Fixed-Bed Column Adsorption Modeling of MnO4- Ions from Acidic Aqueous Solutions on Activated Carbons Prepared with the Biomass

Activated carbons calcined at 400˚C and 600˚C (AC-400 and AC-600), prepared using palm nuts, collected in the town of Franceville in Gabon, were used to study the dynamic adsorption of MnO4- ions in acidic media on fixed bed column and on the kinetic modeling of experimental data of breakthrough curves of MnO4- ions obtained. Results on the adsorption of MnO4- ions in fixed-bed dynamics obtained on AC-400 and AC-600 adsorbents beds indicated that the AC-400 bed appears to be the most efficient in removing MnO4- ions in acidic media. Indeed, the adsorbed amounts, the adsorbed capacities at saturation and the elimination percentage of MnO4- ions obtained with AC-400 (31.24 mg;52.06 mg·g-1 and 41.65% respectively) were higher compared to those obtained with AC-600 (9.87 mg;16.45 mg·g-1 and 17.79% respectively). The breakthrough curves kinetic modeling revealed that the Thomas model and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model were the most suitable models to describe the adsorption of MnO4- ions on adsorbents studied in our experimental conditions. The results of the intraparticle diffusion model showed that intraparticle diffusion was involved in the adsorption mechanism of MnO4- ions on investigated adsorbents and was not the limiting step and the only process controlling MnO4- ions adsorption. In contrast to AC-400, the intraparticle diffusion on AC-600 bed plays an important role in the adsorption mechanism of MnO4- ions.

Application of strength reduction method to dynamic anti-sliding stability analysis of high gravity dam with complex dam foundation

Considering that there are some limitations in analyzing the anti-sliding seismic stability of dam-foundation systems with the traditional pseudo-static method and response spectrum method, the dynamic strength reduction method was used to study the deep anti-sliding stability of a high gravity dam with a complex dam foundation in response to strong earthquake-induced ground action. Based on static anti-sliding stability analysis of the dam foundation undertaken by decreasing the shear strength parameters of the rock mass in equal proportion, the seismic time history analysis was carried out. The proposed instability criterion for the dynamic strength reduction method was that the peak values of dynamic displacements and plastic strain energy change suddenly with the increase of the strength reduction factor. The elasto-plastic behavior of the dam foundation was idealized using the Drucker-Prager yield criterion based on the associated flow rule assumption. The result of elasto-plastic time history analysis of an overflow dam monolith based on the dynamic strength reduction method was compared with that of the dynamic linear elastic analysis, and the reliability of elasto-plastic time history analysis was confirmed. The results also show that the safety factors of the dam-foundation system in the static and dynamic cases are 3.25 and 3.0, respectively, and that the F2 fault has a significant influence on the anti-sliding stability of the high gravity dam. It is also concluded that the proposed instability criterion for the dynamic strength reduction method is feasible.

Deformation coordination analysis of CC-RCC combined dam structures under dynamic loads

A combined dam structure using different concrete materials offers many practical benefits.There are several real-world cases where largevolume heterogeneous concrete materials have been used together.From the engineering design standpoint,it is crucial to understand the deformation coordination characteristics and mechanical properties of large-volume heterogeneous concrete,which affect dam safety and stability.In this study,a large dam facility was selected for a case study,and various design schemes of the combined dam structure were developed by changing the configurations of material zoning and material types for a given dam shape.Elastoplastic analysis of the damfoundation-reservoir system for six schemes was carried out under dynamic conditions,in which the concrete damaged plasticity(CDP)model,the Lagrangian finite element formulation,and a surface-to-surface contact model were utilized.To evaluate the mechanical properties of zoning interfaces and coordination characteristics,the vertical distribution of the first principal stress at the longitudinal joint was used as the critical index of deformation coordination control,and the overall deformation and damage characteristics of the dam were also investigated.Through a comparative study of the design schemes,an optimal scheme of the combined dam structure was identified:large-volume roller-compacted concrete(RCC)is recommended for the dam body upstream of the longitudinal joint,and high-volume fly ash conventional concrete(CC)for the dam body downstream of the longitudinal joint.This study provides engineers with a reference basis for combined dam structure design.

