Dynamic mathematical model and numerical calculation method on spontaneous combustion of loose coal

Through the experiment of coal spontaneous combustion and relationship particle size with oxidation character of loose coal, some calculation formula of characteristic parameters is got in the process of coal spontaneous combustion. According to these theories of porous medium hydrodynamics, mass transfer and heat transfer, mathematical models of air leak field, oxygen concentration field and temperature field are set up. Through experimental and theoretical analysis, 3 D dynamic mathematical model of coal spontaneous combustion is set up. The method of ascertaining boundary condition of model is analyzed, and finite difference method is adopted to solve 2 D mathematical model.

Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Performance Affected by Spiral Inlet and Outlet in a Positive Displacement Blower

The flow in the positive displacement blower is very complex.The existing two-dimensional numerical simulation cannot provide the detailed flow information,especially flow characteristics along the axial direction,which is unfavorable to improve the performance of positive displacement blower.To investigate the effects of spiral inlet and outlet on the aerodynamic performance of positive displacement blower,three-dimensional unsteady flow characteristics in a three-lobe positive displacement blower with and without the spiral inlet and outlet are simulated by solving Navier-Stokes equations coupled with RNG k-ε turbulent model.In the numerical simulation,the dynamic mesh technique and overset mesh updating method are used.The computational results are compared with the experimental measurements on the variation of flow rate with the outlet pressure to verify the validity of the numerical method presented.The results show that the mass flow rate with the change of pressure is slightly affected by the application of spiral inlet and outlet,but the internal flow state is largely affected.In the exhaust region,the fluctuations of pressure,velocity and temperature as well as the average values of velocity are significantly reduced.This illustrates that the spiral outlet can effectively suppress the fluctuations of pressure,thus reducing reflux shock and energy dissipation.In the intake area,the average value of pressure,velocity and temperature are slightly declined,but the fluctuations of them are significantly reduced,indicating that the spiral inlet plays the role in making the flow more stable.The numerical results obtained reveal the three-dimensional flow characteristics of the positive displacement blower with spiral inlet and outlet,and provide useful reference to improve performance and empirical correction in the noise-reduction design of the positive displacement blowers.

Numerical Prediction of Hydrodynamic Forces on A Ship Passing Through A Lock

While passing through a lock, a ship usually undergoes a steady forward motion at low speed. Owing to the size restriction of lock chamber, the shallow water and bank effects on the hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship may be remarkable, which may have an adverse effect on navigation safety. However, the complicated hydrodynamics is not yet fully understood. This paper focuses on the hydrodynamic forces acting on a ship passing through a lock. The unsteady viscous flow and hydrodynamic forces are calculated by applying an unsteady RANS code with a RNG k-e turbulence model. User-defined function （UDF） is compiled to define the ship motion. Meanwhile, the grid regeneration is dealt with by using the dynamic mesh method and sliding interface technique. Numerical study is carried out for a bulk carrier ship passing through the Pierre Vandamme Lock in Zeebrugge at the model scale. The proposed method is validated by comparing the numerical results with the data of captive model tests. By analyzing the numerical results obtained at different speeds, water depths and eccentricities, the influences of speed, water depth and eccentricity on the hydrodynamic forces are illustrated. The numerical method proposed in this paper can qualitatively predict the ship-lock hydrodynamic interaction. It can provide certain guidance on the manoeuvring and control of ships passing through a lock.

Precise integration method without inverse matrix calculation for structural dynamic equations

The precise integration method proposed for linear time-invariant homogeneous dynamic systems can provide accurate numerical results that approach an exact solution at integration points. However, difficulties arise when the algorithm is used for non-homogeneous dynamic systems due to the inverse matrix calculation required. In this paper, the structural dynamic equalibrium equations are converted into a special form, the inverse matrix calculation is replaced by the Crout decomposition method to solve the dynamic equilibrium equations, and the precise integration method without the inverse matrix calculation is obtained. The new algorithm enhances the present precise integration method by improving both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Analysis and Application of Multiple-Precision Computation and Round-off Error for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems

This research reveals the dependency of floating point computation in nonlinear dynamical systems on machine precision and step-size by applying a multiple-precision approach in the Lorenz nonlinear equations. The paper also demoastrates the procedures for obtaining a real numerical solution in the Lorenz system with long-time integration and a new multiple-precision-based approach used to identify the maximum effective computation time （MECT） and optimal step-size （OS）. In addition, the authors introduce how to analyze round-off error in a long-time integration in some typical cases of nonlinear systems and present its approximate estimate expression.

