Reliability analysis of earth slopes using hybrid chaotic particle swarm optimization

A numerical procedure for reliability analysis of earth slope based on advanced first-order second-moment method is presented,while soil properties and pore water pressure may be considered as random variables.The factor of safety and performance function is formulated utilizing a new approach of the Morgenstern and Price method.To evaluate the minimum reliability index defined by Hasofer and Lind and corresponding critical probabilistic slip surface,a hybrid algorithm combining chaotic particle swarm optimization and harmony search algorithm called CPSOHS is presented.The comparison of the results of the presented method,standard particle swarm optimization,and selected other methods employed in previous studies demonstrates the superior successful functioning of the new method by evaluating lower values of reliability index and factor of safety.Moreover,the presented procedure is applied for sensitivity analysis and the obtained results show the influence of soil strength parameters and probability distribution types of random variables on the reliability index of slopes.

Design of micropiles to increase earth slopes stability

A methodology was proposed for the design of micropiles to increase earth slopes stability. An analytic model based on bearn-colurnn equation and an existing P-y curve method was set up and used to find the shear capacity of the micropile. Then, a step-by-step design procedure for stabilization of earth slope with rnicropiles was introduced, involving six main steps： 1） Choosing a location for the rnicropiles within the existing slope; 2） Selecting micropile cross section; 3） Estimating length of rnicropile; 4） Evaluating shear capacity of mieropiles; 5） Calculating spacing required to provide force to stabilize the slope; 6） Designing the concrete cap beam. The application of the method to an embankment landslide in Qinghai Province was described in detail. In the final design, three rows of rnicropiles were adopted as a group and a total of 126 rnicropiles with 0.23 m in diameter were used. The micropile length ranged between 15 and 18 m, with the spacing 1.5 m at in-row direction. The monitoring data indicate that slope movement has been effectively controlled as a result of the slope stabilization measure, which verifies the reasonability of the design method.

边坡工程与堤坝工程研究进展

边坡稳定性问题是土力学的三大经典问题之一,由于其受地质、环境等复杂因素影响始终无法完全解决。近年来,随着我国交通强国、一带一路及西部大开发等国家战略的相继实施和推进,土木、交通、水利等领域中的边坡工程与堤坝工程又面临许多新的难题和挑战。该文简要评述边坡工程与堤坝工程的国内外研究现状,主要包括三个方面:边坡稳定性理论与方法、堤坝灾害机理与分析方法以及边坡和堤坝工程加固技术,重点探讨土坡与堤坝的破坏机理、灾变数值模拟方法、稳定性分析理论与安全评价等研究的最新进展,并展望未来研究方向。随着地质学、地震学、土壤学、生物学、计算力学、人工智能等学科发展,交叉学科的互融共通将有力促进土坡工程与堤坝工程的科技进步。

土石坝护坡冻胀破坏水-热-力耦合数值模拟研究

针对寒区土石坝护坡普遍存在的冻胀破坏问题,选取寒区某土石坝工程为研究对象,结合土石坝工程特点,建立考虑水-热-力耦合作用的有限元计算模型。研究护坡在库水位和坝体填土水分迁移作用下冻胀破坏全过程,分析土石坝温度场、水分场和位移场的变化规律,并将位移场有限元计算结果与实测冻胀变形资料进行对比,验证有限元计算结果。研究结果表明:冻胀作用对坝坡影响深度约为2 m,坝坡浅层0~2 m范围的温度变化受外界气温影响较大,坝体内部温度相对坝坡浅层变幅小,且有一定的滞后性;负温使坝坡浅层孔隙水相变成冰,宏观上表现为未冻水体积分数的降低,坝坡浅层土石混合体孔隙水相变、坝体填土内水分向坝坡迁移和冻结峰面向坝体内部移动是护坡冻胀破坏的主要因素;大坝坝坡计算冻胀量为20~30 cm,最大值为36 cm,计算结果与实测冻胀变形资料吻合;护坡冻胀破坏主要由砂砾料垫层、坝体填土等土石混合体冻胀及冰推力共同作用引起。研究结果可为寒区土石坝护坡设计提供参考。