Methodology for estimating probability of dynamical system's failure for concrete gravity dam

Methodology for the reliability analysis of hydraulic gravity dam is the key technology in current hydropower construction.Reliability analysis for the dynamical dam safety should be divided into two phases:failure mode identification and the calculation of the failure probability.Both of them are studied based on the mathematical statistics and structure reliability theory considering two kinds of uncertainty characters(earthquake variability and material randomness).Firstly,failure mode identification method is established based on the dynamical limit state system and verified through example of Koyna Dam so that the statistical law of progressive failure process in dam body are revealed; Secondly,for the calculation of the failure probability,mathematical model and formula are established according to the characteristics of gravity dam,which include three levels,that is element failure,path failure and system failure.A case study is presented to show the practical application of theoretical method and results of these methods.

SURFACE DYNAMIC FRICTION OF POLYMER GELS

The sliding friction of various kinds of hydrogels has been studied and it was found that the frictional behaviors ofthe hydrogels do not conform to Amonton's law F=μW which well describes the friction of solids. The frictional force andits dependence on the load are quite different depending on the chemical structures of the gels, surface properties of theopposing substrates, and the measurement condition. The gel friction is explained in terms of interracial interaction, eitherattractive or repulsive, between the polymer chain and the solid surface. According to this model, the friction is ascribed tothe viscous flow of solvent at the interface in the repulsive case. In the attractive case, the force to detach the adsorbing chainfrom the substrate appears as friction. The surface adhesion between glass particles and gels measured by AFM showed agood correlation with the friction, which supported the repulsion-adsorption model proposed by the authors.

空腹混凝土坝振动响应试验研究

针对平原地区土层条件较差和地形条件有限的情况,提出一种新型坝——空腹混凝土坝。采用振动台模型试验技术,研究加速度峰值、库水位及防渗墙对该新型坝动力响应的影响。结果表明:(1)在自由场坝基中设置结构可以降低坝基的超孔压响应,削减坝基液化程度。(2)非自由场工况中,加速度峰值的增大加强了坝基的振动幅度,加剧液化程度;坝体上游库水位的存在增加了坝基的有效应力从而降低液化程度;坝基中防渗墙的存在增加了孔压的消散从而降低液化程度。总体来说,加速度峰值对液化程度影响最大,库水位影响次之,防渗墙影响最小。(3)库水位的存在增加了坝体的受力程度导致坝体水平位移响应大于空库工况,防渗墙的存在降低了坝基中的水力梯度导致坝体响应低于无防渗墙工况。但在试验过程中坝体并没出现明显的水平位移变化。

水蒸气在褐煤孔隙中的吸附行为:试验研究与分子动力学模拟

深入理解水在褐煤上的吸附是褐煤干燥提质技术的理论基础之一。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和低温氮吸附/脱附试验分析了褐煤的含氧官能团和孔隙结构,利用水蒸气吸附/脱附试验和分子动力学(MD)模拟探究了水蒸气在褐煤孔隙中的吸附行为。研究结果表明:褐煤样品丰富的含氧官能团和较多的微孔、中孔(孔径约2 nm),为水蒸气提供了吸附位点和吸附场所。水蒸气在煤样上的吸附过程可分为3个阶段。第1阶段,相对蒸气压(P/P_(0))<0.21,水分子直接吸附于含氧官能团上,此时的吸附速度最大;第2阶段(P/P_(0)=0.21~<0.71),水分子与已吸附的水分子相互作用,促使水团簇逐渐生长;第3阶段(P/P_(0)≥0.71),水团簇填充孔隙,并发生毛细凝聚,此时的吸附速度略大于第2阶段。根据Dent模型对水蒸气吸附等温线的拟合结果,吸附类型属于多级吸附,包括初级吸附(第1阶段)和次级吸附(第2、3阶段)。初级吸附能(-48.77 kJ/mol)显著大于水的液化热(E L=-43.99 kJ/mol),而次级吸附能(-42.28 kJ/mol)略小于E L,表明吸附于褐煤的水呈液态。水蒸气脱附过程存在明显的脱附迟滞现象,表明水蒸气吸附稳定,较难去除,其中高压迟滞发生在P/P_(0)≈0.4~0.9,主要由毛细凝聚和“墨水瓶”效应引起;而低压迟滞发生在P/P_(0)<0.4,由水分子与含氧官能团间强相互作用引起。MD模拟结果与水蒸气吸附/脱附等温线分析结果一致,水分子优先吸附在孔隙中,与孔隙壁的含氧官能团形成氢键,且其扩散系数(2.98×10^(-5)cm^(2)/s)与液态水的分子扩散系数相近。

