Improving pulsed laser weldability of duplex stainless steel to 5456 aluminum alloy via friction stir process reinforcing of aluminum by BNi-2 brazing alloy

Effects of laser pulse distance and reinforcing of 5456 aluminum alloy were investigated on laser weldability of Al alloy to duplex stainless steel (DSS) plates. The aluminum alloy plate was reinforced by nickel-base BNi-2 brazing powder via friction stir processing. The DSS plates were laser welded to the Al5456/BNi-2 composite and also to the Al5456 alloy plates. The welding zones were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, micro-hardness and shear tests. The weld interface layer became thinner from 23 to 5 μm, as the laser pulse distance was increased from 0.2 to 0.5 mm. Reinforcing of the Al alloy modified the phases at interface layer from Al-Fe intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the DSS/Al alloy weld, to Al-Ni-Fe IMCs in the DSS/Al composite one, since more nickel was injected in the weld pool by BNi-2 reinforcements. This led to a remarkable reduction in crack tendency of the welds and decreased the hardness of the interface layer from ~950 HV to ~600 HV. Shear strengths of the DSS/Al composite welds were significantly increased by ~150%, from 46 to 114 MPa, in comparison to the DSS/Al alloy ones.

Influence of hot rolling on the microstructure of lean duplex stainless steel 2101

In this work, the microstructure and the strain partitioning of lean duplex stainless steel 2101 (LDX 2101) during different hot-rolling processes are investigated by optical microscopy and electron-backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the LDX 2101 exhibits poor thermoplasticity at high temperature. The four-pass hot-rolled plates show fewer edge-cracking defects and superior thermoplasticity compared with the two-pass hot-rolled plates prepared at different temperature. The phase boundary is the weakest site in the LDX 2101. The cracks are initiated and propagated along the phase boundaries during the hot-rolling process. According to the EBSD analysis, the increase of the hot-rolling pass can dramatically improve the strain distribution in ferrite and austenite phases and promote the strain transmission in the constituent phases, thereby improving the coordinated deformation ability of the two phases. This effect further in- creases the thermoplasticity and reduces the formation of edge cracks in LDX 2101.

Gas metal arc welding of duplex stainless clad steel plates

The 2205 duplex stainless ＋ DH36 clad steel plate was welded by gas metal arc welding（GMAW）, and the welding performance of the clad steel plate was investigated. The results show that the adaptability of the welding procedure for the base metal of carbon steel, the transition layer, and the cladding material is excellent. The test results indicate that the phase proportion and component dilution of the GMAW-welded joints of clad steel plate can be effectively controlled to yield joints with good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

Data-Driven Prediction of Mechanical Properties in Support of Rapid Certification of Additively Manufactured Alloys

Predicting the mechanical properties of additively manufactured parts is often a tedious process,requiring the integration of multiple stand-alone and expensive simulations.Furthermore,as properties are highly location-dependent due to repeated heating and cooling cycles,the properties prediction models must be run for multiple locations before the part-level performance can be analyzed for certification,compounding the computational expense.This work has proposed a rapid prediction framework that replaces the physics-based mechanistic models with Gaussian process metamodels,a type of machine learning model for statistical inference with limited data.The metamodels can predict the varying properties within an entire part in a fraction of the time while providing uncertainty quantification.The framework was demonstrated with the prediction of the tensile yield strength of Ferrium?PH48S maraging stainless steel fabricated by additive manufacturing.Impressive agreement was found between the metamodels and the mechanistic models,and the computation was dramatically decreased from hours of physics-based simulations to less than a second with metamodels.This method can be extended to predict various materials properties in different alloy systems whose processstructure-property-performance interrelationships are linked by mechanistic models.It is powerful for rapidly identifying the spatial properties of a part with compositional and processing parameter variations,and can support part certification by providing a fast interface between materials models and part-level thermal and performance simulations.

022Cr22Ni5Mo3N双相不锈钢高温热变形行为

利用JMatPro11.0热力模拟软件、Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机研究了022Cr22Ni5Mo3N双相不锈钢的高温热变形行为,揭示了其在1000~1150℃,0.01~5 s^(-1)下的热变形特征。结果表明:022Cr22Ni5Mo3N双相不锈钢的热变形温度应大于脆性σ相的溶解温度,即980℃;其次,材料的流变应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小。基于动态材料模型构筑了材料的热加工图,并结合微观组织进行了验证。其最佳热加工窗口为1090~1125℃、0.01~0.03 s^(-1),该区域对应的组织特征为:两相组织均匀,奥氏体相发生充分动态再结晶且组织中不存在σ相;在失稳参数1100℃、5 s^(-1)条件下,组织中两相晶粒被明显拉长且再结晶比例低,相界处的析出物易诱发裂纹。因此实际加工参数应接近最佳热加工工艺窗口,避免失稳区参数及σ相的应变析出。