侵蚀性降雨对黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征的影响

[目的]降雨是黑土坡耕地水力侵蚀的动力来源,研究天然降雨条件下坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征对水土流失防治具有重要意义。[方法]基于黑龙江省海伦市光荣小流域2021-2022年不同坡度(3°,5°和7°)顺坡垄作径流小区观测的43场次侵蚀性降雨事件,采用K-Mean聚类法对比分析不同雨型和坡度下径流与输沙特征,并探讨影响坡耕地径流与输沙的影响因素。[结果]研究区以短历时、大雨强、小雨量的降雨(雨型3)为主,其次是中等历时、中等雨强、中等雨量的降雨(雨型2),长历时、小雨强、大雨量的降雨(雨型1)极少发生。相同雨型下,累积径流深和输沙量均随坡度的增加而增大。相同坡度下,不同雨型对累积径流深响应不同,累积输沙量整体表现为雨型3贡献最高(50.90%~57.90%),雨型2次之(37.60%~44.10%),雨型1最低。雨型2事件降雨侵蚀力和坡度对径流深产生直接影响,径流深和坡度对输沙量产生直接影响。雨型3事件降雨侵蚀力通过直接和间接作用影响径流深,进而影响输沙量。[结论]对所有雨型事件,降雨侵蚀力和坡度是影响坡耕地径流深的主控因子,径流深和坡度是影响坡耕地输沙量的主控因子。

不同降雨强度下离子型稀土矿边坡渗流特性与临界滑移面变化分析

以离子型稀土矿边坡为研究对象,研究了不同降雨强度条件下降雨、停雨阶段离子型稀土矿边坡孔隙水压力变化情况,并利用有限元Morgenstern-Price法研究了各时间段临界滑移面的变化。结果表明,降雨强度是影响离子型稀土矿浅层边坡孔隙水压力的显著因素;雨水在离子型稀土矿边坡中的传递具有滞后性,是停雨阶段造成离子型稀土矿边坡不稳定隐患的内在原因;降雨强度越大,进入289滑移面的时间越快,安全系数变化的“加速度”波峰越高,影响时间越长。首次提出降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡发展可能历经的4个阶段为:较为安全阶段、内部剧烈变化阶段、极易滑坡阶段及相对安全阶段。

基于REE示踪法的工程堆积体坡面泥沙来源研究

[目的]探究生产建设项目工程堆积体坡面侵蚀的泥沙来源,更有针对性地布设水土流失防治措施,减少人为扰动造成的水土流失。[方法]结合室内人工模拟降雨试验与REE(Rare Earth Elements)示踪技术,研究90 mm/h雨强下不同砾石含量[0(纯土),10%,20%,30%]工程堆积体坡面不同坡位的侵蚀特征及侵蚀贡献率。[结果](1)不同砾石含量堆积体各坡位侵蚀量均为下坡位最大,同时下坡位平均侵蚀贡献率(57.40%)大于上坡位和中坡位,表明下坡位是坡面泥沙的主要来源。(2)含砾石堆积体坡面中坡位和下坡位的侵蚀量显著小于纯土堆积体。含砾石堆积体坡面上坡位和中坡位的侵蚀贡献率显著+大于纯土堆积体坡面,下坡位侵蚀贡献率显著小于纯土堆积体坡面。(3)砾石含量对下坡位侵蚀量和贡献率的影响更显著(p<0.05)。含砾石堆积体中,20%砾石含量堆积体坡面上坡位和下坡位的侵蚀量显著大于10%,30%砾石含量堆积体。10%砾石含量堆积体坡面上坡位侵蚀贡献率显著大于20%,30%砾石含量堆积体坡面,下坡位侵蚀贡献率显著小于20%,30%砾石含量堆积体坡面。[结论]各砾石含量工程堆积体坡面中,下坡位侵蚀贡献率均最大,表明下坡位是工程堆积体坡面泥沙的主要来源,要加强工程堆积体下坡位的防护和治理。

基于残余位移增量判据的土石围堰边坡稳定性分析

针对有限元强度折减法在复杂水文地质环境下土石围堰边坡稳定性评价中效果欠佳的问题,引入残余位移增量判据,基于有限元强度折减法,考虑深厚覆盖层土石围堰不同水位下的渗流特征,通过计算坡面节点平均残余位移增量,获取边坡稳定系数,进一步通过位移增量分布图,探讨了围堰边坡潜在滑面位置及其形成机制。结果表明,在复杂水文地质环境下的土石围堰边坡稳定性评价中,残余位移增量判据相较经典失稳判据适用性更强。研究结果能够为工程实践提供指导。

钢筋混凝土扶壁卸荷板组合挡土墙卸荷效应研究

为了解决高填方边坡挡土结构内力大和工程成本高等难题,提出钢筋混凝土扶壁+卸荷板组合挡土墙形式,利用卸荷板的卸荷效应,降低墙后土压力,减小结构内力。将库伦滑动楔体理论和Klein方法结合,给出组合挡土墙土压力计算方法和挡土墙理论计算方法。针对大连20.5 m高填方边坡工程,采用组合挡土墙方案及理论计算方法,并研究组合挡土墙卸荷效应影响因素。结果表明:组合挡土墙结构剪力和弯矩的最大值均比扶壁式挡土墙的小将近1/3;现场监测结果与理论计算结果比较接近;影响组合挡土墙卸荷效应的因素主要是卸荷板埋置深度和卸荷板长度;从结构剪力及弯矩均衡的角度考虑,卸荷板最优设置方案为,卸荷板埋置深度为挡土墙高度的中间位置,卸荷板长度与其对应的挡墙段高度比值为1.2~1.5。