铅笔屑废粉末对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为研究

生活废弃物铅笔屑的粉末具有一定的吸附作用,本工作研究了其对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。在这项工作中考察了铅笔屑粉末的用量、亚甲基蓝浓度、吸附温度及吸附时间对亚甲基蓝吸附性能的影响。实验表明铅笔屑粉末对亚甲基蓝的吸附率与铅笔屑粉末的剂量及温度呈正相关。此外,还通过计算吸附过程的热力学常数表明该吸附过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,其吸附动力学过程可用准一级动力学方程描述,这表明铅笔屑对亚甲基蓝染料吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。实验还研究了不同解析剂的解析效果,其结果表明乙醇对吸附的解析效果最佳,6次循环使用后,材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附率仍然达70%以上,该研究为亚甲基蓝的废水吸附处理提供了一种可行的方法。

重力坝地震断裂的多边形比例边界有限元模型研究

为研究重力坝的地震断裂破坏机理,基于线弹性断裂力学和多边形比例边界有限元法(Polygon SBFEM)提出一种全自动的重力坝动态断裂分析模型。该模型继承了SBFEM在断裂分析中高精度和高效率的优势,通过建立多边形比例边界有限单元广义动态应力强度因子的时域分析方法实现任意时刻断裂参数的求解,并结合裂缝扩展准则可实时判定裂缝稳定性;对达到临界状态的裂缝采用多边形网格局部重剖分技术,开发了考虑裂缝张开-闭合行为的动态接触模拟算法,进而实现了裂缝动态扩展高效自动化模拟。以Koyna重力坝为研究对象,考虑大坝库水动力相互作用,模拟了地震作用下坝体裂缝扩展过程,获得了断裂路径,验证了模型的正确性。其后,进一步探讨了数值模型中网格密度和裂缝扩展步长等因素的影响,结果显示仅用粗网格即可获得满意的计算结果,且三种裂缝扩展步长模拟的大坝裂缝扩展轨迹接近,但随着裂缝扩展步长增大,大坝更早失效破坏。研究成果可为混凝土坝的地震断裂分析提供有力的技术手段。

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的水库近坝区土壤水分动态模拟

为探究五强溪水库近坝区土壤水分动态变化规律,以研究区内土壤墒情站为研究对象,利用实测逐日降雨与逐日蒸发数据驱动HYDRUS-1D模型反演土壤水力特性参数,分别在深度为10、20、40 cm观察点处进行土壤水分动态模拟,探讨研究区土壤水分动态变化规律及模型的应用效果。结果表明:不同观察点土壤水分模拟值与实测值的决定系数平均值为0.74,纳什效率系数平均值为0.71,均方根误差在0.011~0.035 cm^(3)/cm^(3)之间;0~10 cm深度的土壤水分对降雨和蒸发的响应最灵敏,波动最大;在水库主汛期(4—6月份)土壤水分变化平稳,且保持在较高的水平;研究期内7—12月份土壤水分在较大降雨情况下出现短暂饱和,土壤干湿变化明显,模拟值与实测值吻合度较高;整体上,HYDRUS-1D模型在研究区土壤水分动态模拟中具有较高的精度,可为研究区土壤水分估计及其动态变化规律研究提供有效方法。

