Climate Changes and Sustainability

Climate change is the phrase used to describe long-term changes in temperatures and weather patterns. Changes in the atmosphere and their interactions with diverse geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic variables are the main contributors to this cyclical adjustment of the Earth’s climate. Such changes may be induced purposefully, because of burning fossil fuels, clearing forests, and raising animals, or they may be natural, brought on by significant volcanic eruptions or variations in the sun’s activity. By significantly increasing the amount of greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere, this heightens the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. This work includes several additional theoretical and practical explanations of sustainable development. The theoretical work encompasses hundreds of researches that identify requirements for how development routes might satisfy sustainable development (SD) criteria using economic theory, complex systems approach, ecological science, and other techniques. The agreements made by the Parties in various nations across the world will consider a wide range of perspectives about what would be considered undesirable effects on the environment, the climate system, sustainability, economic growth, or food production.

Atmospheric acceleration and Earth-expansion deceleration of the Earth rotation

Previous studies suggest that tidal friction gives rise to the secular deceleration of the Earth rotation by a quantity of about 2.25 ms/cy. Here we just consider additional contributions to the secular Earth rotation deceleration. Atmospheric solar semi-diurnal tide has a small amplitude and certain amount of phase lead. This periodic global air-mass excess distribution exerts a quasi-constant torque to accelerate the Earth＇s spin rotation. Using an updated atmospheric tide model, we re-estimate the amounts of this atmospheric acceleration torque and corresponding energy input, of which the associated change rate in LOD（length of day） is-0.1 ms/cy. In another aspect, evidences from space-geodesy and sea level rise observations suggest that Earth expands at a rate of 0.35 mm/yr in recent decades, which gives rise to the increase of LOD at rate of 1.0 ms/cy. Hence, if the previous estimate due to the tidal friction is correct, the secular Earth rotation deceleration due to tidal friction and Earth expansion should be 3.15 ms/cy.

Variations of the Earth＇s rotation rate and cyclic processes in geodynamics

The authors analyzed the relationship between variations of the Earth＇s rotation rate and the geodynamic processes within the Earth＇s body, including seismic activity, The rotation rate of a planet determines its uniaxial compression along the axis of rotation and the areas of various surface elements of the body. The Earth＇s ellipticity variations, caused naturally by the rotation rate variations, are manifested in vertical components of precise GPS measurements. Comparative analysis of these variations is considered in view of modern theoretical ideas concerning the Earth＇s figure. The results justify further research that is of interest for improvement of space svstems and technologiesi.

Secular change in earth processes： Preface

1.Introduction Uniformitarianism is a traditional approach used in many areas of geoscience that assumes the geologic processes observed today operated similarly throughout all of Earth history（Hutton,1788;Windley,1993）,with such an ideology commonly encapsulated by the maxim＂the present is the key to the past＂.This concept is closely associated with the philosophical principle of Occam’s razor.

Global glaciations and atmospheric change at ca.2.3 Ga

This paper compiles lithostratigraphic and geochronological data obtained for the Palaeoproterozoic glacial diamictite-bearing successions,and thereby provides insights into understanding the geological processes causing the Huronian Glaciation Event.The majority of evidence for appearances of this glaciation event can be related to the Kenorland supercontinent breakup,allied to significant atmospheric change,as well as blooms of biogeochemical oxygenic photosynthesis.In this paper,the Huronian Glaciation Event is constrained to have occurred synchronously during 2.29-2.25 Ga,accompanied by dramatic environmental changes characteristic of the Great Oxidation Event which includes the pre- 2.3 Ga hydrosphere oxidation and the post-2.3 Ga atmosphere oxygenation.