数字图像测量技术在土石围堰动态施工中的应用研究

土石围堰是关系到水利枢纽工程建设全局的重要临时性工程项目,一旦出现问题,后果十分严重。针对传统的测量仪器法和GPS法进行围堰动态监测主要有效率低、工作量大、成本高等缺点。提出运用数字图像测量技术,有效解决多点测量的问题,实现实时跟踪监测变形,已成功应用于海堤建设项目围堰边坡的动态位移监测,实现堰坡位移安全监测与预警等功能。

基于COMSOL的不同库水位条件下土石坝坝坡稳定性分析

由库水位变化引起的渗透破坏是造成土石坝失稳的主要原因之一,坝体滑坡极易诱发地质灾害,严重威胁人类生命财产安全。针对库水位上升对土石坝坝体滑坡的影响,以某均质土坝为研究背景,借助COMSOL Multiphysics数值软件研究坝坡临界失稳状态下的塑性区和水平位移变化,基于有限元强度折减法分析正常蓄水位、设计洪水位和校核洪水位3种工况下的坝坡稳定性。结果表明:随着库水位上升,土石坝内部浸润线位置提高,坝体的最大塑性应变和水平位移呈线性增大趋势,且最大值均出现在坝脚位置。坝脚处塑性区随折减系数SRF的增大逐渐向坝顶贯通,坝坡变形行为以剪切滑移为主。3种工况下稳定安全系数FOS分别为1.894、1.855和1.831,坝体稳定性不断降低,但均高于临界最小安全系数。

基于Geo-Slope的坝坡稳定计算

土石坝的不饱和特性使得其渗流特性与匀质土坝有较大差异。以赛峪水库为研究对象,针对其土石混合坝的特性,采用Geo-Slope软件进行坝坡稳定计算。结果表明:通过参数设置和计算方法的选择,Geo-Slope软件可以控制并解决部分常规软件计算出现的浅表滑弧,得到与实际情况更为接近的滑弧。

原地浸矿对离子型稀土矿区边坡稳定性影响研究

离子型稀土矿常采用原地浸矿法开采,浸矿过程中,矿区坡体材料的强度参数、密度、渗透系数等会逐渐发生变化,对边坡稳定性有较大影响。文中以某离子型稀土矿区边坡为案例,基于强度折减法和有限差分法,考虑浸矿过程中坡体材料强度参数、密度、渗透系数等的变化,研究不同浸液时间和注液强度下的边坡稳定性。计算结果表明,随着浸液时间的逐渐增加,边坡稳定性逐渐降低;相同浸液时间下,注液强度越大,边坡水平位移越大,边坡稳定性越差。

浅谈太榆退水渠改扩建一期工程渠堤生态护坡施工工艺

针对水渠改建工程生态护坡需求问题,对渠提生态护坡施工工艺开展研究,在简单介绍工程概况、护坡施工工艺流程以及生态护坡施工优势的基础上,围绕土石笼袋、生物毯护坡进行太榆退水渠改扩建一期工程渠提生态护坡施工研究。结果表明,采取生态护坡施工工艺,除了能够满足防洪要求外,还能有效防止一系列不利因素对土壤造成的侵蚀,起到有效的物理防护作用。

Application of Google Earth in Modern River Sedimentology Research

Google Earth, a software based on satellite’s images and database of navigation, gains features of high resolution, integrated images, quick update, convenience, simpleness and free cost. Practice of this software shows that it plays an important role in mapping, construction and river research. Based on the fundamental features of Google Earth, this passage makes an introduction to its application in studying modern river sedimentology through the case study of the Yellow River. The results show that Google Earth satellite’s high-resolution images and image overlay functions make it easy for users to quickly navigate river, determine the type of river, track the river flows and measure the terrain slope;the software’s “Ruler” and “Add Path” functions make it easy for users to measure channel width, curvature, amplitude, wavelength, size, morphology of point-bar and other river parameters;the software’s “Historical Image” function has important significance in the study of modern river migration, sedimentary evolution and river geomorphological shape during different seasons.

