Research progress on rare earth up-conversion and near-infrared Ⅱ luminescence in biological applications

Rare earth luminescence has attracted widespread attention for several decades, among which nearinfrared(NIR) light-related up-conversion luminescence and NIR-Ⅱ luminescence are widely used in the biomedical field. The NIR-related luminescence is widely studied due to the excellent performance, such as good biocompatibility, deep tissue penetration depth, low self-fluorescence and minimal light damage to organisms. In this review, we mainly introduce the mechanism for rare earth up-conversion luminescence, NIR-Ⅱ luminescence and conclude their advantages compared with traditional luminescence.These excellent priorities provide the basis for NIR-related luminescence bioimaging in vivo. Additionally,we hilglight the scheme for the sensitive detection of substances in organisms and various methods for biological therapy. In spite of the existing research, it is outlined that NIR-related luminescence has great potential to be applied in different aspects, expanding perspectives and future challenges of research in related fields. Based on the current scientific achievements, this review can provide reference for research in the areas mentioned above, expand the research direction and arouse a broad interest in different disciplines to pay attention to rare earth luminescence.

The Concept of the Soul of Multiverse as a Genuine Supporter of Wildlife and Biodiversity on Earth

This work used the cosmological neuroscientific concept of Soul of Multiverse for placing the problem of wildlife and biodiversity protection into a new philosophical environment where religious,scientific and philosophical approaches are in harmony.It resulted in the thought that the obligation of protecting wildlife and biodiversity on Earth,just as the sanctity of caring for all human lives,originated in cosmic laws set in the divine blueprints of the Soul of Multiverse.These laws seem to relay that in the 21st century the time has come on Earth to stop killing animals for food,to stop overhunting and overfishing,to stop industrial activities responsible for deforestation,desertification,air pollution and climate change,and to run animal experiments for science and medicine only in the extremely limited,most justified cases and only until new technologies make them no longer necessary.The conclusion was that to achieve these goals,new global governing mechanisms are needed.Specifically,the establishment of a Government of Earth,the next step of the political process that started with the United Nations in the first place,may be necessary to solve the global problems of wildlife and biodiversity protection since meaningful solutions for global problems require global governing mechanisms.

基于Google Earth和Sketch Up的虚拟校园建设

笔者利用地图发布平台Google Earth获取待建虚拟校园的基础平面数据,选取Sketch Up在基础平面数据上快速有效地建立虚拟校园三维模型,并将其无缝地运行在Google Earth上,从而实现虚拟校园的网上发布,可以进行数据的快速浏览和共享.

基于Google Earth与SketchUp的3维数字校园

以中南大学校本部为例,基于Google Earth软件平台,结合SketchUp的3维建模功能,建立3维校园模型。该方法实现了两种3维模型的浏览方式,为模型的上传提供了一种行之有效的方法。同时,对表面纹理绘制和贴图进行了探讨并提出相应的步骤。

Google Earth和Sketch Up环境下三维场景建立方法研究

三维场景是直观有效表达客观世界的方法之一,在建筑、交通、城市规划和GIS领域均有广泛的应用。本文以石家庄经济学院为例,介绍了采用Sketch Up作为建模工具,以Google Earth为模型浏览平台的三维场景建立方法,阐述了Sketch Up建模的方法和步骤、模型上传与发布等方面的内容。最后得出结论:该方法较其他三维场景建立方法具有简洁、易学、网络共享等优点。

SketchUp结合Google Earth在虚拟校园中的应用

利用SketchUp软件三维建模的功能和Google Earth提供的免费数据和免费平台,研究构建虚拟校园的方法、具体技术流程等,重点从三维地形模型的建立、校园内空间实体的三维建模和空间实体在虚拟场景中的集成三个方面阐述具体实现方法。以北京建筑工程学院为例的实验结果证明该方法脱离专业束缚,成本低、效果好,具有广阔的应用前景。

基于Sketch Up和Google Earth的数字化三维导览地图

目前很多单位和高校都在进行3D虚拟地图的建设,数字化的三维地图不仅可应用于建设规划,在人员日常生活和教学实践方面也有很多应用空间。本文以合肥工业大学翡翠湖校区为例,基于数字测图技术和SketchUp对校园进行数字化以及三维建模,并将其发布到Google Earth平台上,实现三维地图导览,GIS分析等多种功能。

Google Sketchup和Google Earth软件在园林专业制图教学中的应用研究

本文从Google Sketchup和Google Earth两种软件的特点和优势方面分析它们在园林专业制图教学中的应用的方法、必要性和意义。并提出两种软件课程教学任务的重点和目的,以期为更高效地完成园林制图教学任务,培养综合能力强的园林专业人才提供理论性的指导和技术性的支持。