Developed and Developing World Contributions to Climate System Change Based on Carbon Dioxide,Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions

One of the key issues in international climate negotiations is the formulation of targets for emissions reduction for all countries based on the principle of ＂common but differentiated responsibilities＂. This formulation depends primarily on the quantitative attribution of the responsibilities of developed and developing countries for historical climate change. Using the Commuity Earth System Model（CESM）, we estimate the responsibilities of developed countries and developing countries for climatic change from 1850 to 2005 using their carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The results indicate that developed countries contribute approximately 53%–61%, and developing countries approximately 39%–47%, to the increase in global air temperature, upper oceanic warming, sea-ice reduction in the NH, and permafrost degradation. In addition, the spatial heterogeneity of these changes from 1850 to 2005 is primarily attributed to the emissions of greenhouse gases（GHGs）in developed countries. Although uncertainties remain in the climate model and the external forcings used, GHG emissions in developed countries are the major contributor to the observed climate system changes in the 20 th century.

Rotational Eustasy as Understood in Physics

Global sea level has today become widely understood merely in terms of glacial eustasy and thermal expansion. Although this is good in theory, it is not enough to explain observational facts in nature. We know that the 17th century was characterized by cold climate, Little Ice Age conditions, and low solar activity during the Maunder Grand Solar Minimum. In contrast, the 18th century was characterized by warm climate conditions and a Grand Solar Maximum (with the Polar front located north of Svalbard). In terms of glacial eustasy, one would expect to find a low sea level in the 17th century and a high sea level in the 18th century. This is not the case in the equatorial regions, however. In the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, there was a 60 - 70 cm higher sea level in the 17th century, and a sea level well below the present one in the 18th century. This can only be understood in terms of “rotational eustasy”. This is a novel concept, here for the first time addressed with respect to physical interpretation. It is shown that planetary beat affects Earth’s rate of rotation and that this leads to oscillations of the equatorial water bulge with amplitudes of up to ±70 cm.

Tremendous change of the earth surface system and tectonic setting of salt-lake formation in Yuncheng Basin since 7.1 Ma

The Yuncheng salt lake has formed under the setting of stepped subsidence of fault-blocks from the north to the south in Yuncheng Basin. In the phase of red clay accumulation during 7.1–3.6 Ma, the size of palaeo-lake was larger than the present salt lake, and palaeo-monsoon had formed. At 3.6 Ma, the northern basement in the basin raised abruptly due to the radiative effect of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplifting, and palaeo-lake was contracting southwards. At ca. 2.6 Ma ancient river flowed into the northern part of the basin. During ca. 2.0–1.9 Ma aerolian effect strengthened and loess started to accumulate on the most part of the basin. Since ca. 1.8–1.0 Ma the subsidence of the lake fault-block has been speeding up abruptly. As under the natural hydrogradient the salt lake received enough groundwater supply, and the rate of loess accumulation in the lake area was lower than that of subsidence of the lake fault-block, the lake could be preserved and becomes the only modern lake on Chinese Loess Plateau. Four large strengthening change records of the monsoon were found in the lake sequence of 5.8–1.9 Ma B.P.

AN ATMOSPHERIC MOTION EQUATION BUILT ON THE CONSERVATIVE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE SOLID EARTH AND THE ATMOSPHERE ON SEASONAL-ANNUAL TIMESCALE

Within the seasonal-annual timeseale,there exists an angular momentum conservative exchange relationship be- tween the solid earth and the atmosphere,and their angular momentum exchange not only can cause variations in length-of-day(LOD)but also can express anomalies in atmospheric general circulation.Therefore,their angular mo- mentum exchange mechanism should be introduced into the general circulation model. Considering the angular momentum anomalous exchange caused by the air-earth interface friction effect,a whole-layer atmospheric motion equation is derived in this paper including the earth spin anomalous friction force parameterized by using the change in the earth rotation rate.Through analysing the equation,it shows that the magni- tude of the earth spin anomalous friction force is the same as that of Coriolis force on seasonal-annual timescale.

