THE EVOLUTION OF LANPING RIFT BASIN FROM LADINIAN IN MIDDLE TRIASSIC EPOCH TO EARLY JURASSIC EPOCH

Lanping basin was a massif (land massif) in late Palaeozoic Era. The ocean of Jinshajiang separated it from Yangtze plate in east. Lancangjiang ocean separated it from Yunnan—Tibet plate in west. From late Permian Epoch, the oceanic crust of Jinshajiang subduced the west from east, the one of Lancangjiang down went the east from west, and then the Yunnan—Tibet ancient land gradually closed to the Yangtze. In the end of the Permian Period, two continents and Lanping plate touched together, and the evolution history of the Paleotethys was end. Hercynian orogenic belt in the east and west sides of Lanping had volcanic rock colliding in early—middle Triassic Epoch. In Ladinian in middle Triassic and Carnian in late Triassic, the north side of Lanping basin formed the serial volcanic rock of spilite—quartz keratophyre because mantle\|derived magma causing by delamination rose and mixed with the constituent of continental crust. The volcanic rock overlapped the middle Triassic and late Palaeozoic stratum in angular unconformity. It was the feature of double peak or evolution from the basic to the acid. The race element distribution of volcanic rock was same as the one of tholeiite in island and inter\|arc basin. The rate of lead isotope of the volcanic rock was much higher. These points all distributed above the NHRL in Pb\|Pb. This indicated that the Pb of volcanic rock was the mantle\|derived magma mixed with crust one. The large\|area progression in Lanping rift basin begun in late Carnian.. The east side in Lanping basin developed the sedimentary system that was granule gravel (grit) rock in border facies—limestone in beach facies—black shale, and the middle had black shale, banded siliceous rock, brecciform limestone in late Carnian to Norian. The geochemistry research of siliceous rock showed that the genesis of the chert was hot water. The development of brecciform limestone was related with action of central\|axis rift. The Lanping rift basin went into consuming stage in Rhaetian Epoch of the late Triassic. The basin developed clastic rock bearing coal of continental\|oceanic alternation facies. In early Jurassic, the sedimentary area atrophied further, and the fine lacustrine sediment whose thickness was not great developed in the east of central\|axis. The west stratum of the basin in late Triassic Epoch touched directly with the one in middle Jurassic. Lanping basin was going into another evolution stage that was down\|warped basin.

Sedimentary Facies Architectures of Third-Order Sequences from Early to Middle Triassic in Nanpanjiang Basin

There are complex and regular changes on sedimentary facies from the Early to the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang basin. After the obvious drowned event of carbonate platforms in the transitional period between Permian and Triassic, carbonate platforms have evolved into the ramp type from the rimmed shelf type. The differentiation of sedimentary facies becomes clearer in space, which are marked by the changes from an attached platform to a turbidity basin and several isolated platforms in the basin. The striking characteristics are the development of oolitic banks on isolated platforms in Nanning and Jingxi and the reef and bank limestones in the margin of the attached platform in the Early Triassic. Despite the difference of the time span and the architecture of facies succession of third order sedimentary sequences, the process of the third order relative sea level changes reflected by the sedimentary facies succession of the third order sequences is generally synchronous. Therefore, six third order sequences could be discerned in the strata from the Early to the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang basin. Using two types of facies changing surfaces and two types of diachronisms in stratigraphic records as the key elements, the sedimentary facies architectures of the third order sequences that represent sequence stratigraphic frameworks from the Early to the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang basin could be constructed.

Study of the Early and Middle Triassic Lower Yangtze Sea Basin

The Early and Middle Triassic primary lower Yangtze sea basin was formed before the Yangtze and Sino. Korean blocks collided and were assembled. showing the characteristics of an open continental shelf.continental margin sea. In order to provide evidence useful for oil and gas exploration in the studied region, this paper centres on the features of the sediments and their facies framework in the basin and the sedimentation parameters such as the deposition rate, palaeotemperature, palaeosatinity, palaeodepth of water and palaeocurrents of the basin.

