Study of high-precision earth sensor with triple-FOV

Earth sensors are widely used in spacecraft for attitude determination. They need to have a very large field of view(FOV)( > 120°) and relatively low accuracy while being used in the aircrafts around orbit. A triple-FOV infrared earth sensor is proposed in this paper. It uses three pieces of standard infrared detectors with a wavelength range of 14;16μm,to sense the horizontal circle by detecting the infrared light emitted from the earth. From which,the geocentric vector can be obtained. A mathematic model is established and a validation model is set up to provide input parameters for the mathematic model. The simulation results of the two models show that the output of the mathematic model coincides with the known parameters. Based on the above analysis,a prototype has been built and tested. The test results show that the angle measurement error is about 0. 002° and hence such a triple-FOV earth sensor is capable to provide high-precision position information for autonomous navigation.

Infrared Earth sensor with a large field of view for low-Earth-orbiting micro-satellites

Infrared Earth sensors are widely used in attitude-determination and control systems of satellites.The main deficiency of static infrared Earth sensors is the requirement of a small field of view(FOV).A typical FOV for a static infrared Earth sensor is about 20°to 30°,which may not be sufficient for low-Earth-orbiting microsatellites.A novel compact infrared Earth sensor with an FOV of nearly 180°is developed here.The Earth sensor comprises a panoramic annular lens(PAL)and an off-the-shelf camera with an uncooled complementary-metaloxide-semiconductor(CMOS)infrared sensor.PAL is used to augment FOV so as to obtain a complete infrared image of the Earth from low-Earth-orbit.An algorithm is developed to compensate for the distortion caused by PAL and to calculate the vector of the Earth.The new infrared Earth sensor is compact with low power consumption and high precision.Simulated images and on-orbit infrared images obtained via the micro-satellite ZDPS-2 are used to assess the performance of the new infrared Earth sensor.Experiments show that the accuracy of the Earth sensor is about 0.032°.

Component Content Soft-sensor Based on Neural Networks in Rare-earth Countercurrent Extraction Process

Throught fusion of the mechanism modeling and the neural networks modeling,a compo- nent content soft-sensor,which is composed of the equilibrium calculation model for multi-component rare earth extraction and the error compensation model of fuzzy system,is proposed to solve the prob- lem that the component content in countercurrent rare-earth extraction process is hardly measured on-line.An industry experiment in the extraction Y process by HAB using this hybrid soft-sensor proves its effectiveness.

Information gain based sensor search scheduling for low-earth orbit constellation estimation

This paper addresses the problem of sensor search scheduling in the complicated space environment faced by the low-earth orbit constellation.Several search scheduling methods based on the commonly used information gain are compared via simulations first.Then a novel search scheduling method in the scenarios of uncertainty observation is proposed based on the global Shannon information gain and beta density based uncertainty model.Simulation results indicate that the beta density model serves a good option for solving the problem of target acquisition in the complicated space environments.

Detection of Methanol by a Sensor Based on Rare-earth Doped TiO_2 Nanoparticles

The rare earth doped TiO（2） was prepared and characterized with Nd,Ho and Y as the doping agents,which have obvious absorption in visible light area.The particle size of the glomeration was about 200-400 nm.TiO2 sensor performed a significant change in resistance when exposed to methanol vapor.By comparison,the Nd,Ho and Yb doped TiO2 sensors exhibited a response of 2.22,4.05 and 3.78,and lowered response and recovery times of 91,56 and 67 s,respectively.The Ho doped TiO2 showed the best methanolsensing properties,which exhibited high selectivity and response to methanol compared with the other tested vapors.In concentration of 0-10 ppm,the sensor exhibited excellent stability for detecting methanol at various concentrations.

Neural Networks Based Component Content Soft-Sensor in Countercurrent Rare-Earth Extraction

The equilibrium model for multicomponent rare earth extraction is developed using neural networks, which combined with the material balance model could give online prediction of component content in countercurrent rare earth (extraction) production. Simulation experiments with industrial operation data prove the effectiveness of the hybrid soft-(sensor).

