Dust Deposition’s Effect on Solar Photovoltaic Module Performance:An Experimental Study in India’s Tropical Region

A solar PV panel works with maximum efficiency only when it is operated around its optimum operating point or maximum power point.Unfortunately,the performance of the solar cell is affected by several factors like sun direction,solar irradiance,dust accumulation,module temperature,as well as the load on the system.Dust deposition is one of the most prominent factors that influence the performance of solar panels.Because the solar panel is exposed to the atmosphere,dust will accumulate on its surface,reducing the quantity of sunlight reaching the solar cell and diminishing output.In the proposed work,a detailed investigation of the performance of solar PV modules is carried out under the tropical climatic condition of Chennai,India,where the presence of dust particles is very high.The data corresponding to four different dust samples of various densities at four solar irradiation levels of 220,525,702,and 905 W/m^(2)are collected,and performance analysis is carried out.Based on the analysis carried out,the maximum power loss is found to be 73.51%,66.29%,65.46%,and 61.42%,for coal,sand,brick powder,and chalk dust respectively.Hence,it can be said that coal dust contributes to the maximum power loss among all four dust samples.Due to heat dissipation produced by dust deposition,the performance of solar PV modules is degraded as the temperature rose.

Effect of Mineral Dusts on the Growth of Silicate Bacteria S35

In order to compare the chemical compositions and physical properities of dusts on silicate bacteria S35, the chemical compositions of six kinds of mineral dusts have been analyzed and the changes of pH value, glucose （GLU）, electrolyte and Mn, Si, Fe before and after the dusts reacted with silicate bacteria S35 have been measured. The SEM analysis has been used to study the bacterial form and interface action status in the course of reaction between dusts and bacteria. The results show that these mineral dusts have different effects on experiment bacteria. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of mineral dusts on silicate bacteria has correlation with the chemical compositions and physical properities of dusts.

Interaction of solitary waves in magnetized warm dusty plasmas with dust charging effects

In consideration of adiabatic dust charge variation, the combined effect of the external magnetized field and the dust temperature on head-on collision of the three-dimensional dust acoustic solitary waves is investigated. By using the extended Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo method, the phase shifts and the trajectories of two solitons after the collision are obtained. The effects of the magnitude and the obliqueness of the external magnetic field and the dust temperature on the solitary wave collisions are discussed in detail,

Direct Climatic Effect of Dust Aerosol in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3)

Direct climate responses to dust shortwave and longwave radiative forcing （RF） are studied using the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 （CAM3）. The simulated RF at the top of the atmosphere （TOA） is-0.45 W m-2 in the solar spectrum and ＋0.09 W m-2 in the thermal spectrum on a global average. The magnitude of surface RF is larger than the TOA forcing, with global mean shortwave forcing of-1.76 W m-2 and longwave forcing of ＋0.31 W m-2 . As a result, dust aerosol causes the absorption of 1.1 W m-2 in the atmosphere. The RF of dust aerosol is predicted to lead to a surface cooling of 0.5 K over the Sahara Desert and Arabian Peninsula. In the meantime, the upper troposphere is predicted to become warmer because of the absorption by dust. These changes in temperature lead to a more stable atmosphere, which results in increases in surface humidity. The upward sensible and latent heat fluxes at the surface are reduced, largely balancing the surface energy loss caused by the backscattering and absorption of dust aerosol. Precipitation is predicted to decrease moderately on a global scale.

Microbiological Analyses and Inflammatory Effects of Settled Dusts from Rice and Hay

Fourteen samples of settled dust from two factories processing rice and wheat straw near Shanghai.China, were examined by dilution plating for total bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, thermophilic actinomycetes, and fungi.They were also examined for atlatoxin endotoxin, and potential to stimulate production of human interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and to consume complement.The concentrations of total microorganisms were consistently greater than 10~7 CFU/g and ranged from 10~7 to 10~9 CFU/g.In general, the level of microbial contamination was greater in the hay dust samples than in the rice dust samples, with bacteria being the most numerous microorganisms observed followed by molds, thermophilic actinomycetes, and yeasts.The predominant fungi were species of Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium.Trichosporon, and Cryplococcus.No significant levels of aflatoxin were observed and the isolates of A.flavus examined lack significant aflatoxigenic potential.The levels of microorganisms in these samples, the types of organisms found, and the inflammatory mediators such as endotoxin suggest that workers exposed to these dusts may be at risk for respiratory illness. 1990 Academic Press.Inc.

