Thermal–moisture dynamics and thermal stability of active layer in response to wet/dry conditions in the central region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,China

The amount of rainfall varies unevenly in different regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with some regions becoming wetter and others drier. Precipitation has an important impact on the process of surface energy balance and the energy-water transfer within soils. To clarify the thermal-moisture dynamics and thermal stability of the active layer in permafrost regions under wet/dry conditions, the verified water-vapour-heat coupling model was used. Changes in the surface energy balance, energy-water transfer within the soil, and thickness of the active layer were quantitatively analyzed. The results demonstrate that rainfall changes significantly affect the Bowen ratio, which in turn affects surface energy exchange. Under wet/dry conditions, there is a positive correlation between rainfall and liquid water flux under the hydraulic gradient;water vapour migration is the main form under the temperature gradient, which indicates that the influence of water vapour migration on thermalmoisture dynamics of the active layer cannot be neglected. Concurrently, regardless of wet or dry conditions,disturbance of the heat transport by conduction caused by rainfall is stronger than that of convection by liquid water. In addition, when rainfall decreases by 1.5 times(212 mm) and increases by 1.5 times(477 mm), the thickness of the active layer increases by 0.12 m and decreases by 0.21 m, respectively. The results show that dry conditions are not conducive to the preservation of frozen soil;however, wet conditions are conducive to the preservation of frozen soil, although there is a threshold value. When this threshold value is exceeded, rainfall is unfavourable for the development of frozen soil.

Dynamic heating and thermal destruction conditions of quartz particles in polydisperse plasma flow of RF-ICP torch system

Numerical simulation of turbulent mixing process of polydisperse quartz particle(particle size distribution in the range of 0.1-0.4 mm)flow with Ar and Ar-H2 plasma generated by radio frequency inductively coupled plasma(RF-ICP)torch has been made.An approximate two-stage approach has been proposed to calculate the spatial-temporal distributions of temperature and resulting thermal stress in quartz particles during dynamic heating in polydisperse plasma flow.The influence of working gas compositions,particle size distributions,injection angle and flow rate of carrier gas on the thermal destruction conditions of quartz particles has been determined under different particle feed rates.It is found that all the solid quartz particles(0.1-0.4 mm)could be thermal destructed without overheating in RF-ICP torch system,when the hydrogen volume fraction in working gases is more than 1.5%-2%and particle feed rate is in a certain range.The values of the maximum and minimum feed rates have been determined under different hydrogen volume fractions.An optimal particle injection angle and flow rate of carrier gas is found around 50°-60°and 160-220 slpm,under which the value of maximum equivalent thermal stress in quartz particles is highest.

Dynamic modeling of thermal conditions for hot-water district-heating networks

To investigate the dynamic characteristics of the thermal conditions of hot-water district-heating networks, a dynamic modeling method is proposed with consideration of the heat dissipations in pipes and the characteristic line method is adopted to solve it. Besides, the influences of different errors, space steps and initial values on the convergence of the dynamic model results are analyzed for a model network. Finally, a part of a certain city district-heating system is simulated and the results are compared with the actual operation data in half an hour from 6 secondary heat stations. The results indicate that the relative errors for the supply pressure and temperature in 5 stations are all within 2%, except in one station, where the relative error approaches 4%. So the proposed model and algorithm are validated.

A concept of capillary active,dynamic insulation integrated with heating,cooling and ventilation,air conditioning system

When a historic façade needs to be preserved or when the seismic considerations favor use of a concrete wall system and fire considerations limit exterior thermal insulation,one needs to use interior thermal insulation systems.Interior thermal insulation systems are less effective than the exterior systems and will not reduce the effect of thermal bridges.Yet they may be successfully used and,in many instances,are recommended as a complement to the exterior insulation.This paper presents one of these cases.It is focused on the most successful applications of capillary active,dynamic interior thermal insulation.This happens when such insulation is integrated with heating,cooling and ventilation,air conditioning(HVAC)system.Starting with a pioneering work of the Technical University in Dresden in development of capillary active interior insulations,we propose a next generation,namely,a bio-fiber thermal insulation.When completing the review,this paper proposes a concept of a joint research project to be undertaken by partners from the US(where improvement of indoor climate in exposed coastal areas is needed),China(indoor climate in non-air conditioned concrete buildings is an issue),and Germany(where the bio-fiber technology has been developed).

