Lactobacillus frumenti mediates energy production via fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver of early-weaned piglets

Background:Early-weaning of piglets is often accompanied by severe disorders,especially diarrhea.The gut microbiota and its metabolites play a critical role in the maintenance of the physiologic and metabolic homeostasis of the host.Our previous studies have demonstrated that oral administration of Lactobacillus frumenti improves epithelial barrier functions and confers diarrhea resistance in early-weaned piglets.However,the metabolic response to L.frumenti administration remains unclear.Then,we conducted simultaneous serum and hepatic metabolomic analyses in early-weaned piglets administered by L.frumenti or phosphatebuffered saline(PBS).Results:A total of 1006-day-old crossbred piglets(Landrace×Yorkshire)were randomly divided into two groups and piglets received PBS(sterile,2 m L)or L.frumenti(suspension in PBS,10~8 CFU/m L,2 m L)by oral administration once per day from 6 to 20 days of age.Piglets were weaned at 21 days of age.Serum and liver samples for metabolomic analyses were collected at 26 days of age.Principal components analysis(PCA)showed that L.frumenti altered metabolism in serum and liver.Numerous correlations(P<0.05)were identified among the serum and liver metabolites that were affected by L.frumenti.Concentrations of guanosine monophosphate(GMP),inosine monophosphate(IMP),and uric acid were higher in serum of L.frumenti administration piglets.Pathway analysis indicated that L.frumenti regulated fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in serum and liver.Concentrations of fatty acidβ-oxidation related metabolites in serum(such as3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine,C4-OH)and liver(such as acetylcarnitine)were increased after L.frumenti administration.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that L.frumenti regulates lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the liver of early-weaned piglets,where it promotes fatty acidβ-oxidation and energy production.High serum concentrations of nucleotide intermediates,which may be an alternative strategy to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in early-weaned piglets,were further detected.These findings broaden our understanding of the relationships between the gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in the early-weaned piglets.

Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Intestinal Mucosal Protein,DNA and Mucosal Morphology of Early-Weaned Piglets

Forty piglets weaned at 21 days age were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The treatment group contained 1. 2% glutamine. The diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic, each treatment contained five replicates of four piglets. Five piglets from each dietary treatment were killed at 35 days and 49 days age. The results showed that dietary glutamine supplementation increased jejunal DNA content of piglets in the treatment group at 35 days and 49 days age. There was no significant change of ileum DNA content and intestinal protein content between the treatment and control ones. Dietary glutamine supplementation increased mucosal thickness of piglets in treatment group markedly at 35 days age. The intestinal villus heights were significantly higher in treatment than that in control. The results of electron micrograph showed that dietary glutamine supplementation prevented deterioration of intestinal epithelium, and maintained normal intestinal microvillus structure. The results suggested that glutamine supplementation prevented villus atrophy, and had protective effect on intestinal structure.

Effects of Supplemental Histamine on Gastric Acid Secretion, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Microfloral of Early Weaned Piglets

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of supplemental histamine in the diet of early-weaned piglets. In experiment A, 24 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6.10±0. 40 kg, weaned at the age of 28 days, were divided into four groups, fed with basal diet of low dietary copper without (control) or with supplemental histamine at 60, 120, 180μg kg-1 BW. During the two weeks and the third week after weaning, ADG(average daily gain) of piglets were increased by 15.8%(P<0. 05), 9.5%(P< 0.10) by addition of 60μg kg-1 BW histamine, but decreased by addition of 180μg kg-1BW histamine, which also increased the amount of E. coli in colon and the scour incidence. The secretion of gastric acid and pepsin were improved by both dose of supplemental histamine (60, 180μg kg-1BW) and gastric digesta pH were decreased by both. Addition of 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine improved the activities of trypsin, amylase in duodelum digesta. In experiment B, 12 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6. 85±0.35 kg, weaned at the age of 28 days, were divided into two groups, fed with basal diet of high dietary copper without (control) or with supplemental 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine. During the two weeks and the third week after weaning, ADG of piglets were increased by 9. 8% (P<0.05), 7. 0% (P<0. 10). The secretion of gastric acid, activities of trypsin and amylase in duodelum digesta, were also improved by addition of 60 μg kg-1BW histamine. The results showed that addition of histamine (60μg kg-1BW) in early weaned piglets could increase the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, reduce gastric digesta pH and scour incidence, improve activities of trypsin, amylase in duodelum digesta, and the growing performance of early weaned piglets.