Study of Spatial and Temporal Processes of Soil Erosion on Sloping Land Using Rare Earth Elements As Tracers

Rare earth elements (REE) were used to study the temporal and spatial processes of soil erosion from different depths and sections of a slope. Two simulated rainfall events were applied to a prepared plot with a slope of 22°. The total runoff and sediment yield were collected every minute during the rainfall events. During the first twenty minutes of the first rainfall event, the average rate of rill erosion and the accumulated sediment yield due to rill erosion was 0.5 and 0.3 times higher than for sheet erosion. During this time, most of the erosion occurred on the lower one third of the plot. After 20 min, rill erosion became the dominant process on the slope. The average acceleration in the rate of rill erosion, the rate of rill erosion and the accumulated sediment yield due to rill erosion were 42, 6 and 4 times higher than that of sheet erosion, respectively. During the first 35 minutes of the second rainfall event, the average acceleration in the rate of rill erosion was 6～9 times higher than that of sheet erosion. Afterwards, the slope became nearly stable with little change in either rill or sheet erosion rates. Initially, most of the rill erosion occurred in the lower third of the slope but later the preexisting rillhead in the middle section of the slope became reactivated and erosion in this section of the slope increased rapidly. These results indicate that REE tracer technology is a valuable tool for quantifying spatial and temporal changes in erosion from a soil slope.

沟谷地形对高填方拱涵涵周土压力影响研究

沟谷地形下高填方涵洞土压力分布规律较为复杂,不同沟谷地形下涵周土压力分布规律与上埋式涵洞差异显著。为探明沟谷地形对高填方拱涵涵周土压力的影响,采用离心模型试验与数值模拟方法,建立了地形-涵洞-填土的相互作用模型,分析了不同沟谷宽度B、沟谷坡度α下的拱涵涵周土压力及涵顶土压集中系数K_(s)的分布规律,并与最新涵洞设计规范进行了对比,阐述了沟谷地形下高填方拱涵土压力形成机制。研究表明:(1)沟谷宽度B对涵顶土压力集中系数K_(s)影响显著,沟谷宽度B为4D~6D,D为拱涵的净跨径,涵顶土压力集中系数K_(s)增幅较大;(2)沟谷宽度B小于4D时,可发挥沟谷地形对涵洞的减载作用;(3)沟谷坡度α在45°~60°时,涵顶土压力及其K_(s)变化最显著;(4)填土高度为20m,α>70°时,K_(s)≤1。填土高度为40m,α>50°时,K_(s)≤1;(5)我国最新涵洞设计规范推荐的K_(s)与离心模型试验、数值模拟规律存在一定差异,当α=45°时,沟谷宽度B较小时,规范的涵顶土压力集中系数K_(s)较为保守;(6)沟谷地形下高填方拱涵K_(s)与拱顶压密区、等压面的形成有关。拱顶压密区可引起拱涵涵顶土压力集中,并引起压密区周边土体的竖向土压力呈拱形分布。在接近地表一定深度处,拱形分布逐渐向水平分布过渡,从而形成等压面。等压面上部荷载将分散于沟谷坡体,故可发挥沟谷地形的卸荷效应。

平动条件下有限成坡土体挡土墙土压力分布规律研究

以河北腾龙露天矿止水固坡工程为背景,建立了挡土墙和有限成坡土体的三维数字模型,首先对模型的有效性进行了验证,然后利用该模型对平动条件下墙背上土压力分布规律进行数值模拟分析。结果表明,有限成坡土体滑裂面倾角随平台宽度增大先逐渐减小到零然后逐渐增大;平台宽度9 m时墙背上被动土压力数值解与解析解的变化规律基本一致,充分验证了该模型的有效性;被动土压力呈非线性分布,主动土压力呈凸曲线分布。综合考虑挡土墙稳定性与施工成本,建议将边坡坡角设为30°,平台宽度设为9 m。

Google earth及GPS定位分析在广西坡耕地治理工程中的应用

针对传统坡耕地专项调查方法野外工作量大、作业周期长、成本高等难题,提出了采用分辨率高、现时性强的"Google earth"软件进行项目范围的确定以及土地利用现状的补充调查,论述了这一方法的可行性及实施流程,并介绍了如何利用"GPS"补充确定坡耕地调查数据的空间精度。

A modified logarithmic spiral method for determining passive earth pressure

In this study, a modified logarithmic spiral method is proposed to determine the passive earth pressure and failure surface of cohesionless sloping backfill, with presence of wallesoil interface friction. The proposed method is based on a limit equilibrium analysis wherein the assumed profile of the backfill failure surface is a composite of logarithmic spiral and its tangent. If the wallesoil interface is smooth, a straight line does not need to be assumed for the failure surface. The geometry of the failure surface is determined using the Mohr circle analysis of the soil. The resultant passive earth thrust is computed considering equilibrium of moments. The passive earth pressure coefficients are calculated with varied values of soil internal friction angle and cohesion, wall friction angle and inclination angle, and sloping backfill angle. This method is verified with the finite element method(FEM) by comparing the horizontal passive earth pressure and failure surface. The results agree well with other solutions, particularly with those obtained by the FEM. The implementation of the present method is efficient. The logarithmic spiral theory is rigorous and self-explanatory for the geotechnical engineer.