The Chromosomal Effect of Birchen Dust as Determined by the Micronucleus Test

In a wood processing factory, the measured air concentration of birchen dust was 1. 26 ±0. 41 mg/m3, and the micronucleus frequency of peripheral blood lymphocytes in 83 workersexposed to wood dust was 1. 13 ± 2. 83%, which was significantly higher (P < 0.01 ) thanthat of control group (0. 51 ± 1. 41% ). The number of exposed workers with positive mi-cronucleus test was 9. 6 %, which was higher than that of control group (4. 5 % ), but thedifference was not significant (P >0. 05 ). The micronucleus test in mice treated with waterextracts of unsteamed and unbaked birchen dust showed that the micronucleus frequencies inall treated groups were significantly higher than that of contro group (P < 0. 01 ) and therewas also a doseresponse correlation (r = 0. 96, P < 0. 0005 ). The results of steamed andbaked birchen dust extracts were significantly lower than those of the unsteamed and unbakedones at the same doses (P< 0. 001 ). This suggests that when the birchen dust is steamed atthe temperature of 100℃ for 24h or baked at the temperature of 80℃, its inducing effect inmicronucleus test could be lowered

Studies on the Hazardous Effects and the Maximum Allowable Concentration of Pyrophyllite Dust

Pyrophyllite (H2Al2,Si4 O22, ) dust (P-dust) is a mixture of silica (10-40% ), differentproportions of a luminium oxide (Al2O3 ), and various metal compounds. People with occupa-tions known to be associated with exposure to P-dust include miners, other industrial workersand persons engaged in artistic carving. Currently, little is known about pyrophyllite pneumo-coniosis from P-dust. This study was designed to investigate the hazardous effects of P-dustand to suggest a maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of the dust.This.study included four parts: (i) Occupational epidemiology surveys in 781 workersfrom 1 pyrophyllite mine (PM) and four pyrophyllite carving mills (PCM), with a registra-tion rate of 98 %. (ii) In vitro studies: Six groups of rats were expeed to different levels ofP-dust; the cytotoxicity of P-dust on rat alveolar macrophages (AM) was investigated by de-termining the potassium'content of AM and the activity levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)in AM culture fluid. (iii) Mineralogical analysis of P-dust: The contents of silica (SiO2 ), alu-minium (Al), ferrum (Fe), niikel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in hath PM-dust andPCMdust were determined. (iv ) Determination of P-dust MAC: Using the life-talbemethod, an investigation of the hygiene standard of P-dust was carried out in 625 workers ex-POSed to either PM-dust or PCM-dust, uPon whom routine radiographs were Performed.The results suggest that the risk of developing pneumoconiosis from pyrophyllite dust issignificantly higher for PM workers than for PCM workers. The prevalence rate of PCM-dustpneumoconiosis is significantly higher in men than in women. The content of SiO2 and AlO3in the mixture of P-dust is the most important factor in the etiology of pyrophyllitosis. De-pending on the different P-dust MAC values, we suggest that 2 rng/m3 and 4 mg/m' shouldbe considered as the MAC for PM-dust and PCM-dust, respectively, and 3 mg/m' fOr P-dust. We believe that establishing different hygiene standards is more accurate even thoughworkers are exposured to the 'same' dust

Effect of Incorporation of Chips and Wood Dust Mahogany on Mechanical and Acoustic Behavior of Brick Clay

An experimental study was carried out on bricks using local materials in order to take into account the waste wood management to protect the environment and to reduce the cost of the habitat. Chips and sawdust were built-in clay bricks in order to study their influence on the compressive strength, Young’s modulus and the speed for soundproofing. Testings in compressive strength were made on the parallelepiped clay bricks, stabilized with different percentages of cement, with incorporation to various percentages of sawdust or wood chips (Mahogany), using a universal press. Young’s modulus was measured from the speed of sound by the ultrasonic method. The results obtained show that the incorporation of mahogany tree chips in the stabilized brick at 8% of cement, does not have much effect on the compressive strength. It was found that the incorporation of chips or sawdust on the clay brick, does not improve the compressive strength. The Young’s modulus decreases with increasing content of sawdust and practically remains constant regardless of the content of chips at 4% and 6% of cement. The clay brick mixed with 8% of mahogany sawdust can be an acoustic barrier.