Tracheostomy-related data from an intensive care unit for two consecutive years before the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND Tracheostomy is commonly used in intensive care unit(ICU)patients who are expected to be on long-term mechanical ventilation or suffer from emergency upper airway obstruction.However,some studies have conflicting findings regarding the optimal technique and its timing and benefits.AIM To provide evidence of practice,characteristics,and outcome concerning tracheostomy in an ICU of a tertiary care hospital.METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study including adult critical care patients in a single ICU for two consecutive years.Patients’demographic characteristics,severity of illness(APACHE II score),level of consciousness[Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)],comorbidities,timing and type of tracheostomy procedure performed and outcome were recorded.We defined late as tracheostomy placement after 8 days or no tracheotomy.RESULTS Data of 660 patients were analyzed(median age of 60 years),median APACHE II score of 19 and median GCS score of 12 at admission.Tracheostomy was performed in 115 patients,of whom 63 had early and 52 late procedures.Early tracheostomy was mainly executed in case of altered level of consciousness and severe critical illness polyneuromyopathy,however there were no significant statistical results(47.6%vs 36.5%,P=0.23)and(23.8%vs 19.2%,P=0.55)respectively.Regarding the method selected,early surgical tracheostomy(ST)was conducted in patients with maxillofacial injuries(50.0%vs 0.0%,P=0.033),whereas late surgical tracheostomy was selected for patients with goiter(44.4%vs 0.0%P=0.033).Patients with early tracheostomy spent significantly fewer days on mechanical ventilation(15.3±8.5 vs 22.8±9.6,P<0.001)and in ICU in general(18.8±9.1 vs 25.4±11.5,P<0.001).Percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy(PDT)vs ST was preferable in older critical care patients in the case of Central Nervous System underlying cause of admission(62.5%vs 26.3%,P=0.004).ST was the method of choice in compromised airway(31.6%,vs 7.3%P=0.008).A large proportion of patients(88/115)with tracheostomy managed to wean from mechanical ventilation and were transferred out of the ICU(100%vs 17.4%,P<0.001).CONCLUSION PDT was performed more frequently in our cohort.This technique did not affect mechanical ventilation days,ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP),ICU length of stay,or survival.No complications were observed in the percutaneous or surgical tracheostomy groups.Patients undergoing early tracheostomy benefited in terms of mechanical ventilation days and ICU length of stay but not of discharge status,presence of VAP,or survival.

L-色氨酸对早期断奶仔猪肠道消化及免疫功能的影响

该试验旨在探讨L-色氨酸对早期断奶仔猪的肠道消化及免疫功能的影响。选取36头产期相近、胎次相似的刚出生健康仔猪,随机分为早期断奶组、正常断奶组、色氨酸组;早期断奶组:仔猪14日龄断奶;正常断奶组:仔猪35日龄断奶;色氨酸处理组:仔猪14日龄断奶后,每天灌胃L-色氨酸溶液;仔猪35日龄安乐死,取血清、空肠组织、空肠黏膜以及肠道食糜,测仔猪空肠黏膜消化酶活性、肠道食糜SIgA等的差异变化。结果显示,色氨酸能够提高肠道消化酶活性,色氨酸具有促进肠道食糜SIgA的水平。添加色氨酸可以有效增强肠道的消化及免疫功能。

Distinct neuronal excitability alterations of medial prefrontal cortex in early-life neglect model of rats

Object:Early-life neglect has irreversible emotional effects on the central nervous system.In this work,we aimed to elucidate distinct functional neural changes in me-dial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)of model rats.Methods:Maternal separation with early weaning was used as a rat model of early-life neglect.The excitation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in rat mPFC was recorded and analyzed by whole-cell patch clamp.Results:Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons of mPFC were distinguished by typi-cal electrophysiological properties.The excitation of mPFC glutamatergic neurons was significantly increased in male groups,while the excitation of mPFC GABAergic neurons was significant in both female and male groups,but mainly in terms of rest membrane potential and amplitude,respectively.Conclusions:Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in medial prefrontal cortex showed different excitability changes in a rat model of early-life neglect,which can contribute to distinct mechanisms for emotional and cognitive manifestations.

