The Impact of Network Topologies and Radio Duty Cycle Mechanisms on the RPL Routing Protocol Power Consumption

The Internet of Things(IoT)has witnessed a significant surge in adoption,particularly through the utilization of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),which comprise small internet-connected devices.These deployments span various environments and offer a multitude of benefits.However,the widespread use of battery-powered devices introduces challenges due to their limited hardware resources and communication capabilities.In response to this,the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)has developed the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks(RPL)to address the unique requirements of such networks.Recognizing the critical role of RPL in maintaining high performance,this paper proposes a novel approach to optimizing power consumption.Specifically,it introduces a developed sensor motes topology integrated with a Radio Duty Cycling(RDC)mechanism aimed at minimizing power usage.Through rigorous analysis,the paper evaluates the power efficiency of this approach through several simulations conducted across different network topologies,including random,linear,tree,and elliptical topologies.Additionally,three distinct RDC mechanisms—CXMAC,ContikiMAC,and NullRDC—are investigated to assess their impact on power consumption.The findings of the study,based on a comprehensive and deep analysis of the simulated results,highlight the efficiency of ContikiMAC in power conservation.This research contributes valuable insights into enhancing the energy efficiency of RPL-based IoT networks,ultimately facilitating their widespread deployment and usability in diverse environments.

Modeling the System for Hybrid Renewable Energy Using Highly Efficient Converters and Generator

High-efficient isolated DC/DC converters with a high-efficiency synchronous reluctance generator(SRG)are the ultimate solutions in DC microgrid systems.The design and modeling of isolated DC/DC converters with the performance of SRG are carried out.On the generator side,reactive and active powers are used as pulse width modulation(PWM)control variables.Further,the flux estimator is used.Three-phase PWM rectifier is used by applying space vector modulation(SVM)with a constant switching frequency for direct power control.Further,the paper also includes the experimental validation of the results.The paper also proposes that highly efficient power converters and synchronous reluctance generators are required to achieve high performance for hybrid renewable energy systems applications.

Artificial intelligence and end user tools to develop a nurse duty roster scheduling system

Objectives A nurse duty roster is usually prepared monthly in a hospital ward.It is common for nurses to make duty shift requests prior to scheduling.A ward manager normally spends more than a working day to manually prepare and subsequently to optimally adjust the schedule upon staff requests and hospital policies.This study aimed to develop an automatic nurse roster scheduling system with the use of open-source operational research tools by taking into account the hospital standards and the constraints from nurses.Methods Artificial intelligence and end user tools operational research tools were used to develop the code for the nurse duty roster scheduling system.To compare with previous research on various heuristics in employee scheduling,the current system was developed on open architecture and adopted with real shift duty requirements in a hospital ward.Results The schedule can be generated within 1 min under both hard and soft constraint optimization.All hard constraints are fulfilled and most nurse soft constraints could be met.Compared with those schedules prepared manually,the computer-generated schedules were more optimally adjusted as real time interaction among nurses and management personnel.The generated schedules were flexible to cope with daily and hourly duty changes by redeploying ward staff in order to maintain safe staffing levels.Conclusions An economical but yet highly efficient and user friendly solution to nurse roster scheduling system has been developed and adopted using open-source operational research methodology.The open-source platform is found to perform satisfactorily in scheduling application.The system can be implemented to different wards in hospitals and be regularly updated with new hospital polices and nurse manpower by hospital information personnel with training in artificial intelligence.

Duty Cycle of a Radiant Ceiling Heating System under Extremely Cold-Temperature Conditions:A Theoretical Assessment

This work focuses on the estimation of a duty cycle of a radiant ceiling heating system with a panel surface temperature of 35℃and a heat flux of 65 W/m2 that corresponds to a thermal comfort for sedentary occupants.The results obtained are based on the theoretical heat transfer equations that govern the radiant and natural convection heat exchange mechanisms,and experimental heat transfer coefficients available in the literature.The results of the examined radiant heating system with specific conditions showed that a duty cycle of 6.46 min alternated by 13.36 min in shutting-down position is required to assure an acceptable thermal comfort for the enclosure space occupants.In addition,the study showed that for extremely cold-temperature conditions the heating system requires a daily operating load of about 61.2%which clearly proves the efficiency of these radiant heating systems in terms of energy consumption.