Experimental and Numerical Study on Pectoral-Fin Propulsive System

Generally the underwater bio-robots take the tail fin as propulsor, and combined with pectoral fin they can manoeuvre agilely and control their position and movement at will. In nature, a lot of fishes realize to suspend itself in water to go forward and to move back up by the pectoral fin moving complexly. So that it is significant theoretically and valuable for practical application to investigate the propulsive principle and hydrodynamic performance of pectoral fin, and find the method utilizing the pectoral fin to manoeuvre the underwater bio-robot agilely. In this paper, a two degree of freedom （DoF） motion model is established for a rigid pectoral fin, and the hydrodynamic performances of the pectoral fin are studied by use of the pectoral fin propulsive experimental platform developed by Harbin Engineering University, simultaneously the hydrodynamic performance of the pectoral fin is analyzed when some parameters change. Then, through the secondary development of FLUENT （CFD code） software, the hydrodynamic performances of rigid pectoral fin in viscous flows are calculated and the results are compared with the latest experimental results. The research in this paper will provide the theoretical reference for the design of the manoeuvring system imitating pectoral fin, at the same time will become the foundation for the development of the small underwater bio-robot.

Dynamic Performance Investigation of A Spar-Type Floating Wind Turbine Under Different Sea Conditions

Both numerical calculation and model test are important techniques to study and forecast the dynamic responses of the floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT). However, both the methods have their own limitations at present. In this study, the dynamic responses of a 5 MW OC3 spar-type floating wind turbine designed for a water depth of 200 m are numerically investigated and validated by a 1:50 scaled model test. Moreover, the discrepancies between the numerical calculations and model tests are obtained and discussed. According to the discussions, it is found that the surge and pitch are coupled with the mooring tensions, but the heave is independent of them. Surge and pitch are mainly induced by wave under wind wave conditions. Wind and current will induce the low-frequency average responses, while wave will induce the fluctuation ranges of the responses. In addition, wave will induce the wavefrequency responses but wind and current will restrain the ranges of the responses.

Numerical Simulation of PMM Tests for A Ship in Close Proximity to Sidewall and Maneuvering Stability Analysis

As the maneuverability of a ship navigating close to a bank is influenced by the sidewall, the assessment of ship maneuvering stability is important. The hydrodynamic derivatives measured by the planar motion mechanism （PMM） test provide a way to predict the change of ship maneuverability. This paper presents a numerical simulation of PMM model tests with variant distances to a vertical bank by using unsteady RANS equations. A hybrid dynamic mesh technique is developed to realize the mesh configuration and remeshing of dynamic PMM tests when the ship is close to the bank. The proposed method is validated by comparing numerical results with results of PMM tests in a circulating water channel. The first-order hydrodynamic derivatives of the ship are analyzed from the time history of lateral force and yaw moment according to the multiple-run simulating procedure and the variations of hydrodynamic derivatives with the ship-sidewall distance are given. The straight line stability and directional stability are also discussed and stable or unstable zone of proportional-derivative （PD） controller parameters for directional stability is shown, which can be a reference for course keeping operation when sailing near a bank.

Dynamic responses of deep underground explosions based on improved Grigorian model

It is important to investigate the dynamic behaviors of deep rocks near explosion cavity to reveal the mechanisms of deformations and fractures. Some improvements are carried out for Grigorian model with focuses on the dilation effects and the relaxation effects of deep rocks, and the high pressure equations of states with Mie-Grüneisen form are also established. Numerical calculations of free field parameters for deep underground explosions are carried out based on the user subroutines which are compiled by means of the secondary development functions of LS-DYNA9703 D software. The histories of radial stress, radial velocity and radial displacement of rock particles are obtained, and the calculation results are compared with those of U.S. Hardhat nuclear test. It is indicated that the dynamic responses of free field for deep underground explosions are well simulated based on improved Grigorian model, and the calculation results are in good agreement with the data of U.S. Hardhat nuclear test. The peak values of particle velocities are consistent with those of test, but the waveform widths and the rising times are obviously greater than those without dilation effects. The attenuation rates of particle velocities are greater than the calculation results with classic plastic model, and they are consistent with the results of Hardhat nuclear test. The attenuation behaviors and the rising times of stress waves are well shown by introducing dilation effects and relaxation effects into the calculation model. Therefore, the defects of Grigorian model are avoided. It is also indicated that the initial stress has obvious influences on the waveforms of radial stress and the radial displacements of rock particles.