Late Olenekian Radiolarians from Bedded Chert of Ashio Terrane, Northeast Japan, and Faunal Turnovers in Western Panthalassa during Early Triassic

Late Olenekian assemblages in the western Panthalassa have been recovered from bedded radiolarian chert sequences of an accretionary complex, the Ashio belt. These faunas are documented and considered in terms of radiolarian diversity and faunal turnover during the latest Permian to Middle Triassic time. The fauna includes 30 radiolarians belonging to Spumellaria or Entactinaria, with two relicts from the Late Permian. This late Olenekian fauna is markedly different from Permian and Anisian faunas, respectively, and is herein named the Minowa fauna. Study of the literature indicates that radiolarian provinces were significantly disconnected between the western Panthalassa and eastern Tethys during late Olenekian time. Furthermore, 121 of 143 species disappeared during late Olenekian time, and in turn 118 new species appeared in the western Panthalassa around the Olenekian Anisian boundary. It is concluded that faunal turnover occurred at least three times between the latest Permian and Middle Triassic. The first turnover is the Paleozoic type radiolarian extinction at the Permian Triassic boundary, the second is the diversification of spheroidal Spumellaria and Entactinaria between early and late Olenekian time, and the third is a faunal turnover from the Minowa fauna to the true Mesozoic type radiolarian faunas that are characterized by multi segmented Nassellaria.

Sedimentary-volcanic tuffs formed during the early Middle Triassic volcanic event in Guizhou Province and their stratigraphic significance

The sedimentary-volcanic tuff (locally called “green-bean rock”) formed during the early Middle Triassic volcanic event in Guizhou Province is characterized as being thin, stable, widespread, short in forming time and predominantly green in color. The green-bean rock is a perfect indicator for stratigraphic division. Its petrographic and geochemical features are unique, and it is composed mainly of glassy fragments and subordinately of crystal fragments and volcanic ash balls. Analysis of the major and trace elements and rare-earth elements (REE), as well as the related diagrams, permits us to believe that the green-bean rock is acidic volcanic material of the calc-alkaline series formed in the Indosinian orogenic belt on the Sino-Vietnam border, which was atmospherically transported to the tectonically stable areas and then deposited as sedimentary-volcanic rocks there. According to the age of green-bean rock, it is deduced that the boundary age of the Middle-Lower Triassic overlain by the sedimentary-volcanic tuff is about 247 Ma.

右江盆地富宁地区石炮组化石及顶部凝灰岩年代学特征及意义

通过野外地质调查,笔者在右江盆地富宁地区中三叠统板纳组与下伏下三叠统石炮组界面之下约100 m采获早三叠世双壳类和菊石等化石,在T_(1)/T_(2)界面之间新发现一套厚约5 m凝灰岩层,对其进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年,自下而上分别获得(249.0±1.9)Ma、(247.9±3.4)Ma、(245.5±1.6)Ma同位素年龄,在误差范围内一致,首次获得石炮组顶界年龄为下三叠统奥伦尼克阶。本次新发现的凝灰岩层及化石可作为早—中三叠世等时地层标志进行区域对比,丰富了右江盆地早三叠世火山岩分布范围,认为右江盆地滇东南地区T_(1)/T_(2)的划分标志以该套凝灰岩作为标志较为合理。结合前人资料,这套凝灰岩、生物化石为华南陆块T_(1)/T_(2)界线的划分提供了重要年代学及古生物证据,认为安尼阶/奥伦尼克阶界线年龄应定为245.5 Ma,可能更为合理。

Early–Middle Triassic Intrusions in Western Inner Mongolia, China: Implications for the Final Orogenic Evolution in Southwestern Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt

The end-Permian to Early–Middle Triassic magmatic rocks in Inner Mongolia can provide valuable insights into the relationships between the collisional processes and the magmatic responses during the final orogenic evolution of Xing-Meng orogenic belt(XMOB). This paper presents zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes, whole rock geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data for the Early–Middle Triassic diabases and monzogranites from the Langshan area, southwestern XMOB. Our results suggest that the studied diabases and monzogranites were respectively formed during Early Triassic and Middle Triassic. The Early Triassic diabases are characterized by "arc-like" geochemical signatures, including enrichment in Rb, U and K, and depletion in Nb, Ta, P and Ti. They have negative to weak positive εNd(t) values(-3.1 to +1.5) and relatively high initial ratios of 208 Pb/204 Pb(35.968–37.346), 207 Pb/204 Pb(15.448–15.508) and 206 Pb/204 Pb(16.280–17.492), indicating a subduction-metasomatized enriched lithospheric mantle source. Their low Ba/Rb(2.72–6.56), Ce/Y(0.97–1.39) and(Tb/Yb)N ratios(1.31–1.45) suggest that the parental magma was likely originated from low degree partial melting of the phlogopite-bearing lherzolite in a spinel-stability field. The Middle Triassic monzogranites show high Sr/Y ratios, low Mg O, Cr and Ni contents, high Zr/Sm ratios(40–64), negative zircon εHf(t) values(-25.8 to-8.8), as well as relatively flat heavy rare earth element patterns. They were likely derived from low degree partial melting of a moderately thickened ancient lower crust. The diabases and the slightly postdated high Sr/Y granites in this study represent the magmatic responses to the final orogenic evolution in the southwestern XMOB. Together with regional works, we propose that the slab break-off of the Paleo-Asian oceanic lithosphere following the terminal collision between the North China Craton and the South Mongolia terranes triggered asthenospheric upwelling, and the ongoing convergence further initiated moderately crustal thickening and uplift in the XMOB.

The Relationship between the “Green-Bean Rock” Layers and Conodont Chiosella timorensis and Implications on Defining the Early–Middle Triassic Boundary in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China

The Triassic ＂Green-bean Rock＂ （GBR） layers were widely recognized around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. To determine the precise relationship between the GBR layers and the first appearance datum （FAD） of the conodont Chiosella timorensis, four Lower-Middle Triassic sections from the Nanpanjiang Basin, including the Gaimao, Bianyang lI, Zuodeng and Wantou sections have been studied in detail. Detailed conodont biostratigraphy convinces us that there is no exact temporal relationship between the GBR layers and first occurrence of Ch. timorensis. Moreover, the numbers of the GBR layers are different from the place to place within the Nanpanjiang Basin, and the time span of the GBR layers was much longer than previously estimated. Global correlations show that the FAD of Ch. timorensis is contemporaneous basinwide and worldwide and more suitable marker defining the Olenekian-Anisian boundary （Early-Middle Triassic boundary） than any other proxies.

重庆地区早中三叠世主要成盐盆地海相钾盐找钾潜力分析

重庆地区是我国古代海相钾盐找矿的重要区域,但一直未取得找矿突破。文章对合川盐盆、长寿-垫江盐盆、忠县盐盆、万州区盐盆等主要成盐区含盐地层找钾潜力进行了分析。系统收集了区内盐矿勘查成果,补充测试了合川、长寿、垫江等地区三叠系岩盐样品。结果显示,长寿-垫江盐盆三叠系岩盐中存在原生杂卤石矿物,K^(+)含量达到3.82%,合川盐盆岩盐样品中也存在原生杂卤石矿物,K^(+)含量达到3.71%,忠县盐盆和万州盐盆岩盐钾含量较低,未发现含钾矿物。长寿-垫江盐盆古卤水浓缩程度较高,大部分样品溴氯系数显示达到钾石盐析出阶段,其次为合川盐盆,忠县和万州盐盆古卤水浓缩程度较低,主要在岩盐析出阶段。综合分析认为早中三叠世时期,重庆地区古气候炎热,古卤水浓缩程度较高,长寿-垫江盐盆内次级凹陷,具有较好的找钾潜力。