Proposal of High Gain, Reduced Stress with Low-Duty-Cycle Two-Input Boost Converter for Renewable Energy Systems

A two-input boost converter with voltage multiplier cell is proposed in this paper. Then a family of two-input converters with and without voltage multiplier cell are derived and their results are compared to achieve high voltage gain, low duty cycle, and reduced voltage stress. From the analysis of different topologies, a modified two-input converter with two-stage voltage multiplier cell has good operating characteristics. The switch voltage stress and duty cycle of the modified converter is significantly very less than that of the other converter topologies. The modified DC-DC converter with 50% duty cycle achieves a voltage gain of 10 and the results are verified by using MATLAB/Simulink software.

An Analytic Method of Segmented PWM Duty Cycle for Switched Reluctance Motor

In view of the large current peak and torque ripple in the actual current chopping control of switched reluctance motor,a segmented PWM duty cycle analysis method of switched reluctance motor based on current chopping control is proposed in this paper.The method realizes the control of the winding current by adjusting the average voltage of the two ends of the winding in one cycle through the PWM duty cycle.At the same time,according to the inductance linear model,the conduction phase is divided into a small inductance region and an inductance rising region,and the analytical formulas of PWM duty cycle in the two regions are deduced respectively.Finally,through matlab/simulink simulation and motor platform experiment,the current chopping control is compared with the segmented PWM duty cycle analysis method in this paper.Simulation and experimental results show that the segmented PWM duty cycle analysis method can effectively reduce the current peak and torque ripple,and has high practical application value.

Epistemic Analysis of Kantian Ethics of Duty Call vis-a-vis Paranormal in Nigerian Society Among Nigerian Clergymen

This work is geared to carry out epistemic analysis of Kantian ethics of duty call vis-à-vis paranormal in Nigerian society among clergymen.The recent changes in Nigerian and other African countries like colonialism that brought Western education,globalization,urbanization,and new religion(Islam and Christianity)have made it that divination in traditional African religion is no longer in vogue in this contemporary period.Divination and fortune telling have taken a new dimension in form of faith healing and miracles by some prophets and so called men of God like pastors,priests,and imam.The quest for materialism among the ministers and clerics of Islamic,Christian and traditional religion has made them abuse their religious calling for their selfish interests.This work makes use of analytic and critical methods of data analysis.This work postulates that Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call serves to provide a guiding principle to Nigeria clergymen of different religions on the need for them to carry out their religious duties out of good will.On the other hand,twisting or distorting the teachings of their religion to serve their various selfish interests contravenes Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call.Finally,they have to contribute positively to nation building by propagating or fostering the positive ideology,theories,or doctrines that will promote love and national unity in a multicultural country like Nigeria.

Stamp Duty Tax and Growth of Economy:Evidence from Nigeria

This study looked at the impact of the Nigerian stamp duty tax on the growth of the economy.Time series data were employed spanning the years 1999-2020.For various years,related data were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin,the Bureau of National Statistics,and Federal Inland Revenue Service reports.E-view 9.0 was used to test the hypothesis using the ordinary least square.The study outcome revealed that stamp duty has an insignificant and positive impact on Nigeria’s economic growth.It was recommended that the government improve public entities and provide strong government investment as a source of domestic revenue generated from various business activities.

浅析学生对精读课前“Duty Report”的抗拒心理

学生在精读课堂常常表现出沉默、被动,教师试图在课前增加"Duty Report"环节活跃课堂气氛,但是部分学生对"Duty Report"产生了抗拒心理。笔者通过课堂观察、问卷、访谈等方式,从学生、教师和教学环境着手,分析学生抗拒心理形成原因并力求找到相关对策。

Switching Frequency Improvement of a High Speed on/off Valve Based on Pre-excitation Control Algorithm