The Mining-and-Selling Situation Of China's Rare Earth Industry Is Changing

After being rectified for several consecutive years,China’s rare earth industry was recovered in 2017.At the same time,industria transformation and upgrading is considered to be another focus in the future.'The effect of transformation and upgrading of rare earth industry is obvious,and the mining-and-selling situation is changing。

Effects of manganese doping on magnetocaloric effect in Ge-rich Gd_5Ge_(2.05)Si_(1.95) alloy

The structure, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the Ge-rich Gd5Ge2.05-xSi1.95-xMn2x （x=0.01 and 0.03） alloys were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） and magnetization measurements. The results of energy dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX） and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the composition and crystal structure of the alloys were desired. DSC measurements were performed to determine the transformation temperatures for each alloy. Both alloys exhibited the first order phase transition around room temperature. The alloys showed an anti-ferromagnetic transition around 60 K. The isothermal magnetic entropy changes of the alloys were determined from the isothermal magnetization measurements by using the Maxwell relation. The maximum values of isothermal magnetic entropy change of the Gd5Ge2.05-xSi1.95-xMn2x alloy with x=0.01 was found to be -12.1 and -19.8 J/（kg·K） using Maxwell equation around 268 K in applied fields of 2 and 5 T, respectively.

Effect of proportion change of aluminum and silicon on magnetic entropy change and magnetic properties in La0.8Ce0.2Fe11.5Al1.5-xSix compounds

The microstructure, magnetic entropy changes, hysteresis and magnetic properties of La_（0.8）Ce_（0.2）Fe_（11.5）Al_（1.5–x）Si_x（x=0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7） compounds were studied by X-ray diffraction（XRD） and a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer（SQUID）. The results showed that all the compounds presented cubic Na Zn13-type structure. Their Curie temperatures changed complicatedly with decreasing Al content due to changes of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interaction. Under a field change from 0 to 2 T, the maximum magnetic entropy change for La_（0.8）Ce_（0.2）Fe_（11.5）Al_（1.1）Si_（0.4）, La_（0.8）Ce_（0.2）Fe_（11.5）Al_（1.0）Si_（0.5）, La_（0.8）Ce_（0.2）Fe_（11.5）Al_（0.9）Si_（0.6） and La_（0.8）Ce_（0.2）Fe_（11.5）Al_（0.8）Si_（0.7） were found to be –9.6, –4.8, –5.8 and –11.7 J/（kg·K）, respectively. Moreover, their hysteresis losses were 1.13 J/（kg·K） or less. The large magnetic entropy changed and small hysteresis losses made them potential candidates for practical magnetic refrigeration application.

Influence of partial substitution of cerium for lanthanum on magnetocaloric properties of La_(1–x)Ce_xFe_(11.44)Si_(1.56) and their hydrides

The structure and magnetocaloric properties of La1–xCexFe11.44Si1.56 and their hydrides La1–xCexFe11.44Si1.56Hy（x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4） were investigated.The samples crystallized mainly in the cubic Na Zn13-type structure with a small amount of α-Fe phase as impurity.The lattice constants and Curie temperature presented the same change tendency with increasing of Ce content.For the hydrides, the influence of Ce content on lattice constants was weakened and the values of H concentration y were approximate to be 1.56.The La1–xCexFe11.44Si1.56 compounds exhibited large values of isothermal entropy change –ΔSm around the Curie temperature TC under a low magnetic field change of 1.5 T.The value of –ΔSm increased and then decreased with increasing Ce content, reached the maximum, 26.07 J/kg·K for x=0.3.TC increased up to the vicinity of room temperature by hydrogen absorption for the Ce substituted compounds, but TC only slightly decreased with increasing Ce content.The first-order metamagnetic transition was still kept in the hydrides and the maximum values of –ΔSm were lower than those of the La1–xCexFe11.44Si1.56 compounds, but still remained large values, about 10.5 J/kg K under a magnetic field change of 1.5 T.The values of –ΔSm were nearly independent of the Ce content and did not increase with increasing x for the hydrides.The La1–xCexFe11.44Si1.56Hy（x=0–0.4） hydrides exhibited large magnetic entropy changes, small hysteresis loss and effective refrigerant capacity covered the room temperature range from 305 to 317 K.These hydrides are very useful for the magnetic refrigeration applications near room temperature under low magnetic field change.