南盘江盆地早—中三叠世层序地层格架及相对海平面变化研究

南盘江盆地的早—中三叠世地层中 ,沉积相形成复杂而有序的空间变化和时间变化。二叠纪与三叠纪之交的大规模台地淹没事件之后 ,三叠纪碳酸盐台地从缓坡型演化为镶嵌陆架型 ;空间上 ,从连陆台地到浊积盆地相分异特别明显 ,而且在盆地中发育若干的孤立台地 ,特别是南宁和靖西一带 ,孤立台地上早三叠世的鲕粒滩以及连陆台地边缘的礁滩相灰岩更是引人注目。尽管不同相带的三级沉积层序相序组构千差万变 ,并且它们的形成时限也不尽相同 ,但是由其所表征的相对海平面变化则具有大致的同步性 ,因此在早—中三叠世地层中可以识别出 6个三级沉积层序。以地层记录中的两种相变面和两种穿时性为基本要素 ,可以建立南盘江盆地早—中三叠世的层序地层格架。

川东地区飞仙关组气藏硫化氢分布特征

川东地区三叠系飞仙关组是一套区域性含气层 ,目前已成为继石炭系后的重要天然气勘探接替层。该含气层完全有别于其它二叠系、三叠系及石炭系气藏 ,依硫化氢含量可分为低含硫气藏、中含硫气藏、高—特高含硫气藏。分布上从南到北可分为硫化氢含量两高两低的 4个区 ,即渡口河等构造为代表的高含硫北区和龙门等构造高含硫南区 ;铁山、雷沙罐坪等构造低含硫北区和新市等构造低含硫南区。其硫化氢分布规律与区域沉积相有着良好的对应关系。该区气藏高含硫的原因以矿物成因为主 ,高含硫分布区与含石膏地层分布是基本一致的。

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组鲕滩储层地震预测技术

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组鲕滩储层是鲕粒灰岩云化后的碳酸盐岩储集体 ,孔洞缝发育 ,储层段中含有泥质、膏盐夹层 ,储层具有低速、低伽马、低阻抗的特征 ;泥质层具有低速、高伽马、低阻抗特征 ;而膏盐岩具有低速、低伽马、高阻抗特征。更重要的是 ,要如何通过地震预测的方法从复杂的围岩中检测鲕滩储层 ,进而指出天然气的高产区带。通过多年的攻关研究 ,终于寻找到了一套预测飞仙关组鲕滩储层行之有效的技术。即采用速度反演、辅以波阻抗和伽马反演有效地预测储层的有无 ;利用孔隙度反演和量化技术计算出储能系数 ,查明储层的厚薄和好坏 ;在储层段利用AVO技术得到的碳氢剖面可以判识储层是否含气。这套技术在实际应用中取得了明显的效果。

鄂尔多斯盆地中三叠统与上三叠统地层界线讨论

针对延长组地层划分的争议,开展了延长组孢粉组合、岩石学特征、湖盆演化规律等对比分析,结果显示长8—长10油层组与长1—长7油层组差异显著。其中,长8—长10油层组沉积期,地势平坦,河流、三角洲和滨浅湖广泛发育,岩石成分成熟度低,孢粉组合中蕨类植物孢子占优势,中三叠世的重要分子Punctatisporites、Verrucosisporites含量较高;长7油层组沉积期深湖范围宽广,盆地西南、西部地区长7油层组砂岩中石英含量明显提高,岩石类型发生较大的改变,西缘和西南缘沉积体系也由辫状河、辫状河—三角洲体系演化成冲积扇、扇三角洲沉积体系,该段地层孢子花粉含量相近,以具有晚三叠世色彩的Duplexisporites大量出现为特征。此外,在盆地西部、西南及湖盆中部地区,长7油层组底部稳定分布的一套凝灰岩薄层,记录了同期的火山、岩浆活动等地质事件,为早印支运动的重要表现形式,因此长7与长8油层组之间地层界线为中三叠统与上三叠统界线。