含钛高炉渣制备复合吸附剂及其铬吸附性能

Cr(Ⅵ)是一种有害污染物,既污染水环境,也会对人体造成伤害。本文以工业固废含钛高炉渣为原料,通过酸浸得到浸出渣基体,经壳聚糖改性,制备一种新型GLZ-jcz/CS复合吸附剂,用来去除废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)。研究了吸附温度、废水pH、吸附剂量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附时间对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的影响。以Cr(Ⅵ)吸附率为评价指标,确定最优实验条件,并研究了GLZ-jcz/CS复合吸附剂的再生性能。采用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、BET比表面积测试仪对GLZ-jcz/CS复合吸附剂进行表征,结合吸附动力学模型和吸附等温线模型分析,确定吸附机理。实验结果表明:当吸附温度为70℃、废水pH=4、吸附剂用量为0.13g、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为50mg/L、吸附时间为2h时,吸附率达到99.8%,吸附容量可以达到67mg/g,GLZ-jcz/CS复合吸附剂经过6次洗脱,吸附率仍可达到96%以上,吸附模型符合拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型。

基于硝酸钠联合焙烧改性天然沸石的水体氨氮动态吸附特性研究

目的:通过硝酸钠浸渍联合焙烧改性天然沸石(NZ),开发出一种氨氮高性能吸附剂,研究改性NZ对水体中氨氮的动态吸附特性及穿透曲线,并与NZ的氨氮动态吸附能力做出对比。方法:考察在不同初始氨氮质量浓度、进水流量和柱深条件下氨氮的去除情况和穿透曲线,运用Thomas模型、Yoon-Nelson模型和BDST模型对吸附过程拟合。结果:当初始氨氮质量浓度为5 mg·L^(-1)、进水流量为20 mL·min^(-1)、柱深为8 cm时,对氨氮的吸附容量达6.81 mg·g^(-1),远大于NZ吸附容量2.18 mg·g^(-1)。结论:硝酸钠联合焙烧改性沸石可提高对氨氮的吸附能力,动态流实验结果为改性沸石实际应用提供了有力指导。

汉江新集水电站土石坝水下抛填离心模型试验研究

由于压实度的不可控性,水下抛填一直较少作为土石坝等永久建筑物的施工方案,而采取水下抛填可大大提高工程经济性,研究土石坝水下抛填施工技术具有重要意义。以汉江新集水电站主河床土石坝水下抛填施工为例,引入离心模型试验对其进行了前期论证,并在坝体填筑完成后通过超重型动力触探试验对水下抛填密度进行检测。结果表明:水下抛填密度与抛填料颗粒级配、上覆堆载、水深等因素密切相关,且经强夯处理后抛填体的有效加固深度在6.0 m范围内;离心模型试验和超重型动力触探检测成果相关性较好,可作为研究土石坝水下抛填密度的有效手段。研究成果给后续坝体设计、安全监测方案优化提供了数据支撑,对同类工程设计施工也具有重要参考价值。

风化煤固定化微生物材料对铅的吸附特性及机理

风化煤固定化微生物材料较游离微生物能更好地钝化重金属。研究旨在探究风化煤固定化微生物材料的铅吸附性能及机理,为其污染场地应用提供理论指导和依据。以风化煤固定化微生物材料为对象,通过批量吸附试验系统研究材料的用量、pH、吸附时间和铅溶液质量浓度对其吸附性能的影响,并采用动力学、热力学模型拟合的方式描述铅吸附过程,结合扫描电镜和红外光谱技术对吸附机理进行探究。结果表明,风化煤固定化微生物材料用量为0.4 g/L、pH值为4、吸附时间大于12 h时,在200 mg/L铅溶液中吸附性能最优,最大吸附量达到338 mg/g;拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型显示,该吸附过程以化学吸附为主,且铅离子以单分子层的形式排列;热力学分析表明,该反应是自发的吸热反应,温度升高会促进反应的发生。材料表面钙、钠等元素的离子交换作用及羟基、羧基、羰基、酰胺基等活性基团的络合沉淀作用,促进了风化煤固定化微生物材料的铅吸附作用。在铅质量浓度为200 mg/L,材料用量为0.4 g/L、pH值为4、吸附时间大于12 h时,可实现材料吸附性能的最大化。材料表面的Ca、Na等元素与铅的离子交换作用以及羟基、羧基、羰基、酰胺基与铅的络合沉淀作用是其主要作用机制。