Factors associated with early virological response to peginterferon-α-2a/ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C

AIM: To evaluate the impact of sociodemographic/clinical factors on early virological response (EVR) to pegin-terferon/ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in clinical practice. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study in Hepatology Units of 91 Spanish hospitals. CHC patients treated with peginterferon α-2a plus ribavirin were included. EVR was defined as undetectable hepatitis C virus (HCV)-ribonucleic acid (RNA) or ≥ 2 log HCV-RNA decrease after 12 wk of treatment. A bivariate analysis of sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with EVR was carried out. Independent factors associated with an EVR were analyzed using a multiple regression analysis that included the following baseline demographic and clinical variables: age (≤ 40 years vs > 40 years), gender, race, educational level, marital status and family status, weight, alcohol and tobacco consumption, source of HCV infection, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (≤ 85 IU/mL vs > 85 IU/mL), serum ferritin, serum HCV-RNA concentration (< 400 000 vs ≥ 400 000), genotype (1/4 vs 3/4), cirrhotic status and ribavirin dose (800/1000/1200 mg/d).RESULTS: A total of 1014 patients were included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 44.3 ± 9.8 years, 70% were male, and 97% were Caucasian. The main sources of HCV infection were intravenous drug abuse (25%) and blood transfusion (23%). Seventyeight percent were infected with HCV genotype 1/4 (68% had genotype 1) and 22% with genotypes 2/3. The HCV-RNA level was > 400 000 IU/mL in 74% of patients. The mean ALT and AST levels were 88.4 ± 69.7 IU/mL and 73.9 ± 64.4 IU/mL, respectively, and mean GGT level was 82 ± 91.6 IU/mL. The mean ferritin level was 266 ± 284.8 μg/L. Only 6.2% of patients presented with cirrhosis. All patients received 180 mg of peginterferon α-2a. The most frequently used ribavirin doses were 1000 mg/d (41%) and 1200 mg/d (41%). The planned treatment duration was 48 wk for 92% of patients with genotype 2/3 and 24 wk for 97% of those with genotype 1/4 (P < 0.001). Seven percent of patients experienced at least one reduction in ribavirin or peginterferon α-2a dose, respectively. Only 2% of patients required a dose reduction of both drugs. Treatment was continued until week 12 in 99% of patients. Treatment compliance was ≥ 80% in 98% of patients. EVR was achieved in 87% of cases (96% vs 83% of patients with genotype 2/3 and 1/4, respectively; P < 0.001). The bivariate analysis showed that patients who failed to achieve EVR were older (P < 0.005), had higher ALT (P < 0.05), AST (P < 0.05), GGT (P < 0.001) and ferritin levels (P < 0.001), a diagnosis of cirrhosis (P < 0.001), and a higher baseline viral load (P < 0.05) than patients reaching an EVR. Age < 40 years [odds ratios (OR): 0.543, 95%CI: 0.373-0.790, P < 0.01], GGT < 85 IU/mL (OR: 3.301, 95%CI: 0.192-0.471, P < 0.001), low ferritin levels (OR: 0.999, 95%CI: 0.998-0.999, P < 0.01) and genotype other than 1/4 (OR: 4.716, 95%CI: 2.010-11.063, P < 0.001) were identified as independent predictors for EVR in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: CHC patients treated with peginterferon-α-2a/ribavirin in clinical practice show high EVR. Older age, genotype 1/4, and high GGT were associated with lack of EVR.

Preoperative serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels predict early recurrence after the resection of early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a serious disease with a poor prognosis.Only a minority of patients undergo surgery due to the advanced stage of the disease,and patients with early-stage disease,who are expected to have a better prognosis,often experience recurrence.Thus,it is important to identify the risk factors for early recurrence and to develop an adequate treatment plan.AIM To evaluate the predictive factors associated with the early recurrence of earlystage PDAC.METHODS This study enrolled 407 patients with stage I PDAC undergoing upfront surgical resection between January 2000 and April 2016.Early recurrence was defined as a diagnosis of recurrence within 6 mo of surgery.The optimal cutoff values were determined by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analyses.Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for early recurrence.RESULTS Of the 407 patients,98 patients(24.1%)experienced early disease recurrence:26(26.5%)local and 72(73.5%)distant sites.In total,253(62.2%)patients received adjuvant chemotherapy.On ROC curve analysis,the optimal cutoff values for early recurrence were 70 U/mL and 2.85 cm for carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA 19-9)levels and tumor size,respectively.Of the 181 patients with CA 19-9 level>70 U/mL,59(32.6%)had early recurrence,compared to 39(17.4%)of 226 patients with CA 19-9 level≤70 U/mL(P<0.001).Multivariate analysis revealed that CA 19-9 level>70 U/mL(P=0.006),tumor size>2.85 cm(P=0.004),poor differentiation(P=0.008),and non-adjuvant chemotherapy(P=0.025)were significant risk factors for early recurrence in early-stage PDAC.CONCLUSION Elevated CA 19-9 level(cutoff value>70 U/mL)can be a reliable predictive factor for early recurrence in early-stage PDAC.As adjuvant chemotherapy can prevent early recurrence,it should be recommended for patients susceptible to early recurrence.