Time Collocation Method for Structural Dynamic Problems

In order to achieve highly accurate and efficient numerical calculations of structural dynamics, time collocation method is presented. For a given time interval, the numerical solution of the method is approximated by a polynomial. The polynomial coefficients are evaluated by solving algebraic equation. Once the polynomial coefficients are evaluated, the numerical solutions at any time in the interval can be easily calculated. New formulae are derived for the polynomial coefficients,which are more practical and succinct than those previously given. Two structural dynamic equations are calculated by the proposed method. The numerical solutions are compared with the traditional fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results show that the method proposed is highly accurate and computationally efficient. In addition, an important advantage of the method is the simplicity in software programming.

双盘转子—电磁轴承系统的碰摩振动特性

转子系统的非线性振动是工程实际中的复杂问题,尤其转子系统碰摩振动的强非线性动力学特性,诱发倍周期分岔、hopf分岔及混沌等复杂现象。建立一类考虑碰摩故障的主动电磁轴承支撑双盘转子系统的力学模型,基于非线性动力学和转子动力学理论,采用多目标协同、多参数耦合仿真分析,运用变步长4阶Runge-Kutta法数值计算,通过获得的转子系统周期分岔图、碰摩分岔图、轴心轨迹图、Poincaré映射图、最大碰摩力及碰摩占空比曲线图,揭示了转子系统的非线性动态响应。同时研究复杂转子系统的碰摩振动特性与结构参数的关联关系。计算结果表明,系统的间隙阈值越小且转速越低条件下的周期碰摩振动越具复杂性和多样性,且系统因碰摩故障引发的最大碰摩力及碰摩占空比曲线峰值也较高。系统的定子刚度比越大,其表现出的各类周期碰摩振动的振动幅值和冲击速度越高;最大碰摩力越大。系统的偏心比值越大,系统的周期碰摩振动模式类型越多样化且混沌窗口越多;系统的各类周期碰摩振动产生的最大碰摩力和碰摩占空比也越高。同时,进一步分析了基本周期振动、亚谐振动、概周期振动和混沌的发生区域及转迁规律。研究结果可以有效地为该类转子系统动态匹配设计、大数据诊断与协同优化提供实际指导意义。

单步无条件稳定显式结构动力学算法

在结构动力学分析中,数值积分方法通常被用来高效和准确地求解复杂结构系统在动态负载下的响应。基于量纲分析的原理,提出一种求解结构动力学问题的单步无条件稳定显式算法。首先对所构造的关于位移和速度的函数关系式进行无量纲化处理,然后通过算法精度要求、无条件稳定条件和数值阻尼可控条件确定了其最终递推格式,并根据算法最终递推格式分析得出算法耗散与弥散特性、超调和自启动特性和多自由度系统计算步骤,最后通过数值算例验证了算法的收敛精度、可控数值阻尼和计算效率优势。研究结果表明:对于线性和非线性系统,该算法都兼具显式算法的非迭代特性和隐式算法的无条件稳定特性;该算法能实现真正意义上的自启动并且在速度和位移上均无超调;该算法的数值阻尼由单自由参数控制,数值耗散和弥散对系统低模态响应的影响可以忽略不计,与具有代表性的非迭代显式算法KR-α法相比,该算法在引入数值阻尼滤除虚假高频模态的同时更真实地保留了低阶振型的贡献,从而表现出更好的计算精度;该算法在求解非线性结构动力学问题时相较于常用隐式算法有着显著的计算效率优势,并略优于两求解器非迭代显式算法KR-α法。研究结果很有希望成为求解非线性结构动力学问题的最新且更加有效的显式算法。