Gasoline Sensor Based on Rare Earth-Doped Indium Oxide with Low Power Consumption

Nanocrystalline indium oxide powders were prepared by microemulsion and then Y2O3 and Nd2O3 doped In2O3 were synthesized separately by impregnation and chemical co-deposition. The structure and morphology were characterized by XRD and TEM, respectively. Gas sensing properties were tested at static state. The results show that homogeneous indium oxide nanopowder with main grain size of 20 nm can be obtained from microemulsion after sintered at 600 ℃ for 1 h. Pure indium oxide gas sensor has higher sensitivity to gasoline than that to ethanol, HCHO, C6H6, NH3, C4H10, but the selectivity is not as well as sensitivity.

Optical Fiber Torsion Sensor with Mechanically Induced Long Period Fiber Gratings in Rare-Earth Doped Fibers

In this work wavelength sensitivity in mechanically induced long period fiber gratings (MLPFG) is analyzed. This analysis is first carried out both in standard single-mode fiber SMF-28 and in Er-doped fibers. The mechanical analysis for both types of fibers under different torsion conditions is presented. In order to apply the torsion one of the fiber ends is fixed while torsion is applied on the other end. A MLPFG whose period is 503 μm is used to press the fiber after torsion is applied. This allows for micro curvatures to be formed on the fiber, which in turn generates a periodical index perturbation on it. Here, it was noted that the sensitive wavelength shift of the rejection bands is bigger for Er-doped fibers. For a torsion of 6 turns applied to 10 cm of doped fiber the wavelength peaks can be moved up to 25 nm, which is longer to what was detected on standard fibers. Therefore, by using Er-doped fibers to monitor torsion on structures will give more sensitive and accurate results than using standard fibers. These results can be employed for sensing applications, especially for small to medium size structures, which can be mechanical, civil or aeronautics.

基于精化预积分的GNSS/IMU/视觉多源融合定位方法

针对传统预积分算法固定地球重力值和忽略地球自转的问题,提出一种考虑地球自转和重力变化的惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit, IMU)预积分算法。参照高精度捷联惯性导航解算的动力学模型,在IMU预积分动力学模型的姿态更新中引入地球自转角速率,速度和位置更新中引入由地球自转引起的科里奥利加速度,同时将由载体位置引起的地球重力变化及时反馈至预积分算法中,详细推导了引入地球自转和重力变化后预积分算法的具体过程,实现对传统预积分模型的精化。并将精化的预积分算法应用于基于紧耦合全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)/IMU/视觉多源融合系统中,实测实验结果表明:利用精化的预积分模型可使系统预积分的模型误差有效减小,显著提升多源融合系统整体的定位定姿精度,其中系统定位精度提升32.41%,航向角精度提升4.23%。

一种基于Madgwick-EKF融合算法的卫星姿态测量方法

针对低地球轨道卫星姿态测量时,传感器易受噪声干扰、陀螺仪漂移等问题,提出一种基于Madgwick扩展卡尔曼滤波合算法(EKF)的卫星姿态测量方法。该方法采用陀螺仪、加速度计、磁强计等多传感器数据进行融合,并结合Madgwick算法和EKF算法的优点,实现姿态测量。首先,通过Madgwick算法,利用多个传感器测量数据计算初始姿态。然后,基于初始姿态和实际测量数据,应用EKF算法进行数据融合和噪声滤除,以获得最终准确的姿态估计。实验结果表明:相较Madgwick算法,本算法在测量精度上提升了65.8%,且具有较高的鲁棒性,为低地球轨道卫星姿态测量提供了一种有效的方案。