Evaluation of forage-based weaning systems in spring-born cross-bred beef calves

Preconditioned calves have greater marketvalue per unit weight than normal-weaned calves. Development of a low cost forage-based preconditioning system allows producers to add value to their calf-crop. This study evaluated calf performance in three forage-based weaning systems;early-weaned calves were backgrounded in legume/grass forage plots and supplemented with commercial preconditioning feed (Treatment 1) or an on-farm corn-mix (Treatment 2). Control (Treatment 3) calves suckled for an additional 45 days. Supplements provided2.17 kgTDN/calf/ day. Weights were collected on days -30, 0 and 45 with respect to early weaning, from135 inyear 1 and 150 calves in each of the two subsequent years. Effects of treatment, age of dam, sex of calf and their interactions on calf weight gain were analyzed by analysis of covariance using GLM procedures of SAS. Marginal effects of treatment and feed cost were used to evaluate economic feasibility. Sensitivity analyses were evaluated for anticipated market fluctuations in feed costs and calf premiums. Data are reported as least squares means. Calf weight gains differed (P < 0.001) among treatments and averaged 1.16, 1.03 and1.04 kg/calf/day for commercial supplement, corn-mix and controls, respectively. Calves from 2-year-old cows gained less (P < 0.001) weight compared to those from cows 3 - 4 and ≥5 years of age (44.8, 48.9 and51.5 kg, respectively). Steers calves gained more (P < 0.001) weight compared to heifer calves (51.2 vs.45.7 kg, respectively). Net returns for corn mix were greater than those for commercial feed ($1.48 vs. $1.35/kg weight gain, respectively). Sensitivity analyses indicated that selection of preconditioning treatment to a large degree was less sensitive to significant changes in market conditions due to the large gap in marginal costs between the two treatments. In conclusion, forage-based weaning systems can be utilized to precondition calves providing an economical means for calf weight gain and profit potential as long as feed costs are held within reasonable limits.

Influence of early weaning beef cows on the performance of male progeny and the need for winter protein supplementation

One hundred and three Hereford × Angus crossbred, spring-calving cows were used to determine the influence of early weaning performance of their male progeny and the need for cowherd winter supplementation. Treatments were early weaned (EW;115-d of age) and normal weaned calves (NW;220-d of age). Both intact and castrated male progeny were randomly allotted to early and normal weaning calf management treatments. Following summer grazing and weaning protocols, cows within each weaning group were randomly assigned to receive winter supplementation treatments of LOW (1.26 kg/hd/d) or HIGH (1.81 kg/hd/d) amounts of a protein supplement containing 450 g/kg CP (DM basis). Cows whose calves were weaned early gained more BW and BCS (P P P P = 0.04) BCS but similar (P = 0.74) BW when compared with cows with normally weaned calves that received 100% of their supplement (NWHIGH). Early weaning has the potential to reduce the amount of supplement required during the winter grazing period.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EGYPT AND PALESTINE IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE(ca.3400-2000 BCE)

The relationship between Egypt and Palestine can be traced back to theChalcolithic Age thanks to the evidence of current excavations in the Nile Deltaand Sinal.Palestinian pottery and cast metal objects from the Delta sites of Maadi,Minshat Abu Omar,and elsewhere have proved contacts with Palestine inProtodynastic(Nagada Ⅱ-Ⅲ)times.The Egyptian Protodynastic Period andDynasty 1 were contemporary with the Palestinian EB Ⅰ and EB Ⅲ,and