建筑给排水中的吸附材料及应用性能试验

针对传统建筑给排水吸附材料价格昂贵、饱和吸附量低的问题,以廉价的凹凸棒石为原料,制备出一种新型吸附材料。试验通过动力学模型对吸附剂在一元和二元重金属体系中的吸附作用进行模拟,对吸附剂的吸附作用进行表征。试验结果表明,拟二级模型更符合凹凸棒石基碳气凝胶吸附重金属离子的过程,在pH值为6、吸附时间为40 min的条件下,一元离子体系中,吸附剂对铅离子和铜离子的吸附量分别为261.43 mg/g和71.64 mg/g;二元离子吸附体系中,吸附剂对铅离子和铜离子的吸附量分别为84.12 mg/g和33.26 mg/g,吸附剂表现出良好的吸附性能。同时从吸附量结果可以发现,吸附剂对铅离子的吸附亲和度明显高于铜离子。

Earthquake safety assessment of concrete arch and gravity dams

Based on research studies currently being carried out at Dalian University of Technology, some important aspects for the earthquake safety assessmcnt of concrete dams are reviewed and discussed. First, the rate-dependent behavior of concrcte subjected to earthquake loading is examined, emphasizing the properties of concrete under cyclic and biaxial loading conditions. Second, a modified four-parameter Hsieh-Ting-Chen viscoplastic consistency model is developed to simulate the rate-dependent behavior of concrete. The earthquake response of a 278m high arch dam is analyzed, and the results show that the strain-rate effects become noticeable in the inelastic range, Third, a more accurate non-smooth Newton algorithm for the solution of three-dimensional frictional contact problems is developed to study the joint opening effects of arch dams during strong earthquakes. Such effects on two nearly 300m high arch dams have been studied. It was found that the canyon shape has great influence on the magnitude and distribution of the joint opening along the dam axis. Fourth, the scaled boundary finite element method presented by Song and Wolf is employed to study the dam-reservoir-foundation interaction effects of concrete dams. Particular emphases were placed on the variation of foundation stiffness and the anisotropic behavior of the foundation material on the dynamic response of concrete dams. Finally, nonlinear modeling of concrete to study the damage evolution of concrete dams during strong earthquakes is discussed. An elastic-damage mechanics approach for damage prediction of concrete gravity dams is described as an example. These findings are helpful in understanding the dynamic behavior of concrete dams and promoting the improvement of seismic safety assessment methods.

Numerical simulation of seismic damage and cracking of concrete slabs of high concrete face rockfill dams

Based on the damage constitutive model for concrete, the Weibull distribution function was used to characterize the random distribution of the mechanical properties of materials by finely subdividing concrete slab elements, and a concrete random mesoscopic damage model was established. The seismic response of a 100-m high concrete face rockfill dam(CFRD), subjected to ground motion with different intensities, was simulated with the three-dimensional finite element method(FEM), with emphasis on exploration of damage and the cracking process of concrete slabs during earthquakes as well as analysis of dynamic damage and cracking characteristics during strong earthquakes. The calculated results show that the number of damaged and cracking elements on concrete slabs grows with the duration of earthquakes. With increasing earthquake intensity, the damaged zone and cracking zone on concrete slabs grow wider. During a 7.0-magnitude earthquake, the stress level of concrete slabs is low for the CFRD, and there is almost no damage or slight damage to the slabs. While during a 9.0-magnitude strong earthquake, the percentages of damaged elements and macrocracking elements continuously ascend with the duration of the earthquake, peaking at approximately 26% and 5% at the end of the earthquake, respectively. The concrete random mesoscopic damage model can depict the entire process of sprouting, growing, connecting, and expanding of cracks on a concrete slab during earthquakes.