稀土掺杂热障涂层体系及其荧光效应研究现状与发展趋势

稀土掺杂热障涂层是指将稀土元素掺杂到热障涂层(ThermalBarrierCoatings,TBCs)陶瓷面层中,不仅可以在一定程度上改善热障涂层的隔热性能和力学性能,还可以赋予其荧光特性,利用其荧光特性可以实现温度测量、热历史追踪、无损检测等方面的应用,从而达到寿命预测的目的。重点围绕国内外稀土荧光效应在热障涂层中的研究和发展趋势进行了系统阐述,分别介绍了稀土掺杂热障涂层的结构以及荧光效应在时间效应和强度效应上的检测原理,分析了热障涂层稀土掺杂原理及其制备工艺,讨论了稀土元素的掺杂对热障涂层热力学性能以及抗CMAS(CaO、MgO、Al_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2))腐蚀性的影响,阐述并分析了基于稀土荧光效应的热障涂层在荧光测温、热历史传感器和无损检测等方面的研究和应用,为后续基于稀土荧光效应的热障涂层研究和应用奠定了理论基础,最后对基于稀土荧光效应的热障涂层今后需要解决的问题和发展方向进行了展望。

Research on star-tracking correction technology for near-earth flight vehicles

By analyzing the traditional star-tracking correction technology,this paper studies the star-tracking direct correction method which is based on star sensor dynamic separation initial displacement angles and main errors of inertial measure unit（IMU） in order to carry out automatic navigation and improve the hitting accuracy and quick reaction capability of near-earth flight vehicles.Through comprehensive application and improvement of the best correction factor method,this paper proposes the startracking comprehensive correction method which combines the two methods above-mentioned and the accelerometer dynamic error separation technology.The simulation results show that obvious effects can be achieved by using the star-tracking integrated correction method.

水囊土压力计研制与试验验证研究

针对土压力盒易发生应力集中的问题,研制了水囊土压力计,即通过透明的PU空压软管将感压水囊与电子压力表进行连接,其中感压水囊的厚度可控制在5~10 mm,在使用时电子压力表的高度位置进行固定。将水囊土压力计与振弦式土压力盒埋设在不同压缩模量的土体中进行了对比试验,结果分析表明,由于感压水囊比土压力盒薄,虽然实测土压力偏大问题不可避免,但相对土压力盒测试结果而言,采用水囊土压力计测试地层中的土压力时应力集中问题显著改善;从测试结果可知,由测试元件厚度所导致的土压力偏大幅值为非线性,这与测试元件周围的土体颗粒变形调整有关。将水囊土压力计用于盾构隧道响应模型试验研究中,从测试结果可知,水囊土压力计与土压力盒的测试结果具有明显的不同;从测试结果的变化趋势分析来看,水囊土压力计的测试结果可信,且有必要采用水囊土压力计直接贴在模型盾构隧道外壁测试其周围土压力。水囊土压力计的测试原理简单,且成本低、精度高,因其为柔性构造,可根据测试需求选用感压水囊用于结构物表面为非平面的土压力测试。

Situation and Developing Trend of Rare-Earth Countercurrent Extraction Processes Control

On the basis of the description of the rare-earth countercurrent extraction process, the on-line detecting method and equipments of rare-earth elements and the application in the process of the rare-earth countercurrent extraction are summarized. The procedure simulation of the computer, the automation control method and its current application are also mentioned in the process of rare-earth countercurrent extraction. The method of soft sensor is proposed. Optimal control method based on object-oriented rare-earth countercurrent extraction process and integrated automation system composed of process management system and process control system are presented, which are the developing direction of the automation of rare-earth countercurrent extraction process.

Synthesis and Characterization of Y-Doped SnO_2 as Sensor Materials

Yttrium-doped SnO2 powders were successfully synthesized by solution co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sensitivity of sensors based on Y-doped SnO2 and SnO2 nanocrystals were investigated comparatively. The results indicated that Y-doped SnO2 was with the result of enhancement of sensitivity and selectivity to ethanol and reduction of sensitivity to other gas components. The enhancements of selectivity and sensitivity could be contributed to for two reasons. The first is that rare metal yttrium has a high alkalescence and good catalysis, and the second is that the nanosized crystallite and large specific surface area of Y-doped SnO2 is advantageous for gas-diffusion control as well as an increase in active sites for gas detection.