不同饲喂方式对早期断奶“茶卡羊”羔羊生长性能、养殖收益及血清生化指标的影响

【目的】探究早期断奶后不同饲喂方式对舍饲羔羊生长性能、养殖收益及血清生化指标的影响。【方法】选取体重(5.94±0.34)kg、日龄(20±1)相近的健康茶卡羊公羔40只,用耳标标记,随机分为早期断奶组(A、B、C组)和随母哺乳组(D组,对照),每组10只。早期断奶组羔羊于21日龄开始断奶并用代乳粉替代饲喂至60日龄后进行不同日粮组合饲喂,即A组:开食料+燕麦青干草+玉米青贮;B组:开食料+燕麦青干草;C组:开食料+玉米青贮,饲喂时间为65 d。D组羔羊随母哺乳至试验结束。【结果】生长性能方面,A组羔羊增质量(16.43 kg)、平均日增重(156.48 g/d)、增重比例(362.32%)及饲料转化效率(4.28)显著高于其它各处理组(P<0.05,下同),B组和C组无显著差异(P>0.05,下同)。养殖收益方面,随母哺乳组羔羊收益最低(171.16元/只),断奶后A组饲喂方式显著提高羔羊养殖收益,为217.35元/只。不同饲喂方式显著影响羔羊血清部分激素、氮代谢及免疫功能;激素方面,生长激素(GH)、胰岛素生长因子(IGF-1)和胃泌素含量A组显著高于其它各处理组;氮代谢方面,A组显著提升羔羊氮代谢能力,主要表现为较低的尿素氮(7.12 mmol/L)和尿酸含量(122.25μmol/L);免疫功能方面,免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量在A组显著高于其它处理组。免疫球蛋白M(IgM)在各处理组间无显著差异。【结论】茶卡羊羔羊早期断奶后采用开食料、玉米青贮和燕麦青干草混合饲喂方式有利于其生长性能、养殖收益及机体各功能的发挥。农牧民应树立羔羊早期断奶观念,在早期断奶后通过科学的饲喂管理提升羔羊养殖水平,以期获得良好的生长性能及养殖收益。

严重呼吸衰竭患者早期肺康复后撤机失败的影响因素

目的分析严重呼吸衰竭患者早期肺康复后撤机失败的影响因素。方法选取2020年1月至2022年1月广西壮族自治区钦州市第一人民医院收治的135例严重呼吸衰竭患者作为研究对象,统计严重呼吸衰竭患者早期肺康复后撤机情况,分析影响撤机失败的因素。结果与撤机成功严重呼吸衰竭患者比较,撤机失败患者ICU住院、带管、呼吸机使用时间较长,并发症发生率较高(P<0.05)。单因素分析所示,严重呼吸衰竭患者早期肺康复后撤机失败与性别、入住ICU时间、BMI、平均动脉压无关(P>0.05);严重呼吸衰竭患者早期肺康复后撤机失败与年龄、合并基础疾病、NYHA心功能分级、多器官衰竭、血清白蛋白、CK-MB、cTnI、机械通气时间、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、PETCO_(2)有关,≥65岁、合并基础疾病、NYHA心功能分级Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、多器官衰竭者、血清白蛋白<210×10^(9)/L、CK-MB≥6 U/L、cTnI≥120μg/L、机械通气时间≥10 d、APACHEⅡ评分≥20分、SOFA评分≥5分、PETCO_(2)≥40 mm Hg的严重呼吸衰竭患者早期肺康复后撤机失败发生率较高(P<0.05)。以严重呼吸衰竭患者早期肺康复后撤机情况为因变量(成功=0,失败=1),选择单因素分析中P<0.05的变量进行多因素Logistics回归分析,结果显示年龄、合并基础疾病、NYHA心功能分级、多器官衰竭、血清白蛋白、CK-MB、cTnI、机械通气时间、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、PETCO_(2)为影响严重呼吸衰竭患者早期肺康复后撤机失败的主要因素(P<0.05)。结论年龄、合并基础疾病、NYHA心功能分级、多器官衰竭、血清白蛋白、CK-MB、cTnI、机械通气时间、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、PETCO_(2)均为严重呼吸衰竭患者早期肺康复后撤机失败的影响因素。