A short review of antibacterial Cu-bearing stainless steel:antibacterial mechanisms,corrosion resistance,and novel preparation techniques

Cu-bearing stainless steel is widely used in the fields of food,medical and household sanitary equipment because of its surface finish and corrosion resistance.However,the growth of bacteria on stainless steel leads to the formation of biofilms,which causes corrosion.Therefore,the antibacterial property of stainless steel is a worthy research topic.Reviews of breakthroughs in the field of corrosion resistance and antimicrobial properties are still lacking.Herein,due to the scarcity of publications on the antibacterial mechanisms and processing methods of antibacterial Cu-bearing stainless steel,we review the current state of relevant research and progress.The toxicity of Cu,corrosion resistance mechanism of stainless steel,and antibacterial mechanism and preparation method of antibacterial stainless steel are reported.In addition,alloying,surface modification and other methods are found to have limitations in balancing the toxicity and antibacterial properties of copper and the relationship between the antibacterial properties and corrosion resistance of Cu-bearing stainless steel.A new preparation method of antibacterial stainless steel associated with selective laser melting(SLM)is proposed.SLM is becoming a powerful additive manufacturing technology that can be used to manufacture customized and complex metals.The research status of SLM applied in antibacterial stainless steel preparation is described.Finally,the future research direction of Cu-bearing antibacterial stainless steel is discussed.

固溶处理对电弧增材制造超级双相不锈钢微观组织及摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用直径为1.2 mm的ER2594-超级双相不锈钢焊丝进行了多层单道墙体电弧增材试验,对增材件分别进行1050、1150和1250℃的固溶处理,并在固溶处理后对各试样进行了往复式摩擦磨损试验.试验结果表明:随着固溶温度的升高,双相比中的铁素体含量增加,其显微硬度也相应提高.此外,固溶处理可降低增材件的内应力,最终基于较高硬度和较低内应力的协同作用,在1250℃时获得耐磨性能较优的试样,有效地提升了热处理后增材件试样的摩擦磨损性能.

高钼超级奥氏体不锈钢S31254无缝管生产工艺研究

选择典型牌号S31254研究高Mo超级奥氏体不锈钢管在生产过程中的加工塑性、金相组织变化规律。采用“热挤压+三道次冷轧”工艺生产S31254不锈钢管材;用高温热处理工艺消除前道工序产生的σ等析出相;中间道次钢管在1150-1180℃保温5~10 min后以350℃/min以上速度快速冷却,批量生产的S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢无缝管的力学性能、金相组织和耐腐蚀性能等均符合技术条件要求。

1.4462双相不锈钢与S355ML碳钢焊接工艺研究

基于某国外海上风电导管架建造项目的设计要求,开发了EN10088-21.4462双相不锈钢与EN10025-4S355ML碳钢的异种钢GTAW焊接工艺,并对该工艺焊接接头进行了组织和力学性能试验。结果显示,焊缝中心组织为粗大的奥氏体+铁素体,分布不均匀,但未见其他中间相(金属间化合物或有害相)析出;接头双相不锈钢侧热影响区和母材区的组织为分布均匀的奥氏体+铁素体,未见其他中间相(金属间化合物或有害相)析出;焊缝区铁素体含量为12%~18%;拉伸断裂位置位于S355ML碳钢母材一侧,焊接接头各位置冲击功均值均大于项目规格书规定的最小冲击功接收值34J的要求。研究结果认为,采用此焊接工艺获得的焊接接头具有良好的强度、塑性、低温冲击韧性等力学性能,达到了DNVGL-OS-C401—2018标准及海上风电导管架建造项目设计要求。

双相不锈钢S31803与SUS316L焊接工艺研究及性能分析

对双相不锈钢S31803与不锈钢SUS316L焊接工艺的优化及焊接接头性能进行分析。对双相不锈钢S31803和不锈钢SUS316L的特性与焊接难点等进行分析,对双相不锈钢S31803与不锈钢SUS316L的异种钢焊接工艺、焊接接头组织和性能进行实验,通过实验验证和性能分析,得出关于双相不锈钢S31803与不锈钢SUS316L异种钢焊接工艺的结论和建议。

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of a Cu-Bearing 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

The hot deformation behavior and processing map of Cu-bearing 2205 duplex stainless steel(2205-Cu DSS)were investigated at temperatures of 950-1150℃ and strain rates of 0.01-10 s^-1.The effects of Cu addition and different deformation parameters on deformation behavior were,respectively,characterized by analyzing flow curves,constitutive equations and microstructures.The results indicated that the shapes of flow curves strongly depended on the volume fraction of two phases.When deformed at low strain rate,DRV in ferrite was prompted with increase in the temperature and was further developed to continuous DRX.At high strain rate,flow localization preferentially occurred in ferrite at low deformation temperature due to the strain partitioning and relatively less fraction of ferrite.The activation energy for 2205-Cu DSS was 452 kJ/mol and was found to connect with the variation of strain,strain rate and deformation temperature.The optimum hot deformation parameters for 2205-Cu DSS were obtained in the temperature range of 1100-1150℃ and strain rate range of 0.1-1 s^-1 with a peak power dissipation efficiency of 41%.Flow localization was the main way to lead to flow instability.Meanwhile,the Cu-rich precipitates were generated within a few ferrite grains when deformed at temperature lower than 1000℃.The interaction between dislocations and Cu-rich precipitates at high strain rate,as well as the limited DRV in ferrite and DRX in austenite,contributed to the complex microstructure and flow behavior.