贵州宝元构造嘉五~1储层裂缝预测

从宝元构造现今构造形迹特征入手 ,利用有限元数值分析技术 ,模拟了嘉五1 储层段的古构造应力场(应力的大小、方向、性质及应力分布等值线图 ) ;然后以岩石破裂强度理论为依据 ,结合岩石的实际力学性质参数 ,计算了嘉五1 层岩体的破裂接近程度 ;以此为依据 ,对嘉五1 储层段裂缝的发育程度、类型及方位分别进行了预测。结果表明 :嘉五1 层裂缝较发育 ,主要发育在宝元构造高点部位及其附近地区 ;储层岩体在两期构造应力场作用下共形成了二期 5组裂缝 ;裂缝类型以早、晚高角度共轭剪切缝和张性缝为主 ;晚期裂缝较早期发育 ;裂缝的主要延伸方向以北西 -南东向为主。根据上述预测结果部署了 1口水平井 (宝平 1井 ) ,根据测井解释结果 ,结合气测、钻时资料分析得出的裂缝实际方位、发育位置等结果与预测完全相符。

川中地区须家河组低渗透砂岩气藏产水机理

产水问题是制约四川盆地川中地区上三叠统须家河组低渗透砂岩气藏高效开发的关键问题。为给生产现场形成有效防水、治水技术提供理论依据,开展了储层产水机理研究,通过压汞、岩样气驱水实验及微观可视模型开发物理模拟实验,揭示了储层高含水及产水机理。结果表明:须家河组低渗透砂岩气藏储层微细孔喉发育,微细喉道对气相的毛细管阻力大,成藏过程中,当含水饱和度降低到40%～50%后,成藏动力不足以克服毛细管阻力使气相进入更微细的喉道及其控制的孔隙中,决定了储层高原始含水饱和度的特征;低渗透储层气水呈互封状态后,在开发过程中气体弹性膨胀推动较大孔喉处及其控制的孔隙内水相成为可动水,这就是储层产水的主要原因;水封气能量、可动水饱和度及生产压差控制了储层的产水特征。该研究成果对于降低气井产水风险,提高单井产量具有重要的指导作用。

川中地区上三叠统须家河组气藏开发有利区评价与优选技术

四川盆地中部上三叠统须家河组气藏储层致密、高含水、非均质性强、连续性差,气井自然产能低、控制范围小、普遍产水,规模效益开发面临诸多认识难题和技术障碍。为此,建立以"两步法"储层对比技术、多级相控建模技术为主的致密砂岩储层描述技术,解决了"砂包砂"致密储层精细对比与预测技术难题;基于微观孔喉结构与渗流机理实验,将气藏可动水划分为不同于常规气藏边、底水的小孔喉可动水、局部滞留水和高含水层3种气水赋存模式,采用物性和毛细管力约束建立了气藏流体分布模型,形成气水交织非常规气藏可动水描述技术,基本解决了气水交织非常规气藏气水赋存模式与流体建模技术难题;结合气藏动静态特征和效益评价参数,选择有效储层厚度、储量丰度、有效地层系数等参数,建立了储层分级分类评价标准,并在此基础上筛选出气藏开发有利区,解决了致密高含水气藏开发部署和储量有效动用的地质目标选择难题,奠定了该类气藏规模效益开发的基础。