围产期母体营养调控对犊牦牛生长发育、血清生化及免疫功能的影响

本研究基于高寒牧区牦牛产业母犊培育现状,旨在探究围产期母体营养均衡供给与早期断奶的营养调控方式对犊牛生长发育、血清生化及免疫功能的影响,为牦牛高效养殖提供科学基础。研究选取18头健康、体重相近、胎次为2~4次、预产期相近的妊娠后期麦洼牦牛,随机分为放牧对照组(GF)、营养供给组(SF)、早期断奶组(SW)3个组(n=6),GF组牦牛产前及产后阶段均于天然牧场自然放牧,SF组牦牛在产前30 d至产后90 d按妊娠后期、泌乳早期营养需要以“精料+青干草+放牧”方式给予营养均衡供给,SW组牦牛在营养均衡供给基础上,于产后60 d对犊牛进行早期断奶处理。对GF、SF、SW组牦牛所产犊牛初生重、90 d体重及体尺指标进行测定,并采集犊牛90日龄血清样本,分析不同母体营养调控方式下犊牦牛血清生化、生长相关激素分泌及免疫功能差异。结果表明,SF和SW组犊牛的初生重显著高于GF组(P<0.05);90日龄时,SF和SW组犊牦牛的体重、体高以及胸围均显著高于GF组(P<0.05),SW与SF组之间犊牛体重、体尺无显著差异(P>0.05)。与GF组相比,SF和SW组犊牛血清葡萄糖(GLU)、球蛋白(GLB)、胆固醇(CHO)浓度显著上升(P<0.05);SF组TP水平显著高于GF组(P<0.05)。生长相关激素方面,SF和SW组胰岛素样生长因子I(IGF-Ⅰ)水平显著高于GF组(P<0.05);SW组生长激素(GH)浓度显著高于GF组(P<0.05)。SF、GF组犊牦牛血清分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)浓度显著高于SW组(P<0.05)。相较于GF组,SF、SW组血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)水平显著升高(P<0.05),SF组血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)浓度显著高于GF组(P<0.05)。综上所述,营养均衡供给为妊娠后期和泌乳前期牦牛母体提供了充足的养分,通过增加犊牦牛养分摄入,提升了犊牛初生重、血清糖、氮营养代谢物水平,增加了生长相关激素及免疫球蛋白水平,从而促进了犊牦牛生长发育;早期断奶搭配营养均衡供给方式对犊牦牛生长发育、免疫功能无显著负面影响,并进一步促进生长激素分泌。

精氨酸对早期断奶仔猪肠道生长、组织形态及IL-2基因表达水平的影响

【目的】研究精氨酸对超早期断奶仔猪肠道发育和肠道免疫的影响。【方法】试验选用70头7日龄断奶的二元杂交仔猪,随机分成5个处理,每个处理14头,分别饲喂添加0.0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%精氨酸的日粮。试验开始后第7天和第14天,每个处理分别选取6头猪屠宰取样,检测胃肠指数、小肠组织形态以及小肠IL-2基因表达水平。【结果】试验第7天,添加精氨酸一定程度上促进了胃和小肠以及小肠绒毛的生长(P>0.05),显著提高了空肠和回肠IL-2基因表达水平(P<0.05);试验第14天,添加0.6%和0.8%精氨酸显著提高仔猪小肠重量和长度(P<0.05),空肠和回肠绒毛高度以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值也均有提高的趋势(P>0.05)。【结论】精氨酸能促进超早期断奶仔猪的肠道发育,阻止肠绒毛萎缩,提高肠道IL-2基因表达水平,增强肠道免疫功能。

酵母β-葡聚糖对早期断奶羔羊生产性能和采食行为的影响

选用体重和出生日期相近的甘肃肉用绵羊新品种选育群初生羔羊50只(其中公羔30只、母羊20只),按同质原则分为5组(每组公羔6只、母羔4只),在15～91日龄分别饲喂酵母β-葡聚糖添加量为0.00,37.50,75.00,112.50和150.00mg/kg的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加酵母β-葡聚糖对28日龄早期断奶羔羊生产性能和采食行为的影响。结果表明,37.50,75.00和112.50mg/kg的添加量均显著提高了试验全期羔羊的末重和平均日增重(P<0.05);150mg/kg的添加量提高了15～28日龄羔羊的平均日增重(P=0.088);112.50mg/kg的添加量提高了29～42日龄和43～56日龄羔羊的末重和平均日增重(P<0.01),降低了43～56日龄羔羊的料肉比(P<0.01);37.50和75.00mg/kg的添加量提高了57～70日龄和71～91日龄羔羊平均日增重(P<0.01),降低了料肉比(P<0.01)。112.50mg/kg的添加量增加了55～56日龄羔羊的反刍次数(P<0.05)和90～91日龄羔羊的反刍时间(P<0.01)。75.00mg/kg添加量增加了55～56日龄和90～91日龄羔羊的反刍时间(P<0.01),增加了55～56日龄羔羊的反刍次数(P<0.05)。37.50,75.00,112.50和150.00mg/kg的添加量分别增加纯收入81.33,94.71,85.10和24.17元/只。综合各项指标,以75.00mg/kg的添加量较为适宜。