大跨度高速铁路桥梁端伸缩装置区段车轨动力响应

为了确保大跨度高速铁路桥梁端伸缩装置区段列车安全运营,通过建立梁端伸缩装置区段车辆-轨道刚柔耦合模型,研究了不同伸缩量、不同车辆行驶速度下梁端伸缩装置各部件动力响应变化规律,并对随机不平顺激励叠加梁端刚度不平顺下车辆运行安全性进行评估。结果表明:梁端伸缩装置各部件动力响应整体随车速增加而呈增大趋势,且各部件垂向加速度随车速变化较大;不同伸缩量下梁端伸缩装置区域钢轨及可动钢枕动力响应整体随梁缝扩大而呈增大趋势,且可动钢枕垂向位移及伸缩装置各部件垂向加速度随伸缩量变化较大;施加随机不平顺后,轮重减载率在车速420 km/h时出现超限情况,钢轨垂向位移在拉伸300~500 mm状态、车速330 km/h时出现超限情况。

山岭隧道衬砌-减震层体系动力响应研究

为了探寻隧道设置减震层时影响减震层减震性能的关键因素,建立了设置减震层的隧道有限元数值模型,将数值模型与振动台试验进行对比,验证了数值模型的可靠性。改变减震层设计参数和围岩条件,通过对隧道结构的主应变、相对变形率以及围岩的塑性区进行分析,研究不同参数条件下减震层的减震效果。结果表明:设置减震层后隧道加速度响应的传递函数在15~30 Hz频段范围内减小,说明减震层通过吸收地震波中的高频成分,减小地震波能量向隧道的传递,进而减小隧道的地震响应。参数分析结果表明:减震层弹性模量越小厚度越大,减震层的减震效果越加明显,但隧道结构的相对变形率也随之上升。相比于增加减震层厚度,降低减震层弹性模量对减震效果的提升更为显著。在坚硬围岩中的设置减震层相比于软弱围岩减震效果更显著。

Numerical simulation of heat transfer process in cement grate cooler based on dynamic mesh technique

A grate cooler is key equipment in quenching clinker and recovering heat in cement production. A two-dimensional numerical model based on a 5000 t/d cement plant is proposed to for a study on the gas-solid coupled heat transfer process between the cooling air and clinker in a grate cooler. In this study, we use the Fluent dynamic mesh technique and porous media model through which the transient temperature distribution with the clinker motion process and steady temperature and pressure distribution are obtained. We validate the numerical model with the operating data of the cooling air outlet temperature. Then, we discuss the amount of mid-temperature air outlet and average diameter of clinker particles, which affect the heat effective utilization and cooling air pressure drop in clinker layer. We found that after adding one more mid-temperature air outlet, the average temperature of the air flowing into the heat recovery boiler increases by 29.04°C and the ratio of heat effective utilization increases by 5.3%. This means heat recovery is more effective on adding one more mid-temperature air outlet. Further, the smaller the clinker particles, the more is the pressure drop in clinker layer; thus more power consumption is needed by the cooling fan.

超音速分离线喷管大摆角状态下化学烧蚀动态仿真

针对超音速分离线喷管大摆角状态下化学烧蚀导致的壁面退移,基于动网格技术建立了相应的动态仿真模型,实现了对不同燃烧室条件下喷管化学烧蚀率的预示。初步稳态计算得到喉部烧蚀率为0.048 6 mm/s,高出试验结果5.67%,验证了仿真设置的合理性。以此状态结果为瞬态计算的初场,进行相应的化学烧蚀动态仿真计算。该喷管的矢量角放大系数在0.5 s仿真时间内因壁面退移减小了0.42%,对称面下侧分离线结构附近因燃气流动受阻成为喷管烧蚀最严重的位置,烧蚀率为0.074 5 mm/s。增大燃烧室压强或温度,会导致同周向位置的分离线后侧与前侧壁面烧蚀率比值减小。对于分离线附近型面变化较小处,压强5.5 MPa增加到7.5 MPa,该比值减小了10%,温度3200 K增加到3600 K减小了15%。

