We reported in this paper the results of our test of four insecticides used through cover spray for controlling the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.). The four insecticides were ASTRO (A. I. ...We reported in this paper the results of our test of four insecticides used through cover spray for controlling the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.). The four insecticides were ASTRO (A. I. 36 8% permethrin) by FMC Corp., AllPro DURSBAN 4E (A. I. 44 9% chlorpyrifos) by Sureco Inc., ORTHENE 75 S (A.I. 75% acephate) by VALENT USA Corp., and SEVINXLR PLUS (A. I. 44 1% carbaryl) by Rhone_Poulenc AG Co. (now part of Bayer CropScience). The insecticides were sprayed onto 1 5 years old poplar ( Populus sp . ) trees until insecticide run_off from twigs. Twigs were collected from treated trees once every 3 d until the 21 st day after insecticide application to feed caged adult beetles. Adult mortality was recorded once every day for 3 d. Leaf and twig samples of treated poplar were collected from each treatment 3, 6, 9, 20, 40 d after spray to determine the levels of insecticides in these parts of trees. Although all insecticides showed promise for short term efficacy (>95% 3 d mortality for adults feed on twigs collected 1 after application), permethrin (concentration 920 mg·kg -1 ) was the best among the 4 tested insecticides for longer residual activity with 3 d cumulative mortality>95% for adults feed on twigs collected within 15 days after application. Chlorpyrifos (2 245 mg·kg -1 ) was the least effective with 3 d cumulative mortality around 60% for adults feed on twigs collected within 6 d after application, while the mortality was around 90% and 75% for acephate (7 500 mg·kg -1 ) and carbaryl (17 640 mg·kg -1 ), respectively. However, high concentrations of acephate and carbaryl are not feasible for controlling adult beetles, especially in urban areas. In general, levels of insecticides were higher in leaves than in twigs for the 4 insecticide. Levels in leaf 3～9 d after application was 0 9～4 1 mg·kg -1 for permethrin,2 5～1 6 mg·kg -1 for chlorpyrifos,2 6～2 3 mg·kg -1 for acephate, and 35 2 ～49 6 mg·kg -1 for carbaryl. Residual levels 20～40 d after application were 2 8～1 9 mg·kg -1 ,1 4～1 2 mg·kg -1 , 1 9～1 4 mg·kg -1 and 40 9～39 7 mg·kg -1 for permethrin, chlorprrifos, acephate, and carbaryl. Based on the relationship of the mortality of adult beetles and residual levels of insecticides, mortality may reach 95% when the level of permethrin reaches 4 mg·kg -1 in leaf, 1 4 mg·kg -1 in twig. For acephate, a level of 2 5 mg·kg -1 in leaves or 2 1 mg·kg -1 in twigs will achieve 90% mortality of adult beetles.展开更多
The acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl （Dursban ） and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent （STIUE） exposure on acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and butyrylcholinesterase （BuChE...The acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl （Dursban ） and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent （STIUE） exposure on acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and butyrylcholinesterase （BuChE） activities in hepatopancreas and gills of Mediterranean crab Carcinus maenas were investigated. After 2 d of exposure to chlorpyriphos-ethyl, the AChE activity was inhibited in both organs at concentrations of 3.12 and 7.82 μg/L, whereas the BuCHE was inhibited only at higher concentration 7.82 μg/L of commercial preparation Dursban~. The exposure of crabs to Dursban （3.12 μg/L） showed a significant decrement of ACHE activity at 24 and 48 h, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only after 24 h and no inhibition for both enzymes was observed after 72 h. Moreover, a significant repression of AChE activity was observed in both organs of C. maenas exposed to 5% of STIUE. Our experiments indicated that the measurement of AChE activity in gills and hepatopancreas of C. maenas would be useful biomarker of organophosphorous （OP） and of neurotoxic effects of STIUE in Tunisia.展开更多
文摘We reported in this paper the results of our test of four insecticides used through cover spray for controlling the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.). The four insecticides were ASTRO (A. I. 36 8% permethrin) by FMC Corp., AllPro DURSBAN 4E (A. I. 44 9% chlorpyrifos) by Sureco Inc., ORTHENE 75 S (A.I. 75% acephate) by VALENT USA Corp., and SEVINXLR PLUS (A. I. 44 1% carbaryl) by Rhone_Poulenc AG Co. (now part of Bayer CropScience). The insecticides were sprayed onto 1 5 years old poplar ( Populus sp . ) trees until insecticide run_off from twigs. Twigs were collected from treated trees once every 3 d until the 21 st day after insecticide application to feed caged adult beetles. Adult mortality was recorded once every day for 3 d. Leaf and twig samples of treated poplar were collected from each treatment 3, 6, 9, 20, 40 d after spray to determine the levels of insecticides in these parts of trees. Although all insecticides showed promise for short term efficacy (>95% 3 d mortality for adults feed on twigs collected 1 after application), permethrin (concentration 920 mg·kg -1 ) was the best among the 4 tested insecticides for longer residual activity with 3 d cumulative mortality>95% for adults feed on twigs collected within 15 days after application. Chlorpyrifos (2 245 mg·kg -1 ) was the least effective with 3 d cumulative mortality around 60% for adults feed on twigs collected within 6 d after application, while the mortality was around 90% and 75% for acephate (7 500 mg·kg -1 ) and carbaryl (17 640 mg·kg -1 ), respectively. However, high concentrations of acephate and carbaryl are not feasible for controlling adult beetles, especially in urban areas. In general, levels of insecticides were higher in leaves than in twigs for the 4 insecticide. Levels in leaf 3～9 d after application was 0 9～4 1 mg·kg -1 for permethrin,2 5～1 6 mg·kg -1 for chlorpyrifos,2 6～2 3 mg·kg -1 for acephate, and 35 2 ～49 6 mg·kg -1 for carbaryl. Residual levels 20～40 d after application were 2 8～1 9 mg·kg -1 ,1 4～1 2 mg·kg -1 , 1 9～1 4 mg·kg -1 and 40 9～39 7 mg·kg -1 for permethrin, chlorprrifos, acephate, and carbaryl. Based on the relationship of the mortality of adult beetles and residual levels of insecticides, mortality may reach 95% when the level of permethrin reaches 4 mg·kg -1 in leaf, 1 4 mg·kg -1 in twig. For acephate, a level of 2 5 mg·kg -1 in leaves or 2 1 mg·kg -1 in twigs will achieve 90% mortality of adult beetles.
基金supported by the fund from the Ministry of Scientific Research and Technology, Tunisia (Research Unit of Biochemical and Environmental Toxicology, UR04AGR05)
文摘The acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl （Dursban ） and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent （STIUE） exposure on acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and butyrylcholinesterase （BuChE） activities in hepatopancreas and gills of Mediterranean crab Carcinus maenas were investigated. After 2 d of exposure to chlorpyriphos-ethyl, the AChE activity was inhibited in both organs at concentrations of 3.12 and 7.82 μg/L, whereas the BuCHE was inhibited only at higher concentration 7.82 μg/L of commercial preparation Dursban~. The exposure of crabs to Dursban （3.12 μg/L） showed a significant decrement of ACHE activity at 24 and 48 h, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only after 24 h and no inhibition for both enzymes was observed after 72 h. Moreover, a significant repression of AChE activity was observed in both organs of C. maenas exposed to 5% of STIUE. Our experiments indicated that the measurement of AChE activity in gills and hepatopancreas of C. maenas would be useful biomarker of organophosphorous （OP） and of neurotoxic effects of STIUE in Tunisia.