β-酪啡肽_7对早期断乳仔猪免疫器官及内分泌功能的影响

将 12头体重相近的三元杂交仔公猪分为两组 :对照组正常吃母乳到 2 8日龄断乳 ;实验组于 2 1日龄断乳后添喂β 酪啡肽7( β CM7) ,进行饲喂实验至 32日龄。结果表明 ,添喂 β CM7的仔猪 ,血清胃泌素水平比对照高 31 76 %(P <0 0 1) ,瘦素水平比对照组高 7 0 % (P <0 0 1) ,皮质醇低于对照组 2 6 19% (P >0 0 5 ) ,IL 2、T3 、T4和胰岛素水平均与对照组的接近。与对照组相比 ,胸腺、腹股沟淋巴结、脾脏的相对重分别增加 31 4 8% ,2 8 2 6 %和 2 7% ,差异均不显著 ;胸腺形态结构未见差别 ,脾脏的中央动脉周围淋巴鞘面积略小 ,回肠派伊尔氏结的总数增多 ,且总面积增加 8 1% 。

日粮添加蛹虫草缓解脂多糖诱导的仔猪肝损伤和骨骼肌蛋白质降解

【目的】探讨日粮中添加蛹虫草对断奶仔猪生长和免疫性能的影响及调节断奶仔猪免疫应激的机制,为新型饲料添加剂筛选提供依据。【方法】选取相同日龄、初始体重相似的杜×长×大早期断奶仔猪144头并随机分为4组:NC组(基础日粮)、LPS组(LPS+基础日粮)、LPS+500CM组(LPS+基础日粮+500 mg·kg^(-1)CM)、LPS+1000 CM(LPS+基础日粮+1000 mg·kg^(-1)CM)。NC组和LPS组饲喂基础日粮,LPS+500CM组和LPS+1000CM组分别按照比例将蛹虫草粉与基础日粮充分混匀后饲喂。饲养结束后,每组随机挑选6头(公母各半)屠宰,屠宰前4h对LPS组、LPS+500CM组和LPS+1000CM组腹腔注射LPS,NC组注射等量生理盐水。屠宰后采集背最长肌、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、胰脏和肾脏进行检测。【结果】对体重及采食量统计分析,结果显示,日粮添加蛹虫草饲喂仔猪对仔猪平均日采食量无显著影响,而添加500 mg·kg^(-1)CM和1000 mg·kg^(-1)CM的仔猪分别比对照组仔猪体重提高了8.58%(P<0.05)和9.08%(P<0.05)。相比于NC组,LPS组仔猪脾脏指数显著降低(P<0.05),而LPS+500CM组和LPS+1000CM组仔猪脾脏指数均显著高于LPS组(P<0.05)。肝功能生物标志物和总胆汁酸检测表明,LPS组仔猪肝脏ALT水平比NC组显著升高(P<0.05),AST、LDH、总胆汁酸水平有上升趋势。而饲料中添加有蛹虫草的LPS+500CM组和LPS+1000CM组的ALT、AST、LDH和总胆汁酸水平均比LPS组的指标显著降低。肝脏抗氧化指标和炎症因子表达检测显示,LPS组仔猪肝脏的MDA、LPO、T-AOC水平及炎症因子表达显著升高(P<0.05),而CAT、GSH-Px、T-SOD水平显著降低(P<0.01),而用蛹虫草饲喂仔猪可以显著缓解这些指标的升高或降低。LPS组骨骼肌粗蛋白和氨基酸含量显著减低(P<0.01),而日粮添加蛹虫草饲喂可以显著缓解LPS导致的蛋白和氨基酸含量减少(P<0.01)。与NC相比,LPS组炎症因子表达显著升高(P<0.05),而日粮添加蛹虫草饲喂后炎症因子表达比LPS组显著降低(P<0.05)。LPS组仔猪背最长肌中的MDA和LPO和水平显著高于NC组(P<0.01),而T-AOC、CAT、GSH-Px和T-SOD水平则显著降低(P<0.01),日粮添加蛹虫草可缓解这种异常的升高或降低。对Akt、t-mTOR、4EBP1、FOXO1磷酸化水平进行检测,发现LPS组相比于NC组具有降低的趋势,而MAFbx、MuRF1的蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。日粮中添加蛹虫草饲喂后,仔猪背最长肌Akt、FOXO1磷酸化水平显著提高(P<0.05),而MAFbx、MuRF1蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。【结论】日粮中添加蛹虫草可以提高断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫性能;蛹虫草可以抑制LPS导致的背最长肌粗蛋白和总氨基酸含量降低;蛹虫草可以抑制肝脏炎症和肝细胞过度增殖和凋亡,并提高了肝脏抗氧化能力;蛹虫草可以抑制断奶仔猪背最长肌炎症、氧化应激和蛋白质分解。总之,日粮中添加蛹虫草可以提高断奶仔猪生长和免疫性能,缓解LPS导致的肝损伤及蛋白质的降解,为筛选新型饲料添加剂及预防断奶仔猪免疫应激提供理论依据。