浅析基于Google Earth及Sketch Up科研机构基础设施演示系统的构建

以中国水产科学研究院为研究对象,在Google Earth系统中,对其所属的37块科研用地进行标定与勘界;加载46个主要科研基础设施(含2艘渔业资源调查船)的Sketch Up模型,由此构建一个较为完整的水科院科研机构基础设施演示系统。结果表明,通过对该演示系统的实际应用,管理者能够便捷、直观、全面地了解、掌握一个大型综合科研机构地理区位布局以及主要基础设施的基本情况,为开展科研条件和基建管理工作提供了较好的技术支撑。

基于Google SketchUp与Google Earth的校园3维实现

以西南林学院为例,采用Google SketchUp创建3维建筑模型,介绍了建模方法和优化技术,并在Google Earth平台上发布了西南林学院校园3维全景,利用两个生活实例初步探讨了校园3维的应用功能。

基于SketchUp、Google Earth和Civil 3D的矿山排土场联合建模

建立排土场的三维模型,有利于排土场选址、排土工艺选择和堆置要素的设计过程,增强可视化和体验性,是排土场设计的发展方向。Autodesk Civil 3根据土木工程专业需要专门定制的Auto CAD,其三维设计功能有助于快速完成排土场设计。Sketch Up是三维建筑设计方案创作的优秀工具,利用Civil 3D创建的排土场设计数据可导入Sketch Up,形成三维排土场模型并直接发布至Google Earth,实际操作表明,三者联合建模的成果可为排土场设计选址、三维展示等提供直观的构思依据。

Rare earth upconversion nanophosphors: synthesis, functionalization and application as biolabels and energy transfer donors

This review focused on rare earth upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs), a particular class of emitters whose photoluminescence mechanism is of fundamental difference from that of conventional dyes and semiconductor quantum dots. We in the first section gave a brief summary on a variety of synthetic methodologies developed during the past decades. Instead of presenting an exhaustive reference list, we selected only a few representative examples, illustrating the merits and limits of each involved synthetic route. Then we surveyed the recent progress in the functionalization techniques for these nanomaterials, depicting the modification in microstructures and improvement in properties with respect to the parent nanoparticles. And finally, we emphasized their application in the research fields of biolabeling and energy transfer, narrating their superior performance benefiting from the unique excitation and emission properties.

Effect of Rare Earths on Plant under Supplementary Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Ⅰ Effect of Cerium on Growth and Photosynthesis in Rape Seedlings Exposed to Supplementary Ultraviolet-B Radiation

Effect of cerium （Ce^3＋） on growth and photosynthesis in rape seedlings exposed to two levels of ultraviolet-B radiation （UV-B, 280 - 320 nm） was studied with hydroponics under laboratory conditions. The growth of rape seedlings exposed to two levels of UV-B irradiation （0.15 and 0.35 W· m^-2/T2） was both heavily restrained. The aboveground growth indices including stem （plant） height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf fresh/dry weight and stem fresh/dry weight were obviously decreased by 13.2% - 44.1% （T1） and 21 .4% - 49.3% （T2）. Compared to CK, and except active absorption area of roots, the belowground indices main root length, root volume and fresh/dry weight by 14.1% -35.6% （T1） and 20.3% - 42.6% （T2）, respectively. For Ce ＋ UV-B treatments, the aboveground and belowground growth indices were decreased by 4.1% - 23.6%, 5.2% -23.3% （Ce＋T1） and 10.8% -28.4%, 7.0% -27.8% （Ce ＋T2）, lower than those of UV-B treatments mentioned above. These results show that Ce has protective effect on plant against injury of UV-B radiation. Furthermore, the protective effect of Ce on seedlings exposed to T1 level of UV-B radiation is superior to T2 level. Chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency in UV-B treatments decrease dramatically, whereas intercellular CO2 concentration increases. Although these indices in Ce ＋ UV-B treatments decrease compared with those of CK, the decrease in Ce ＋ UV-B treatments are lower than those in UV-B treatment. This phenomenon indicates that the ecophysiological protective effect of Ce is based on improving photosynthesis in plants. The dynamic curves of photosynthesis indices show that the course of light-repair is shortened and the injury to rape seedlings by UV-B radiation stress is alleviated by Ce.

基于Google Earth与Sketch Up的技术构建虚拟校园方法研究

三维虚拟校园是数字校园建设的基础和平台,在虚拟校园数据平台上可以对数据系统添加各种信息。用户可以根据需求调用各种信息,进行校园的虚拟参观、学习。该文以校园为例,以Google Earth数据源为平台,利用Sketch Up作为三维建模技术手段,实现三维模型校园可视化游览。解决Google Earth数据与Sketch Up建筑物三维模型映射中的数据获取及相匹配问题,成为构建三维虚拟校园的一种参考解决方案。

Rare Earths of Magmatic Rocks in Yanshanian Stage in Adjacent Region of Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces, Jiangnan Uplift

The geochemical characteristics of rare earth elements of magmatic rocks of Yanshanian stage were studied in the south of Anhui Province and northeast of Jiangxi Province, Jiangnan Uplift. The result shows that the magmatic rocks of Yanshanian stage in the south of Anhui Province are the typical crust source type and those in the northeast of Jiangxi Province have the characteristics of mantle source type. So the polymetal deposits having relation to the magmatic rocks of Yanshanian stage in the northeast of Jiangxi Province were developed better than those in the south of Anhui Province. The research results of the rare earth elements are confirmed by the studies of geophysics,tectonic setting and stable isotope at the same time. It also indicates that the rare earth elements are the effective approach to tracing the material sources of magmatic rocks.