Hot Workability of the as-Cast 21Cr Economical Duplex Stainless Steel Through Processing Map and Microstructural Studies Using Different Instability Criteria

To develop a fundamental understanding of the flow behavior and optimal hot workability parameters of this material, the hot workability and deformation mechanisms of the as-cast 21Cr EDSS were studied using processing map technology combined with microstructure analysis and isothermal hot compression over the temperature range of 1000-1150 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s-1. The processing maps and constitutive equation of peak stress were developed based on Prasad＇s and Murty＇s criteria. The results show that the processing maps exhibit a stable domain at 1000-1150 ℃ and 0.01-1 s-1. The instability domain is exhibited at high strain rates （≥1 s-l）. This implies that Murty＇s criterion can predict the unstable domain with high reliability. The detailed deformation mechanisms are also studied by microstructure observation, showing that the flow localization and microcracking are responsible for the flow instability.

Simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility in friction stir processed 2205 duplex stainless steel with a bimodal structure:experiments and crystal plasticity modeling

Achieving excellent strength-ductility synergy is a long-lasting research theme for structural materials.However,attempts to enhance strength usually induce a loss of ductility,i.e.,the strength-ductility trade-off.In the present study,the strength-ductility trade-off in duplex stainless steel(DSS)was overcome by developing a bimodal structure using friction stir processing(FSP).The ultimate tensile strength and elongation were improved by 140%and 109%,respectively,compared with those of the asreceived materials.Plastic deformation and concurrent dynamic recrystallization(DRX)during FSP were responsible for the formation of bimodal structure.Incompatible deformation resulted in the accumulation of dislocations at the phase boundaries,which triggered interpenetrating nucleation between the austenite and ferrite phases during DRX,leading to a bimodal structure.The in situ mechanical responses of the bimodal structure during tensile deformation were investigated by crystal plasticity finite element modeling(CPFEM).The stress field distribution obtained from CPFEM revealed that the simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility in a bimodal structure could be attributed to the formation of a unique dispersion-strengthened system with the austenite and ferrite phases.It is indicated that the present design of alternating fine austenite and coarse ferrite layers is a promising strategy for optimizing the mechanical properties of DSSs.

热处理工艺对S31803双相不锈钢组织及性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计和电化学工作站等研究了不同的热处理工艺对S31803双相不锈钢微观组织和性能的影响。结果表明:S31803双相不锈钢的组织主要由铁素体(α)和奥氏体(γ)两相组成,其含量分别为41%和59%。随着热处理温度升高,α相含量增加,当热处理温度到达1000℃时,α相含量增加至49.26%,但α相的含量随保温时间的增加逐渐减少,γ相含量变化趋势与之相反。随热处理温度升高,由于α相含量的增加,S31803双相不锈钢的硬度随之增大,而随保温时间增加,α相含量减少,硬度降低。S31803双相不锈钢的耐蚀性主要受两相比例以及析出相的影响,随热处理温度升高,α/γ相比例增加,耐蚀性下降,但是保温时间的增加会同时改变α/γ相比例和析出相含量,其耐蚀性无明显变化规律。

SUS304奥氏体不锈钢TIG焊电弧增材制造工艺优化

为探索SUS304奥氏体不锈钢TIG焊电弧增材制造的最佳工艺窗口,采用不同沉积工艺参数对SUS304不锈钢进行单道多层墙体成形试验,试验通过改变电弧移动速度、送丝速度和层间冷却时间,研究其对墙体平均宽度和高度的影响,并考察墙体的金相显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,当热输入保持不变时,电弧移动速度和送丝速度相匹配,才能保证沉积过程的稳定;在保持热输入不变的情况下,随着电弧行走速度的增加,沉积层平均宽度从10.54 mm减小到7.5 mm,平均高度从6.75 mm减小到4.16 mm;随着送丝速度的增加,沉积层的平均宽度和高度均增加,其高度增加大约1 mm;随着层间冷却时间的增加,沉积层平均宽度明显增加,从层间冷却时间为2 min的10.54 mm增加到5 min的11.6 mm,高度变化不大,均在6.5 mm左右;沉积墙体的显微组织出现明显的方向性,主要由大量奥氏体和少量铁素体组成;相比于SUS304母材而言,x和z方向的抗拉强度均有所下降,约为母材的82.5%,且x方向的断后伸长率大于z方向。