Analysis on the temporal-spatial distribution character and effect factors of PM10 in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert and surrounding area

In recent years, the physical and chemical properties of dust aerosols from the dust source area in northem China have attracted increased attention. In this paper, Thermo RP 1400a was used for online continuous observation and study of the hinterland of Taldimakan, Tazhong, and surrounding areas of Kurnul and Hotan from 2004 to 2006. In combination with weather analysis during a sandstorm in the Tazhong area, basic characteristics and influencing factors of dust aerosol PMl0 have been summarized as below： （1） The occurrence days of floating dust and blowing dust appeared with an increasing trend in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan, while the number of dust storm days did not significantly change. The frequency and intensity of dust weather were major factors affecting the concentration of dust aerosol PMI0 in the desert. （2） The mass concentration of PM10 had significant regional distribution characteris- tics, and the mass concentration at the eastern edge of Taklimakan, Kumul, was the lowest; second was the southern edge of the desert, Hotan; and the highest was in the hinterland of the desert, Tazhong. （3） High values of PM10 mass concentration in Kumul was from March to September each year; high values of PM^0 mass concentration in Tazhong and Hotan were distributed from March to August and the average concenlration changed from 500 to 1,000 gg/m3, respectively. （4） The average seasonal concentration changes of PM10 in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan were： spring 〉 summer 〉 autumn 〉 winter; the highest average concentration of PMl0in Tazhong, was about 1,000 gg/m3 in spring and between 400 and 900 gg/m3 in summer, and the average concentration was lower in autumn and winter, basically between 200 and 400 gg/m3. （5） PMl0 concentration during the sandstorm season was just over two times the con- centration of the non-sandstorm season in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan. The average concentrations of sandstorm season in Tazhong were 6.2 and 3.6 times the average concentrations of non-sandstorm season in 2004 and 2008, respectively. （6） The mass concentra- tion of PM10 had the following sequence during the dust weather： clear day 〈 floating dust 〈 floating and blowing dust 〈 sandstorm. The wind speed directly affects the concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere, the higher the wind speed, the higher the mass concen- tration. Temperature, relative humidity and bammelric pressure are important factors affecting the strength of storms, which could also indirectly affect the concentration change of PM~ 0 in the atmosphere.

液态CO_(2)-水循环作用下煤体的物理改性规律及增润减尘效应

煤层注水是预防煤矿粉尘危害的主动性、治本性措施,也是防治瓦斯突出、冲击地压等灾害的重要手段之一。但我国大量煤层具有高地应力、低孔隙率、低渗透性的特点,传统方法和技术面临水注入难、注水周期长、煤体假性润湿等瓶颈。为此,利用液态CO_(2)具有的低温冷冻、高渗透性、相变自增压、酸化解堵等优异特性,提出液态CO_(2)-水循环作用致裂增润煤体的新思路,研制了液态CO_(2)循环冷浸试验系统,联合低场核磁共振仪研究了液态CO_(2)-水循环作用对煤孔隙结构的影响规律,联用电液伺服压力实验机探究了循环作用对煤体力学特性的改变机理,运用截齿破碎煤岩产尘试验系统研究了循环作用后煤体破碎过程的产尘特性。结果表明:液态CO_(2)-水循环作用使煤体有效孔隙度(φ_(NF))增加,增幅与循环作用次数呈正相关,煤体内部束缚流体变少,自由流体增多,T2截止值(T_(2cutoff))随之降低,结合分形理论发现基于渗流孔隙的分形维数Ds具有明显的分形特征,煤体原生孔隙经历了“扩容”的过程,微裂隙与原始裂隙形成贯通,循环作用增强了有效渗流通道连通性,优化了煤的孔隙网络与渗流条件。随着循环次数的增加,煤的最大应力σ_(c)呈指数衰减至4.93 MPa,应变ε_(c)线性增加至2.29×10^(-2),煤的抗压强度减弱,变形能力增加,循环作用改变了煤基质间联结状态,产生的冻胀力对煤体施加挤压作用加剧了裂隙的扩展,脆性指数B5最大降幅为34.71%,显著减弱了煤体脆性,具有了更好的抗动载荷或冲击能力;煤体对外加能量的存储能力弱化,改变了煤在截割过程中的破坏形式,试验条件下煤体破碎过程全尘产尘率降低了74%,呼吸性粉尘占比下降至2%,大幅减弱了粉尘危害性。