南盘江盆地及邻区早中三叠世层序地层格架及其古地理演化——兼论从“滇黔桂盆地”到“南盘江盆地”的演变过程

二叠纪与三叠纪之交的大规模台地淹没事件使二叠纪时期的一些孤立台地被淹没而消亡,其后,研究区在三叠纪经历了从滇黔桂盆地到南盘江盆地的演化过程;在空间上,从连陆台地到浊积盆地以及发育在浊积盆地中的孤立碳酸盐台地,相分异特别明显,特别是南宁和靖西一带孤立台地上早三叠世的鲕粒滩以及连陆台地边缘的礁滩相灰岩更是引人注目。尽管不同相带的三级沉积层序相序组构千差万变并且它们的形成时限也不尽相同,但是由其所表征的相对海平面变化则具有大致的同步性,从而在早中三叠世地层中可以识别出6个三级沉积层序;以地层记录中的两种相变面和两种穿时性为基本要素,即可以建立南盘江盆地早中三叠世的层序地层格架。早、中三叠世层序地层格架及相应的古地理特征,代表了统一的南盘江盆地的形成演化过程;晚三叠世的古地理特征,反映了南盘江盆地的消亡过程。

秦祁昆结合部早中三叠世构造古地理

论述了秦祁昆结合带早中三叠世时不同地区的沉积环境、盆地格架、构造古地理等特征.根据岩石组合特征、沉积特征和古生物化石组合,分析研究了早中三叠世秦祁昆结合带地层的相变、超覆、穿时现象.论述了闹仓坚沟组的岩石组合特征、岩相、时代,并对其含义进行了修订,认为闹仓坚沟组的时代是早中三叠世,由灰岩和碎屑岩组成,灰岩从底部上穿到顶部与碎屑岩呈相变关系.并阐述了秦祁昆结合带的沉积、构造古地理特征.

川东北早-中三叠世聚盐环境及海水浓缩成钾模式

川东北地区中下三叠统海相含蒸发岩地层是近十年来油气勘探开发的重点区域,但对其中的蒸发岩沉积序列研究较少,对含钾蒸发岩系的分布规律还不清楚。本文以气钾兼探为指导思想,在钻井岩心、野外露头和大量钻测井资料的基础上,开展了川东北中-下三叠统层序岩相古地理、蒸发岩分布特征和成钾条件研究,结果显示:嘉陵江组沉积时期,蒸发岩明显受三级海平面升降变化的控制,主要发育于高位体系域,即层序SQ1高位期沉积的嘉二段和层序SQ2高位期沉积的嘉四、五段;雷口坡组沉积时期则主要受上扬子区域构造体制转换的控制,盆地整体抬升及周缘古陆或古隆起的形成,造成该时期总体为相对局限的沉积环境,海侵体系域和高位体系域的蒸发岩分布没有明显差别,都有膏盐层发育,且厚度都较小;川东北早-中三叠世在克拉通浅水环境碳酸盐岩局限台地、低纬度温暖干旱气候、海平面下降的联合控制下,海水向中心浓缩咸化,在宣汉-达州地区形成浓缩咸化中心,是最有利的找钾地区。

新疆博格达地区中二叠世—早三叠世构造-气候-沉积演化及耦合机制

博格达地区的盆山关系演化、博格达山初始隆升时间、构造-气候-沉积耦合机制等前沿科学问题一直是国内外研究的热点,也一直困扰和制约准噶尔盆地东南缘的油气勘探开发进程。基于博格达山北缘野外露头和阜康凹陷、吉木萨尔凹陷的岩心、地震及钻测井资料,综合运用沉积学、地球化学等多种方法,阐明了博格达地区中二叠统—下三叠统展布及沉积相特征,恢复了相应的古气候变化,结合区域研究成果重建了中二叠世至早三叠世构造-气候-沉积演化过程。认为博格达地区中二叠世为裂谷—坳陷盆地构造背景,在干旱—半干旱气候条件下,发育以博格达地区为湖泊中心的辫状河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系;晚二叠世博格达山发生初始隆升,早期湖盆消亡并在博格达北坡山前发育冲积扇,古气候由半干旱变化为半湿润;早三叠世博格达地区构造环境相对稳定,但是逐渐趋于温暖湿润的古气候对区域风化程度和沉积条件起主要控制作用,博格达山体遭受强烈风化剥蚀,北侧形成扇三角洲—湖泊沉积体系。