主余震作用下塔尔寺中心大塔响应研究

目前对建筑结构进行主余震序列作用下的动力响应研究表明,主震过后的余震往往会造成结构损伤的累积,导致结构裂缝扩展甚至倒塌,但主余震分析在土遗址的分析中却应用较少。以锁阳城塔尔寺中心大塔为研究对象,基于目标谱匹配方法选取6条自然地震动记录调幅,进行单一主震与主余震序列作用下的动力响应分析。结果表明:加速度与位移响应沿佛塔高度的变化趋势在主震作用与余震作用下基本一致,加速度与竖向位移最大值位于佛塔顶点,而水平位移最大值位于覆钵体与塔身结合处;结构在主震作用下产生塑性损伤后,余震会扩大损伤的范围和程度,且损伤严重的部位扩大效果最明显。通过以上分析得到塔尔寺中心大塔的薄弱位置,提出在合适部位进行支护加固等改进措施。

抽水蓄能机组水轮机工况启动过程转轮动应力特性

本文以某原型水泵水轮机组为研究对象,研究了水轮机工况启动过程中外特性的动态变化曲线,重点分析水泵水轮机转轮内流场和动应力特性。研究结果表明,在水轮机工况启动过程中,转轮扭矩呈先上升后下降的趋势,在转速达到额定值时,扭矩接近于0;流量受到导叶开度的影响非常明显,处于先上升后下降趋势;水头在430~480m左右波动。随着转速的增加,转轮流固耦合面上的整体压力值显著增加。高压区起始集中在转轮进水边的压力面一侧,随着时间的推移,高压区域逐渐扩大并移动到进水边的吸力面一侧。转轮进水边与下环交接处的应力呈现先下降后上升的趋势,应力均值下降的同时,峰峰值也有所下降,应力值一直处于较低的水平。转轮进水边与上冠交接处的应力呈现上升趋势,并与转轮转速的变化趋势一致。本文对于深入理解水泵水轮机组启动过程复杂条件下的内部流动和转轮动应力特性具有重要参考价值。

涡激振动小圆柱对翼型气动力影响的数值研究

在大攻角来流时,翼型吸力面气流常产生流动分离现象,使翼型气动性能恶化。针对大攻角情况下的流动分离现象,本文在翼型前缘加入控制柱,通过数值仿真探究发生涡激振动的小圆柱对于翼型气动力的影响。基于计算流体力学、结构动力学和嵌套网格技术,本文建立了二维流固耦合模型。以NACA0012翼型为例,对翼型前缘设置涡激振动圆柱的流场情况进行模拟,并且对比了静止圆柱与振动圆柱情况下的流场变化。通过流线图和涡量云图分析了小圆柱流动控制的机理。仿真结果表明:设置静止小圆柱可以提高大攻角下的翼型升阻比,使小圆柱产生涡激振动之后,能够进一步有效地提高大攻角下的翼型升阻比50%以上。涡激振动小圆柱的引入在大攻角条件下对提升翼型升阻比具有显著效果,为改善翼型气动性能提供了一种有效的流动控制手段。

航空发动机钛合金分子动力学计算技术研究进展

未来航空发动机推重比等性能不断提升,对钛合金部件的高温力学及结构稳定性等提出更高的需求。传统实物实验在时间、空间尺度的局限性日益凸显,对于微观瞬态现象及机理的深入研究存在一定难度。而分子动力学(molecular dynamics,MD)计算技术以原子/分子模型为计算对象,在引入牛顿经典力学与经验参数的基础上,较量子计算方法大幅度提高了计算效率,从而成为实现航空发动机钛合金工艺参数优化与组织性能计算的重要技术途径。本文在概述MD计算空间与时间尺度优势基本原理的基础上,重点介绍通过MD计算方法研究钛合金成形制造、微观组织与结构、力学与热力学性能、材料设计和力场开发等方面的研究进展,以及有助于航空发动机钛合金耐高温性能提升的代表性结论。最后结合航空发动机钛合金对MD计算技术的需求,展望未来研究方向,指出基于MD计算方法的钛合金高通量成分设计、训练针对成熟钛合金成分体系的分子力场和将新型ReaxFF(reactive force field)反应力场引入钛合金燃烧机理研究中面临的挑战。