Silver Supported on White Carbon Black Containing Rare Earths as Antibacterial Material

The antimicrobial effect of the Ag-White Carbon Black containing rare earth was investigated. Inorganic antibiotic materials consist of the antibacterial ion, the additive and the carrier. The sol-gel method was used to prepare the white carbon black carrier. Ag+ was selected to be the antibacterial ion, and cerous nitrate was selected to be the additive. They were synthesized on the white carbon black carrier. The structures and properties of antibacterial material were characterized by inductively coupled plasma, particle size measurement instrument, fourier transform infrared and enumeration tests (Escherichia coli as experimental bacterium). Results showed that the amount of antibacterial ions and bacteriostasis rate of this new material are higher than those for the general Ag-antibacterial white carbon black (without containing rare earth). Ag+ was bound to white carbon black by ion exchange process and adsorption process. Bacteriostasis rate is over 99%, and the particle size can be extended down to 7 μm with a narrow size distribution. Other advantages of this material are good thermal and light stability. Furthermore, from the antibacterial experiment in rubber and the coating surface of metal, this new material showed promising results. The possible antibacterial mechanism was also proposed through all the experimental data in this study.

Numerical simulation of coupled thermo-electrical field for 20 kA new rare earth reduction cell

To solve the problems of high energy consumption,low efficiency and short service life of conventional rare earth reduction cells,a 20 kA new rare earth reduction cell(NRERC)was presented.The effects of the anode-cathode distance(ACD)and electrolyte height(EH)on the thermo-electrical behavior of the NRERC were studied by ANSYS.The results illustrate that the cell voltage drop(CVD)and the temperature will rise with a similar tendency when the ACD increases.Also,the temperature rises gradually with EH,but the CVD decreases.Ultimately,when the ACD is 115 mm and the EH is 380 mm,the CVD is 4.61 V and the temperature is 1109.8℃.Under these conditions,the thermal field distribution is more reasonable and the CVD is lower,which is beneficial to the long service life and low energy consumption of the NRERC.

Study on Physical and Chemical Behaviors of Rare Earths in Preparing Ceramic Tube Supported Palladium Film by Electroless Plating

The rare earths of ytterbium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium and their binary mixtures were respectively added into the traditional electroless plating solution to prepare thin palladium film on the inner surface of porous ceramic tube. The experimental results shows that the addition of rare earths increases palladium deposition rates and the binary mixtures are superior to the single rare earths and the mixture of ytterbium-lanthanum is the most efficient. Adding the mixture of ytterbium-lanthanum can also reduce the plating temperature by 10 ~ 20℃, shrink the metal crystal size and improve the film densification compared to those by traditional electroless plating. A thin palladium film with 5μm was prepared and the film made a highly pure hydrogen with a molar fraction of more than 99.97% from a H2-N2 gas mixture. More attentions were paid to analyze the physical and chemical behaviors of the rare earths in palladium film preparation.

Effects of Rare Earth and Hot Pressing Sintering Temperature on the Transverse Rupture Strength of Fe-based Diamond Composites

Effects of sintering temperature in hot pressing, t yp es, states and amounts of rare earth as well as TiH 2 on the transverse rupture strength (TRS) of Fe-based composites are studied by means of orthogonal test and variance analysis in this paper. It is found that sintering temperature has a significant effect on the TRS of Fe-based diamond composites. The optimal sin tering temperature is 780～860 ℃. On the contrary, the effects of RE additi v es on values of TRS of the diamond composites have on distinct difference no mat ter the RE is in the state of mixture or compound or oxidization. Experimental r esults demonstrate that Fe-based diamond composites with RE additives exhibit h igher TRS, which results in an increase in diamond retention capacity. The degre e of increment of TRS is different at different sintering temperatures. The opti mal amount of rare earth was found to be about 1% in weight. The effect of RE is more significant at lower sintering temperature. The experimental results also reveal that TiH 2 additive has a negative effect on the TRS of Fe-based compos ites. Microscope observations demonstrate that specimen without TiH 2 additives , shows fewer pores and denser structures in the base metal. It can also be seen from the SEM observation of the resulting fracturing surface of bending test sp ecimens that the bonding of the diamond-matrix interface is better in the speci men without TiH 2 than in the specimen with TiH 2. Also the fracture surface o f the specimen without TiH 2 reveals ductile cup and cone behavior.