开关柜局部放电超声-TEV融合检测技术

开关柜是电力系统的重要组成设备,其在出厂和长期运行中不可避免地会出现绝缘缺陷,导致设备故障。局部放电检测是发现开关柜绝缘缺陷的有效手段,为了提高开关柜局部放电检测的灵敏度,提出了超声–暂态对地电压(transient earth voltage,TEV)融合传感技术并设计了融合传感器,实现了超声信号与TEV信号在时空上的同步测量。对融合传感器的校准试验结果表明,超声的平均灵敏度在20~60 kHz内为63.90 dB;TEV的平均灵敏度在1~40 MHz内为46.98 d B,满足开关柜局部放电检测需求。在10 k V开关柜上进行了基于缺陷模型的局部放电试验,结果表明,该文提出的融合传感技术在准确测量局部放电信号的同时可以准确地实现放电定位,为开关柜局部放电检测提供了新的思路与方案。

一种高精度星敏感器抗地气光星图预处理算法

近地空间飞行器所搭载的星敏感器易受地气光影响,导致星点提取精度较低进而影响天文导航的精度。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种高精度的抗地气光星图预处理算法。通过分析地气光的传播机理,建立地球大气散射以及地表反射模型,构建了一种精确的地气光辐射强度模型。通过分析星敏感器像面上局部范围内所接收地气光的传输路径与像素坐标之间的关系,对辐射强度模型进行变换得到了局部邻域内的地气光背景灰度模型,进而利用背景估计法实现对地气光影响下的杂散光背景的精确估计与补偿。最后,通过仿真以及实拍星图对算法性能进行验证,结果表明所设计算法能有效提升星图信噪比以及质心提取精度,并且具有较好的抗干扰能力。

动车组轴温报警故障分析及优化

轴温检测系统是动车组走行部安全运行的重要保障。基于复兴号动车组轴温检测系统的工作原理,对连接器、接地碳刷接触不良,轴箱、轴承、通气阀排气不畅等非传感器故障原因进行分析,为轴温检测系统故障的排查与处置提供新的思路。研究提出优化压夹尺寸、优化接地碳刷结构、加强碳粉清洁、注重轴承维护保养、加强远程温度监控等检修运用措施,以降低轴温检测系统故障率。针对当前轴温传感器故障判断逻辑缺陷问题,建议对不同生产厂家的温度传感器故障逻辑进行统型,并进一步优化轴温传感器故障逻辑,从而明确故障原因、缩短处置时间,减少轴温预报警故障对铁路运行秩序的影响。

面向地球表面三维空间的远程监视覆盖优化

对地球表面三维空间进行远程监视覆盖有利于早期发现入侵目标。构建了地球表面曲率影响下的三维目标空间模型以及传感器三维感知模型,提出了覆盖优化算法。该算法将地球表面三维目标空间离散化处理,利用地(海)面固定位置三维有向传感器网络对目标空间感知监视,采用智能优化算法优化调整三维有向传感器主感知方向的方位角和俯仰角,从而最大化传感器网络对目标空间的监视覆盖率。

小型准直式红外地球模拟器研究

地球模拟器是卫星姿态测量控制关键部件—摆动扫描式红外地球敏感器的一种重要地面模拟试验与精度标定仪器。本文针对卫星同步轨道高度(35786km),采用准直式方案,研制了一种口径为Φ150mm的准直式红外地球模拟器,它能提供17.46°的地球张角,实现了地面上模拟卫星在太空中所看到的地球。文中详细介绍了准直式红外地球模拟器的组成和总体结构,采用红外光学技术,设计了锗准直透镜,通过理论分析得出地球光阑、热地球位置和大小与地球张角、锗准直透镜光学参数之间的关系,为地球模拟器的研制提供了设计依据。地球张角是衡量地球模拟器精度的指标,通过实验对地球张角进行了测试,结果表明地球张角误差小于±0.05°。