Modeling of nonlinear envelope solitons in strongly coupled dusty plasmas:Instability and collision

Modeling of instability and collision of nonlinear dust-acoustic（NDA） envelope solitons in strongly coupled dusty plasmas（SCDPs） is theoretically investigated. The SCDPs consists of strongly correlated negatively variable-charged dust grains and weakly correlated Boltzmann electrons and ions. Using the derivative expansion perturbation technique, a nonlinear Schr dinger-type（NLST） equation for describing the propagation of NDA envelope solitons is derived. Moreover,the extended Poincar′e–Lighthill–Kuo（EPLK） method is employed to deduce the analytical phase shifts and the trajectories after the collision of NDA envelope solitons. In detail, the results show that both modulation instability and phase shift after collision of NDA envelope solitons will modify with the increase in the effects of the viscosity, the relaxation time, and the dust charge fluctuation. Crucially, the modeling of dust-acoustic envelope solitons collision, as reported here, is helpful for understanding the propagation of NDA envelope solitons in strongly coupled dusty plasmas.

通痹祛湿活血汤对血虚风燥型银屑病患者症状积分及血清因子的影响

目的探讨通痹祛湿活血汤对血虚风燥型银屑病患者的症状积分及血清因子的影响。方法选取2021年1月—2023年6月同济大学附属东方医院胶州医院收治的94例血虚风燥型银屑病患者,随机数表法分为两组,每组47例。对照组采取常规西药治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加上通痹祛湿活血汤治疗,两组均治疗12周。比较两组症状积分、病症改善情况、血清因子、临床疗效。结果治疗12周后,观察组主症、次症总积分低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗12周后,观察组的皮损角质层含水量高于对照组,PASI评分低于对照组,关节疼痛/肿胀个数少于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗12周后,观察组白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、骨桥蛋白(OPN)水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗12周后,观察组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在常规西药基础上采用通痹祛湿活血汤治疗血虚风燥型银屑病,可以促进皮损、关节疼痛等症状的恢复,减少炎性物质,提升临床效果。

基于粉尘图的静电放电脉冲作用下PMMA沿面流注发展机理研究

气—固界面的静电放电现象是绝缘表面电荷积聚的诱因以及沿面闪络故障的先导,也严重威胁着绝缘结构的可靠性。为进一步揭示静电放电机理及其影响因素,文中使用粉尘图法对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯绝缘表面积聚电荷进行表征,并改变电压幅值以及电极结构模拟不同的运行环境,探究绝缘表面电荷分布和流注发展过程。实验结果表明:受反向放电的影响,正、负极性下的电荷斑图形貌以及外径均存在明显的区别,使绝缘沿面流注发展过程存在极性效应;电压以及电极结构的不同导致了电场分布的变化,最终也会影响流注发展过程以及电荷积聚过程。粉尘图也为分析绝缘材料沿面电荷分布和流注发展过程提供了更加直观的图形化数据。

煤矿快速掘进工作面产尘特点及综合防尘技术研究

针对煤矿快掘工作面掘进速度快、设备集中、产尘量大等特点,以曹家滩煤矿122107辅运巷快速掘进工作面为研究对象,详细分析了快速掘进工作面的产尘规律,开展“喷雾抑尘+机载通风控除尘”综合防尘技术及其工艺参数研究,结合快速掘进工作面产尘特性及掘锚一体机外形特点,设计了4种贴近截割滚筒的喷雾装置和1种机载控除尘装置,并进行了现场工业性试验。结果表明:应用快掘工作面综合防降尘技术,降尘效率在90.69%以上,能极大地改善快掘工作面粉尘污染情况。