日粮补充L-亮氨酸对超早期断奶宫内发育迟缓仔猪肠道免疫功能的影响

目的:研究L-亮氨酸对超早期断奶宫内发育迟缓(intrauterine growth retardation,IUGR)仔猪肠道免疫功能的调节作用。方法:选取14日龄断奶的正常初生体质量(normal birth weight,NBW)和IUGR新生仔猪各16头,分别饲喂基础日粮或添加0.35%L-亮氨酸实验日粮,即4个处理组,每组8头猪。结果:与NBW仔猪相比,IUGR仔猪血清溶菌酶活力和补体3(complement-3,C3)水平显著降低(P<0.05),空肠和回肠中杯状细胞(goblet cells,GC)和淋巴细胞(intraepithelial lymphocytes,IEL)数量显著减少(P<0.05),回肠中肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)含量显著升高(P<0.05),白细胞介素10(interleukin-10,IL-10)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。另外,IUGR仔猪回肠TNF-αm RNA表达量显著升高(P<0.05),IL-10 m RNA表达量显著降低(P<0.05)。日粮添加0.35%L-亮氨酸后,IUGR仔猪血清溶菌酶活力、C3和C4水平显著升高(P<0.05),回肠中GC数量及十二指肠和空肠中IEL数量显著增加(P<0.05),回肠中IL-10含量显著升高(P<0.05),并且IL-2和IL-10 m RNA表达量显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:IUGR会引起超早期断奶仔猪肠道黏膜发生炎症反应和肠道生长发育受限。L-亮氨酸可以有效缓解IUGR引起的肠道黏膜损伤,改善仔猪肠道的免疫功能。

基于代谢组学分析固体饲料饲喂水平对早期断奶牦牛犊牛皱胃形态与功能发育的影响

试验旨在基于代谢组学技术探究固体饲料饲喂水平对断奶牦牛犊牛皱胃发育的影响。选取21头60日龄左右健康的牦牛公犊牛,分为高饲喂水平组(AL组)、中饲喂水平组(IR70组)和低饲喂水平组(IR40组),每组7头。各组在饲喂等量代乳粉的基础上,分梯度投喂由苜蓿干草和开食料组成的固体饲料。预试期30 d,正试期90 d。待试验结束空腹称重后,每组分别随机选取5头犊牛进行屠宰,采集皱胃组织及内容物样品进行测定与分析。结果表明:①AL组的终末体重、平均日增重、浆膜层厚度显著高于IR70组(P<0.05);IR70组的终末体重、日增重、黏膜上皮厚度、肌层厚度显著高于IR40组(P<0.05);AL组的黏膜上皮、黏膜肌层、肌层、浆膜层厚度显著高于IR40组(P<0.05);IR70组的黏膜肌层厚度显著高于AL组(P<0.05);IR40组的淀粉酶活性显著高于AL组(P<0.05)。②代谢组学分析发现,与IR40组和AL组相比,IR70组在咖啡因代谢途径中,差异代谢物黄嘌呤的含量显著下降(P<0.05)。与AL组相比,IR70组在泛醌等萜类化合物生物合成和叶酸生物合成途径中,差异代谢物4-羟基苯甲酸的含量显著上升(P<0.05)。综上得出,在饲喂代乳粉的基础上提高固体饲料饲喂水平利于牦牛犊牛体重的增长,促进了其早期的健康成长;通过代谢组学发现中饲喂水平提高了牦牛犊牛对营养物质的消化吸收代谢能力,增强了机体的免疫功能,更有利于断奶牦牛犊牛的早期生长发育。