The high-speed on/off valve(HSV)serves as the fundamental component responsible for generating discrete fluids within digital hydraulic systems.As the switching frequency of the HSV increases,the properties of the generated discrete fluid approach those of continuous fluids.Therefore,a higher frequency response characteristic of HSV is the key to ensure the control accuracy of digital hydraulic systems.However,the current research mainly focuses on its dynamic performance,but neglect its FRC.This paper presents a theoretical analysis demonstrating that the FRC of the HSV can be enhanced by minimizing its switching time.The maximum switching frequency(MSF)is mainly determined by opening dynamic performance when HSV operates with low switching duty ratio(SDR),whereas the closing dynamic performance limits the MSF when HSV operates with high SDR.Building upon these findings,the pre-excitation control algorithm(PECA)is proposed to reduce the switching time of the HSV,and consequently enhance its FRC.Experimental results demonstrate that PECA shortens the opening delay time of HSV by 1.12 ms,the closing delay time by 2.54 ms,and the closing moving time by 0.47 ms in comparison to the existing advanced control algorithms.As a result,a larger MSF of 417 Hz and a wider controllable SDR range from 20%to 70%were achieved at a switching frequency of 250 Hz.Thus,the proposed PFCA in this paper has been verified as an effective and promising approach for enhancing the control performance of digital hydraulic systems.

Experimental Study of a Quadratic Boost: The Cascaded Connected Single Switch

The quadratic boost is studied under its real model. The equations, of the continuous conduction mode, descriptive of this model are established. From these equations, the expressions of the voltage gain and the efficiency are extracted. These two quantities are plotted as a function of the duty cycle in order to appreciate them in different operating points of the transistor. The values of the different components have also been extracted for the fabrication of a prototype of the converter. Thanks to a set of experimental measurements at the input as well as at the output of the prototype converter, the voltage gain and the efficiency could also be observed. These were also plotted for different loads to observe converter behavior. The theoretical curves were compared with the experimental curves which allowed to validate the proposed mathematical models on a large range of duty cycles.

Duty Report对普通高校新生SLA作用的研究

普通高等学校大学新生在陌生的学习环境下,二语习得(SLA)面临着很多困难。在建构主义理论的指导下,在大学英语教学中充分利用Duty Report形式,降低新生二语习得的焦虑、培养正确二语习得动机、建立良好的师生心理契约关系、改善二语习环境,为以后的二语习得打下扎实的基础。

Duty Report在高职电子商务英语课堂教学中的运用

Duty Report,即课堂上的值日生报告,是广大英语教师在课前喜欢使用的教学方法。高职电子商务英语课程是高职电子商务专业的一门专业课程,有一定的难度。在电子商务英语课堂上,如何科学、合理利用"课前五分钟"的Duty Report,缓解电子商务专业学生英语学习压力、了解商务背景知识、巩固英语语法及专业词汇,本文进行了一定的探析。

Value Choice and System Enlightenment of the U.S.Business Judgment Rule

Through analyzing theories and legislative cases in respect of Business Judgment Rule in American justice systems with the com parison method,this article reveals that the business judgment system is conducive to the protection of rights and interests of the directors in decision making,and enables the court to avoid the substantive review on business management in an effective manner;at the same time,in view of the blanks and deficiencies in the legislation of China in the "Company Law" and other relevant laws,it is recommended that the Business Judgment Rule be introduced into China and the legislation in respect of director accountability be strengthened,while the direc tors fiduciary duty and other supporting systems be improved,with the reference of the U.S.practice,to clarify the legal boundary between rights and responsibilities of directors.

“Duty Report”在高职商务英语精读课堂教学中的探析

"Duty Report",也就是值日生报告,是大学精读课上教师比较爱使用的教学法。高职商务英语精读课程是高职商务英语专业的一门基础核心课程,在课堂开始前五至十分钟之内导入"Duty Report"十分必要。然而,高职商务英语专业学生英语基础相对不牢,商务背景知识欠缺。如何在高职商务英语精读课堂上有效组织"Duty Report"提高高职学生学习本门课程的兴趣?如何克服学生在课堂上克服部分学生对"Duty Report"的抗拒心理?这两个方面很值得做一定的探析。

