chromosomes or genes interactions in tetraploids maize alse helps explainrecent molecular biology research indicating that some of traits in quadraplex tetraploids are more responsive to geneticdiversity than in duplex tetraploids. In addition, the dosage effect of polyploid in relation to the genetic basis of heterosisand inbreeding depression were discussed also.
文摘体声波(BAW)双工器中Rx滤波器对Tx滤波器的负载效应,会使Tx滤波器的插入损耗性能退化而带外抑制性能过剩,进而使得BAW双工器性能不佳。为了解决这一问题,提出了一种BAW双工器的优化设计方法。设置BAW双工器中Tx滤波器的串联薄膜体声波谐振器(FBAR)单元谐振区面积,及并联FBAR单元与串联FBAR单元谐振区面积比值为两组优化变量,通过牺牲Tx滤波器过剩带外抑制性能的方式,采用基于梯度的优化算法计算得到了两组优化变量的最终取值。以一个工作在FDD-LTE band 7的BAW双工器优化设计案例展示了该方法的应用流程。优化设计结果的仿真验证表明,Tx滤波器的插入损耗性能从2dB提升至1.1dB,带内波动性能从1dB提升至0.3dB。由此验证了该方法的可行性。
