Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

民间文献所见清初珠江口地方社会--“桂洲事件”的再讨论

明清嬗变之际,中央王朝和各地官吏为了笼络地方势力,吸纳和招抚了不少地方武装,其中就包括那些曾被政府和民间认定是“盗贼”的群体。这一举动在一定程度上助推了地方社会“民盗不分”现象的形成。①自明中后期以来,地方社会的军事化问题与“倭乱”“鼎革”“迁海”等一系列沿海地区发生的重大事件交织在一起,并引起了中央王朝的高度重视。

Railway's Effects on Economic Development:A Quantitative Study on Modern Henan(1890s-1930s)

Different arguments on the relationship between railway construction and economic development exist in literature. As the railway construction of Henan in the period of late Qing Dynasty(1644-1911) and early Republic of China(1912-1949) provides a nearly natural experiment to throw new light on this topic, this paper creates county-level panel data for this period and conducts a further test with a difference-in-difference strategy. While the effect of railway is demonstrated to be positive in some literature yet negative in others, this paper identifies some major intergroup differences: railway lines put into service after the 1910 s and connecting central cities promoted population growth in regions along the railway lines, enhanced their capacity to cope with external market shocks, yet they did not improve integration with the intra-provincial market. By contrast, the railway lines put into operation in the 1930 s and connecting hinterland areas not only improved regional market integration but contributed to higher living standards as well. The implication is that the effects of railway are subject to the economic relations of various localities along the railway lines and the economic attributes of various sectors. thus railways cannot be generally defined to be positive or negative. This conclusion helps explain the disagreements in empirical studies and highlight the impact of railways on the regional economic structure.

Schools, Temples, and Tombs across the Sea： The Re-Civilization of Post-Zheng Taiwan, 1683-1722

This article examines the strategies employed by the Qing empire to induce the Hart population in Taiwan to accept its rule following the island＇s conquest in 1683. Late-seventeenth-century Taiwan had a sparse population and a huge hinterland, and this made it difficult for the Qing government to enforce its rule by military means alone. I will argue that the Qing officials in Taiwan also used a number of cultural tactics to legitimize their government in the eyes of the Han Taiwan Residents. First, they built culture temples and schools in the hopes of both demonstrating their moral authority and convincing the Taiwan Residents to participate in the dynasty＇s examination system. Second, they involved themselves in local religion by founding or refurbishing temples to popular deities, demonstrating sympathy for local concerns and solidarity between religious groups on the mainland and in Taiwan. Finally, rather than denigrate the memory of the island＇s former rulers, the Ming-loyalist Zheng family who had resisted the Qing government＇s conquest of southern China, they portrayed them as honorable servants of the former dynasty whose legacy could be proudly remembered, but whose time had ultimately passed.