Study on potential evapotranspiration and wet-dry condition in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau

This study was based on the CEOP/CAMP-Tibet observed data at AWS （Automatic Weather Station） of MS3478 in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau from March 2007 to February 2008. The variation characteristics of PE （potential evapotransph＇ation） were analyzed based on the Penman-Monteith method recommended by FAO （the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- lions）. The contributions of dynamic, thermal and water factors to PE were discussed, and the wet-dry condition of the plateau region was further studied. The results indicated that daily PE was between 0.52 mm and 6.46 mm for the whole year. Monthly PE was over 107 mm from May to September, but decreased to less than 41 mm from November to February. Annual PE was 1,037.8mm. In the summer, thermal PE was significantly more than dynamic PE, but conversely in the winter. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern. In addition, drought and semi-drought climate lasted for a long time while semi-humid climate was short. The effect of water and dynamic factors on PE varied considerably with the seasons. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern.

State space reconstruction of classic methods in air-conditioning dynamic load calculation

In actual air-conditioning systems,accurate calculation of dynamic loads is demandedfor the energy and materials saving and comfort control.At about the beginning of the1970s,researchers abroad developed the harmonic wave method(HWM),thermal responsefactor method(TRFM)and Z-transfer function method(ZTFM),and made greatachievements on the transition of air-conditioning loads calculation from steady methods

影响华北重度和轻度高温热浪的大气背景场差异分析

首先识别了1961—2020年华北地区的高温热浪事件,在此基础上筛选出重度和轻度高温热浪事件多发年份,对比分析了重度和轻度高温热浪事件的时空变化特征以及大气背景差异。结果表明,重度和轻度高温热浪发生频次的高值区分别位于华北北部和中南部。自20世纪60年代以来,华北重度和轻度高温热浪事件频次均呈现显著的增长趋势,其中重度高温热浪事件频次的增加更为明显。对应华北重度高温热浪事件多发,东亚中纬度地区为准相当正压结构的异常反气旋性环流控制,华北地区位于异常反气旋性环流的东南部。在该异常环流背景下,华北地区上空呈现异常下沉运动、云量偏少、大气整体偏干。在异常下沉绝热增温的同时,晴朗干燥的配置有利于更多的太阳辐射到达地表,相应的向上长波辐射和感热通量增加,进一步加热近地表大气。在华北轻度高温热浪事件高发年,华北位于异常反气旋(东南侧)和气旋(西北侧)性环流之间,主要受异常西南风控制。异常西南风向华北输送暖平流加热大气的同时,增加了华北上空的水汽。偏多的水汽捕获更多的长波辐射并反射至地表,利于气温升高。

Occurrence Mechanism of A Local Rainstorm in the Northwest of Hubei Province

A rare local rainstorm weather in the midsummer rainy weather process appeared in the northwest of Hubei Province during July 8-13,2009.The circulation situation,the contributions of dynamic,thermal force and water vapor to this strong precipitation in this process were discussed.The results showed that the cold air which was brought by Lake Balkis cold vortex was the trigger mechanism of local rainstorm,and Lake Baikal low pressure provided the foreign dynamic for the adjustment of East Asia circulation.When the rainstorm occurred,the divergence in the divergence field had the strong 'pumping effect' in the high altitude.The warm wet airflow in the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea was the water vapor source of rainstorm.The falling zone of rainstorm appeared in the front of energy frontal zone,and the axis line in the top of high-energy tongue deviated to the side of cold air.Q vector divergence and the negative value zone of water vapor helicity had the important indication effect for the short-term forecast of local rainstorm.

可靠性特征重构下的发电机组变工况热力性能动态仿真分析

煤气含量和热应力等的影响下,发电机组变工况热力性能不稳定,对此,进行了发电机组变工况热力性能动态仿真分析。分析燃气-蒸汽联合循环效率影响指标,模拟发电机组热力学特征,选中热效率、低端循环模型、[火用]效率中的任意样本,计算同类和异类样本集相关度,保留相关度较高的发电机组热力学特征样本,持续改进发电机组的热力学特征,获得包括热平衡、[火用]平衡等相关内容的变工况能量平衡计算结果,确认变工况热力性能。仿真实验结果表明,调节焦炉煤气和高炉煤气含量、燃气初温、压气机压缩比等条件后,燃烧室和余热锅炉是产生[火用]损失较多的部分,发电机组热效率受到燃气初温、压气机进口温度、压缩比等多方面限制,可结合实际工况调节压缩比以使发电机组达到最优状态。

冷热双向全周期维度蓄能空调系统设计优化

蓄能空调系统涉及“源”侧电力供应和“荷”侧建筑冷热需求双重动态变化特性,系统的容量配置是一个技术经济寻优问题。受室内外多种因素共同影响,建筑冷热负荷每天的逐时分布规律差别较大,传统上仅基于设计日等典型周期逐时负荷分布规律的设计方法使得蓄能空调系统容量的配置不合理。突破传统设计方法的不足,提出以空调系统全年运行性能为导向的冷热双向全周期维度蓄能空调系统性能化设计方法,能够考虑到全供暖季、全制冷季每天的逐时动态负荷分布规律,耦合建筑冷热负荷双向需求,获得更加科学合理的蓄能空调系统容量配置方案。用具体案例进行了设计方法展示。