基于PSO-BP神经网络的双相不锈钢电弧增材制造焊道成形预测

Duplex stainless steel was formed through welding wire and arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)using tungsten inert gas.The effects of wire feeding speed(WFS),welding speed(WS),welding current,and their interaction on the weld bead width and height were discussed.Back-propagation(BP)neural network algorithm prediction model was established by taking the bead width and height as the output layer,and the network weight and threshold values were optimized using the particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm to obtain the prediction model of bead width and height.The predicted results were verified by experiments.Results show that the weld bead width increases with the increase in WFS and the welding current and decreases with WS.The smaller the WFS,the faster the WS,which is beneficial for the generation of equiaxed crystals.The smaller the welding current,the faster the cooling speed of the metal melt,which is conducive to the formation of dendrites.The interaction among WS,wire feed speed,and welding current has a significant effect on the bead width.The weld bead height is positively correlated with the wire feed speed and negatively correlated with the WS and current.The interaction between the wire feed speed and WS is significant.The optimized WAAM process parameters for duplex stainless steel are a wire feed speed of 200 cm/min,WS of 24 cm/min,and welding current of 160 A.The maximum error of the BP neural network in predicting the weld bead width and height is 7.74%,and the maximum error between the predicted and experimental values of the BP-PSO neural network is 4.27%.This finding indicates that the convergence speed is fast,improving the prediction accuracy.

超级双相不锈钢材质CE3MN的试验研究

本文进行了超级双相不锈钢材质CE3MN不同工艺控制方案的对比试验研究。结果表明,该材质在化学成分内控基础上,采用高温落砂快速冷却到常温后,进行1120℃固溶处理的工艺控制方案,可得到比例接近的奥氏体+铁素体组织、较高的力学性能及良好的耐点腐蚀性能;通过高温力学性能试验,确定了材质不同温度的高温性能及显微组织特点,为预防材质在铸造过程中产生脆裂等缺陷工艺措施的制定提供了依据。

激光熔覆再制造双相不锈钢工艺与性能研究

以核电海水循环泵叶轮用材1.4468双相不锈钢的修复再制造为背景,开展了激光熔覆双相不锈钢工艺及力学性能试验。采用激光熔覆的方法制备双相不锈钢熔覆层,通过宏观形貌测量、微观组织表征和力学性能测试,研究了工艺参数对1.4468双相不锈钢激光熔覆层成型情况的影响和熔覆层的组织与力学性能。结果表明,激光功率、扫描速度和送粉速率都对激光熔覆双相不锈钢熔覆宽度具有显著影响,只有扫描速度和送粉速率对熔覆层高度的影响较为显著。双相不锈钢熔覆的成型情况良好,其微观组织以铁素体和奥氏体为主,室温拉伸力学性能满足标准对1.4468双相不锈钢的要求。

热输入对电弧增材制造超级双相不锈钢组织与性能的影响

为了研究热输入对电弧增材制造超级双相不锈钢组织和性能的影响,使用直径为1.2mm的ER2594超级双相不锈钢焊丝,在Q345低碳合金钢的基板上使用不同的热输入进行MIG电弧增材制造单墙体试验,并对其微观组织和力学性能进行分析,结果表明,当热输入由435.6 J/mm增加至517.3 J/mm时,由于热输入量增加和冷却速率较慢造成奥氏体含量升高,其含量由31%增加至43%.当热输入增加至599.0 J/mm时,由于N元素烧损使奥氏体含量降低的程度大于提高热输入使其增加的程度,奥氏体含量由43%减少至41%.随着热输入的增大(435.6 J/mm增加至599.0 J/mm)显微硬度先降低后升高,其原因在于显微硬度与铁素体含量呈正相关.热输入取中间值(517.3J/mm)时的试样由于奥氏体含量较多使得其拉伸性能略优.创新点:(1)制备了3组不同热输入的电弧增材制造超级双相不锈钢墙体.

S22053双相不锈钢无缝管生产工艺研究

分析了S22053双相不锈钢的热加工性能和冷加工特性,讨论了影响其加工性能的因素,研究了固溶温度对显微组织、力学性能及耐点蚀性能的影响,并制定了S22053双相不锈钢无缝管的批量化生产热加工、冷轧变形及固溶处理工艺。分析认为:S22053双相不锈钢管坯的加热温度应控制在1 100~1 120℃,不宜在σ相析出温度区间长期停留,同时穿孔后的荒管应快速冷却;冷轧(拔)的道次加工变形量不宜过高;固溶温度在1 050~1 100℃时,S22053双相不锈钢的两相比例较为平衡,抗氯化物点蚀能力强。