Molecular dynamics simulations of surfactant adsorption at oil/water interface under shear flow

Surfactants are extensively used in many chemical products to improve their stability, appearance, texture, and rheology. Precise control of the emulsion droplet size distribution, which depends on the characteristics of the surfactant used, is important for target-oriented product design. A complete understand! ng of the structures and dynamics of emulsion droplets at the reactor level requires coupling of two mesoscale physical constraints, that at the interfacial level, i.e., smaller than a single droplet (Mesoscale- 1), and that at the device level, i.e., larger than a single droplet (Mesoscale-2). In this work, the structures and adsorption kinetics of Mesoscale-1 surfactant molecules were studied via coarse-grained molecular dynamics. A non-equilibrium model that could introduce stable shear flow into the simulation box was used to investigate the interfacial structures at the droplet interface under different shear rates. The configurations of the surfactant molecules and adsorption amounts were compared with those obtained without flow. The adsorption kinetics for different shear rates were compared to determine the effects of hydrodynamic interactions. The dominant mechanisms governing the dynamic structures can thus be summarized as maximization of the adsorption density at the interface and minimization of flow resistance in the bulk phase (water and/or oil molecules). A scheme for coupling between Mesoscale-1 and Mesoscale-2 is proposed. This method is promising for the incorporation of interfacial structure effects into the hydrodynamics at the reactor device level for the manipulation of chemical products.

强夯法加固堰塞坝料的室内模型试验研究

为丰富堰塞坝开发利用理论,指导堰塞坝浅层密实加固处理工程,基于相似定律对堰塞坝料进行了不同能级的室内强夯模型试验,综合采用宏-细观方法分析了强夯能量引起的动应力发展和传播规律、内部变形规律、颗粒破碎和加固效果等。试验结果表明:随着夯击次数增加,由于堰塞坝料密实度提高、颗粒重排列、破碎及填充的叠合效应,夯锤有效加固范围内的动土压力峰值整体呈波动上升趋势。强夯过程中能量逐渐从表层传递到深层,同时强夯能量随深度具有较大的耗散,动应力峰值随深度呈现快速衰减的趋势。由于风化严重,强夯引起了明显的颗粒破碎现象。强夯对松散宽级配堰塞坝料的加固效果明显,不同能级强夯后其锥尖阻力大幅提高,但夯击能超过一定数值时,增大夯击能对加固效果提升有限。基于本次易贡堰塞坝料模型试验,最佳夯击能约为6000 kN·m。

冲击碾压法加固堰塞坝料的室内模型试验研究

为丰富堰塞坝开发利用理论,探究适宜堰塞坝料的密实方法和设计参数,研究了冲击碾压方法对堰塞坝料的密实效果和密实机理。基于相似定律设计了不同冲击轮质量及牵引速度的天然堰塞坝料室内冲击碾压模型试验,综合采用宏-细观方法测试了冲击碾压后的动应力发展传播规律、变形特性、颗粒运动和加固效果等。试验结果表明:(1)冲击轮引起的冲击荷载为三角形脉冲荷载,产生的接触应力随着牵引速度和冲击轮质量的增大而增大,引起的地基动土应力随着碾压遍数的增加而增加;(2)冲击碾压对堰塞坝料地基表层的加固效果良好,地基内部动土应力和位移皆随深度迅速减小,深度3.6m范围内的堰塞坝料强度提升明显;(3)提高冲击轮的速度对加固效果的影响更大,可以有效提高冲击动应力,进而使得冲碾加固效果向深层传递;(4)满足易贡堰塞坝料的冲击碾压参数为:冲击轮质量13.5t,牵引速度3.46m/s,碾压遍数12。