上海“010805”特大暴雨与“080825”大暴雨对比分析

通过对"010805"特大暴雨和"080825"大暴雨两次过程的天气环流背景、产生强降水的热力、水汽和动力条件以及卫星云图对比分析,得到一些异同点:"010805"特大暴雨是热带低压(简称010805TD)影响产生的,"080825"大暴雨是由中纬度低涡切变引起的,但是登陆减弱的2008年第12号热带风暴"鹦鹉"为"080825"大暴雨提供了大量的水汽和能量。两次过程都有来自北方的弱冷空气影响,中低纬度不同气团的相互作用对暴雨的产生有十分重要的作用。移动缓慢的010805TD东侧的偏南、东南急流不断为"010805"特大暴雨提供水汽和能量,维持了010805TD强度。西太平洋副热带高压西北侧与低空切变之间存在强的西南低空急流,给下游的上海输送了水汽和能量。"010805"过程开始前24h对流不稳定能量开始积聚,而"080825"过程则是在产生前12h才快速增加,其大气的对流不稳定发展更为强烈。上海在两次降水过程开始前都变得不稳定,K指数增加到36℃以上。两次过程开始前12～24h的水汽输送就开始了。"010805"特大暴雨由偏南、东南急流输送来自东海的水汽;"080825"大暴雨由西南急流输送来自南海及西南地区的水汽,而且也有低空偏东气流输送来自东海的水汽和能量。两次过程上海上空的大气可降水量都在60mm以上,正涡度和上升气流都集中在上海上空非常窄的地区,这从一个侧面说明了仅在上海产生特强降水的原因。对流云团有向后传递的特点,在减弱的对流云团后部再生新的云亮核与其合并是中尺度云团迅速发展、加强的原因之一,多个云团合并同样是中尺度云团迅速、发展加强的原因,有很强的突发性。

吉林省一场持续性暴雨成因及MCC特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站降水资料、NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料及FY-2E卫星云图资料,对2013年8月14—17日吉林省持续性暴雨过程环流形势演变特征、暴雨成因及其中尺度特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明:在异常稳定的大尺度环流背景下,中纬度锋区上先后有两次高空槽沿同一路径东移、重复影响吉林是造成持续性暴雨的重要原因。降水过程分为两个集中阶段,第一阶段以对流性强降水为主,θ_(se)锋区随高度向南倾斜,具有条件不稳定并且水汽充沛,形成较大的对流有效位能;而第二阶段逐渐转为混合性强降水,θ_(se)锋区随高度向北倾斜,在水汽输送强度、降水时间及降水总量等方面均明显强于第一阶段。强降水发生期间,先后形成α中尺度对流云团或MCC,分3个阶段影响吉林省,在云团发展阶段,具有低层气旋式涡度伴随中尺度辐合,高层反气旋涡度伴随中尺度辐散的垂直结构,且上升速度明显,同时925 hPa超低空急流前端风速辐合的反复出现亦是暴雨持续发生可能的中尺度触发机制。

辽宁两类降雪过程的对比及定量降雪预报指标

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP1°×1°资料,普查辽宁省最近10 a来区域性暴雪、大雪、中雪天气过程,大致可分为北上水汽型和东北上水汽型两类。从环流背景、水汽和动力条件方面对比分析了2004年12月19日和2002年12月16日两次不同类型的降雪过程,发现北上水汽型降雪过程850 hPa比湿和水汽通量大,水汽条件强,动力条件相对弱;而东北上水汽型的降雪过程850 hPa比湿和水汽通量相对小,但动力抬升和辐合作用强。通过分析10 a来辽宁不同类型5场区域性暴雪、8场区域性大雪、9场区域性中雪的水汽条件和动力条件物理量阈值区间,发现北上水汽型降雪过程850 hPa比湿和水汽通量大于东北上水汽型同级别降雪过程,在降大雪量级时的850 hPa比湿和东北上水汽型暴雪过程相当;东北上水汽型降雪过程的最大螺旋度、850 hPa散度、最大垂直速度和850 hPa急流要强于北上水汽型,而且降雪级别越高差距越明显,其中暴雪量级最大垂直速度、850 hPa急流已经达到产生暴雨的动力条件。

连续冰雹天气的物理量场特征分析

对 1997年 4月 2 8～ 2 9日山东连续两天出现大范围冰雹天气的天气系统和热力及动力场特征进行了分析。结果表明 ,这次连续性大范围冰雹天气过程是由冷性低涡影响产生的。冷锋触发对流不稳定能量释放 ,产生强对流。冰雹产生在中低层对流不稳定、高能舌和低层暖平流、高层冷平流以及低层辐合、高层辐散的上升运动区。对流有效位能和高层正涡度平流对冰雹的产生起主要作用。