煤层注射成胶型抑尘剂影响因素及抑尘效果研究

为解决煤层注水降抑尘技术中水分易流失,开采时注水抑尘效果较差等问题,提出一种既能增加煤层保水率又能改善煤层脆性的抑尘方法:研制出以海藻酸钠(SA)为基质的成胶型抑尘剂,并开展比表面积试验、氮气吸附试验、扫描电镜试验和产尘率试验,研究表面活性剂、黏度及注射压力对成胶型抑尘剂的影响。结果表明:表面活性剂有利于煤层润湿,但对抑尘效果影响较小;抑尘剂黏度增大有利于保水,可使保水时间由10 h提升至30 h,但会导致材料难以进入煤层内部;注射压力对于抑尘剂的抑尘效果具有较大影响,当煤层注射压力较小时,抑尘剂难以快速渗入煤的内部孔隙中,随着压力的增大,抑尘剂逐渐渗入煤孔隙中。当注射压力升至3 MPa后,抑尘效果不再随压力的增加而增加,产尘率由4%降低至2.3%,相对降幅达50%,有效降低了产尘。

不同特性粉尘对滤筒有效脉冲清灰压力的影响研究

为改善不同特性粉尘的清灰问题,选取3种不同黏性、不同粒径的粉尘,开展工业覆粉实验以探究除尘器的运行阻力和滤筒清灰效果的变化。研究结果表明:粉煤灰的最低清灰压力达到748 Pa,即可实现有效清灰;对于黏性粉尘,粉尘粒径对清灰的影响更显著,细粉尘对应的系统压降和粉尘残余体积量明显高于粗粉尘,中等黏性的MgO粉体最低有效清灰压力需要达到1 425 Pa,超细MgO则需要更高;高黏性的CMC-Na粉体对应的系统压降、压降平稳时间和粉尘残余体积量都明显高于其他粉体,其有效清灰压力需要至少达到1 657 Pa,除尘系统才能长时间运行。研究结果可为工业应用收集不同特性粉尘提供理论参考。

考虑老化与积灰影响的电动汽车充电模块功率器件寿命预测

功率器件的稳定工作是整流器可靠运行的重要保证,功率器件的寿命预测也是提高系统可靠性的有效手段。然而,当前的寿命评估中仅预测了器件持续工作的寿命,且并未考虑因器件老化与积灰导致的热阻在全寿命周期内的变化情况。针对这一问题,提出了一种表征器件老化与积灰影响的随寿命消耗分段更新的灵活等效热模型,利用计及时段气温的方法,对不同场景下持续工作和实际断续工作的功率器件进行了寿命预测。选用VIENNA整流器作为30 kW电动汽车充电模块的前级拓扑结构,构建随寿命消耗分段更新的灵活等效热模型。通过对比不同场景下的功率器件寿命预测结果,验证了所提方法具有更高的预测精度。

基于TRIZ法的巷道雾化降尘装置设计研究

目前全断面喷雾降尘在煤矿巷道中应用广泛,降尘装置的便捷移动成为了全断面喷雾降尘装置设计时的一个重要课题,基于TRIZ法通过实验室实验和现场试验,对喷雾降尘机理进行研究。结果表明:雾化主要通过气液运动撞击而实现,气体高速运动形成超声共振可以对液体进行二次雾化,实现对微小颗粒的吸附。为了进一步验证该装置的现场实用性,以某矿区煤矿某掘进巷为初步试验点,并开展了掘进巷呼吸性粉尘现场测试,进一步证实了细水雾除呼吸性粉尘的有效性,全尘除尘率76%,呼吸性粉尘除尘率66%。

风环境视角下校园道路群落对PM_(10)的滞尘效应及优化研究

以提升秋季校园道路群落滞尘效应为目标,探索不同室外风环境与群落特征对植物滞尘能力的影响,其次采用实测与PHOENICS模拟相结合的方式,分析并评价校园室外风环境,并使用线性回归验证了实验可行性,以此为校园绿地植物群落滞尘能力的提升提供建议。以北京林业大学校园内16条结构性道路为基础进行研究,结果显示:①秋季风速对道路群落滞尘效应的影响较为显著,实测数据中道路的平均风速值为0.44时群落滞尘能力达到最强,过高或过低的风速值均会降低植物的滞尘能力;②不同结构道路群落对PM_(10)滞尘效应的强弱顺序为:乔草型>乔灌型>乔灌草型>灌草型>乔木型,且滞尘能力差异较大,可达50%;③校园室外风环境中不同道路的风速差异较大,风速偏大的道路群落里普遍缺少低层次的灌木及小乔群落,应适当增添可防风的绿化。