“Duty Report”在体育院校英语课堂教学中的探析

"Duty Report"是教师交际教学思想的应用和实践,在英语教学中起了重要作用,同时也为学生们搭建了一个促进交流、分享知识、提高自我的学习平台。体育院校学生英语基础相对比较薄弱,如何使之高效地运用于英语课堂教学,切实提高体育院校学生学习兴趣和英语水平,需要通过教师的引导和学生的反馈以及结合体育院校的实际,挖掘"Duty Report"应用于英语课堂教学的价值,探讨适合体育院校英语课堂教学的"Duty Report"实施策略和实效机制。

“Duty Report”在高职英语课堂教学中的应用

"Duty Report"是一种有效的训练学生口语的方法,但是有相当数量的老师会回避它,为什么呢?是"Duty Report"在它的形式设置以及内容上出了问题。该如何发挥"Duty Report"的积极作用呢?

建构旨在提高高职学生英语综合能力的任务驱动型“Duty Report”

在传统英语教学中,让高职学生在英语课堂上被动接受"Duty Report"(值日报告),一般很难达到提高学生英语综合能力的目的,甚至于部分学生对"值日报告"的形式产生了抗拒心理,反而不利于英语的实际教学。笔者通过课堂实践、走访学生和深入思考,尝试着对"值日报告"形式创新教学,构建以任务驱动型"Duty Report",力求把"值日报告"培育成提高学生英语综合能力的平台。

An Adjust Duty Cycle Method for Optimized Congestion Avoidance and Reducing Delay for WSNs

With the expansion of the application range and network scale of wireless sensor networks in recent years,WSNs often generate data surges and delay queues during the transmission process,causing network paralysis,even resulting in local or global congestion.In this paper,a dynamically Adjusted Duty Cycle for Optimized Congestion based on a real-time Queue Length(ADCOC)scheme is proposed.In order to improve the resource utilization rate of network nodes,we carried out optimization analysis based on the theory and applied it to the adjustment of the node’s duty cycle strategy.Using this strategy to ensure that the network lifetime remains the same,can minimize system delay and maximize energy efficiency.Firstly,the problems of the existing RED algorithm are analyzed.We introduce the improved SIG-RED algorithm into the ADCOC mechanism.As the data traffic changes,the RED protocol cannot automatically adjust the duty cycle.A scheduler is added to the buffer area manager,referring to a weighted index of network congestion,which can quickly determine the status of network congestion.The value of the weighting coefficient W is adjusted by the Bayesian method.The scheduler preferably transmits severely urgent data,alleviating the memory load.Then we combined improved data fusion technology and information gain methods to adjust the duty cycle dynamically.By simulating the algorithm,it shows that it has faster convergence speed and smaller queue jitter.Finally,we combine the adjusted congestion weight and the duty cycle growth value to adjust the data processing rate capability in the real-time network by dynamically adjusting it to adapt to bursts of data streams.Thus,the frequency of congestion is reduced to ensure that the system has higher processing efficiency and good adaptability.

Flow Control over a Conical Forebody by Duty-Cycle Actuations

Duty-cycle modulation alternately blowing from two opposite-facing plasma actu- ators on the leeward surface near the apex of a cone with a 10° semi-apex angle is adopted to control mean lateral force and moment, and the flow control mechanisms are presented. Pressure distributions over the forebody of the cone are measured by steady pressure tappings. The experiments are performed in a 3.0×1.6 m open-circuit wind tunnel at a wind speed of 20 m/s, a 45° angle of attack and a Reynolds number of 2×10^5, based on the diameter of the base of the cone. Almost linearly proportional control of the lateral forces and moments over a slender conical forebody at a high angle of attack has been demonstrated by employing a pair of single dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators near the apex of the cone, combined with a duty-cycle tech- nique. The pressure distribution measurements indicate that the hi-stable vortex pattern appears to be shifted in the opposite direction when the port or starboard actuator is activated, while the other is kept off during the test. It is shown that the reduced pulse-repetition frequency based on the local diameter at the plasma actuator equal to one yields the highest effectiveness among the cases considered.