一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程分析及数值模拟

利用常规观测资料、NCEP、卫星、雷达和地面加密观测等资料,对2010年6月1 7 20日江西北部一次罕见大暴雨过程进行天气动力学诊断分析、中尺度分析和WRF模式模拟分析。结果表明:(1)这次罕见大暴雨是一次典型梅雨锋暴雨,是在极为有利的天气形势下导致的强β中尺度系统强烈发展所致。500hPa东亚大槽槽后冷平流与强盛稳定的副高西北侧西南气流汇合,导致冷暖交汇带在江南北部维持。(2)冷暖交汇带的稳定和西南暖湿气流的异常强盛,使暴雨的水汽、动力、热力条件十分充足,非常有利于触发中小尺度对流系统强烈发展。(3)强盛水汽及辐合上升运动、低层西南急流加强、中层弱冷空气活动、对流不稳定层结加剧、地面辐合线维持少动、β中尺度强低涡形成并维持、高层强辐散等多种因素的共同组合叠加作用导致了特大暴雨发生。(4)数值模拟分析显示,19日08时β中尺度低涡形成与暖湿气流和弱冷空气共同作用有关;该低涡垂直厚度在550～950hPa之间,850和900hPa最强;并在该低涡南侧出现一串近东西向排列的30～60km更小尺度的强对流系统,它们与特大暴雨区相吻合。

单兵空调系统研究

在炎热环境中单兵空调系统可以对士兵的身体进行冷热调节,制造一种微气候环境。通过试验研究的方法,采用强化传热措施及轻质材料来减小微型制冷系统的质量及体积,研制了一种微型蒸汽压缩制冷系统作为单兵空调的冷源,微型制冷系统的制冷量为300 W,质量为2.85 kg,几何尺寸为270 mm×260 mm×120 mm.此微型制冷系统提供的制冷量能够保证一个士兵在40℃环境温度下作战时感觉舒适,不会产生热应激。所研制的微型制冷系统为我国士兵的个体热防护提供了一种轻便、易于携带的装备。

考虑运行条件的Elman网络丝杠驱动系统热误差建模

研究了建立滚珠丝杠副热误差模型的方法,以进一步提高半闭环丝杠驱动系统的定位精度。分析了滚珠丝杠副的热源和温度场的动态特性并考虑丝杠驱动系统运行条件提出了基于Elman神经网络的热误差建模方法。首先,根据滚珠丝杠副的结构特点,确定其内部热源及温度场分布特性。然后,基于丝杠温度分布函数,研究丝杠热变形与其内部热源之间的动态非线性函数关系。最后,综合考虑丝杠驱动系统运行条件对其热误差的影响,建立了基于Elman神经网络的热误差预测模型。实验结果表明,当丝杠驱动系统的运行条件较为复杂时,采用文中提出的预测模型得到的热变形估计残差为-3.1μm^2.4μm。结果显示:考虑运行条件的Elman神经网络比BP和Elman网络(仅考虑温升数据)具有更好的预测精度和鲁棒性,有较强的工程应用前景。

汽车空调风道改进及对乘员热舒适性影响分析

利用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,对汽车空调风道中的气流进行数值仿真,其结果与试验对比误差较小,并得出驾驶员侧出风口风量所占比例较小,从而致使驾驶员热舒适性较差。为改善这一现象,利用响应表面法,以空调风道中所加导流片的3个结构尺寸为设计变量,以驾驶员一侧的出风量比例和空调总出风量为优化目标对空调风道系统进行优化改进,并将改进后的空调系统应用于驾驶员热舒适性的分析。结果表明:改进后的汽车空调使驾驶员一侧的空调出风量比例由原来的44.9%提高至51.3%,驾驶员的热舒适性得到明显改善。

基于预置压片的高温合金激光熔覆温度场仿真

针对激光熔覆的特点,利用APDL参数化设计语言建立合理的三维瞬态温度场数值模型,综合考虑热源模型、相变潜热、材料属性变化、动态边界条件和动态接触热阻等。在镍基高温合金表面激光熔覆NiCoCrAl-Y2O3粉末片,计算结果与实验结果对比表明,该模型激光熔覆瞬态温度场的数值模拟结果和实验结果具有较好的吻合性,验证该模型的可靠性和正确性。

微型制冷系统在便携式空调中的应用

便携式空调可以应用于身穿防护服的核生化战斗人员、在炎热环境中作战的士兵、身穿防爆服的警察、身穿消防服的消防员以及在炎热环境中工作的工人,具有广阔的应用前景。北京工业大学传热强化与某实验室研制了微型蒸汽压缩制冷系统作为便携式空调的冷源,微型制冷系统的制冷量为300W,重量为2.85kg,几何尺寸为270mm×260mm×120mm。采用强化传热措施及轻质材料来减小微型制冷系统的重量及体积。