“Agrarian Capitalism” in Early Modern Britain: Some Problems and Refl ections

The proposition on capitalism was one of the most popular topics since 1950s in the Chinese academia,but its concept is actually related with early modern British history.Some hypotheses of“agrarian capitalism”derived from the classics of Marxism on the agrarian questions,such as the form of farm,land holding,social class and social property relations in British agriculture.However,that concept is still not clear in historian’s usage,and often confused with the agrarian commercialization.And,it is diffi cult to give a defi nite time of the rise of“agrarian capitalism”in England.Also,we need to pay attention to whether the origin of capitalism from agriculture or manufacture,countryside or city in early modern Britain.These refl ections regarding“agrarian capitalism”will inspire a new generation of historians to collect new historical materials and put forward new ideas for understanding the truth of social evolution.

Ideology,Emotionology,and Problems of Shaming Punishments in Early Modern Britain

Shame as a disciplinary weapon constituted a crucial part of premodern British penal regime.But in contrast to the substantial studies of capital punishment,shaming penalties remains relatively unexplored by historians.This article fills this gap by exploring some of the very basic,but rather neglected questions about the nature,mechanism,and problems of shaming punishments in early modern Britain.It argues that the use of shame was not random;behind it was an often unspoken but shared idea that shaming punishments should direct at offences which were customarily deemed“shameful”.Shameful was not just a moral judgement;it represented a disapproving emotion towards the offender,and a moral emotion that the convict and audience were expected to have for the purposes of reformation and deterrence.However,from the eighteenth century,the growing infl iction of shame on offenders whose transgressions were not commonly deemed shameful degraded public shaming into a violent,chaotic,and counter-productive exercise unable to evoke or inculcate the moral sense of shame.These problems made shame a subject of debate among legal writers,who criticized the excessive use of shaming techniques,but continually recognized the importance of shame as a virtuous emotion and an important penal strategy.

A chronology of the field of modern Chinese architectural history, 1986-2012

The research of modern Chinese architectural history formally started in the mid-1980s and the first conference held in 1986 in Beijing marks the establishment of the field. Over the past 26 years, this emerging field has developed fast and steadily. As a result, thirteen biennia[ conferences have been held since 1986, and academic products of various forms with over ten million characters have been published. This article surveys the development of modern Chinese architectural history as a field of scholarly inquiry in China and outlines some of keystone events in the past 26 years. It also charts out how some key concepts of the field, such as timetine, geography and research approaches have been evotving over time. The article introduces some of the most significant studies in modern Chinese architectural history from the middle 1980s to the present.

新生与转型——中国近代早期城市规划知识的形成(1840-1911年)

This paper focuses on urban planning knowledge and its formation in the early modern China,comparing the urban function framework defined in the Athens Charter with Chinese city development in the late Qing Dynasty,selecting"road,""park,"and"commercial port"as keywords to analyze the construction practices and historical documents,in order to sort out the basic characteristics of the formation and development of urban planning knowledge.Based on the database of Airusheng Shenbao,this paper conducts keywords-frequency statistical analysis,and verifies the public acceptance of various planning knowledge in early modern times,expecting to reveal the origin and connotation of modern urban planning in China.