Organization and implementation of mass medical rescue after an earthquake

Over the past century, over 40 earthquakes measuring ≥7 on the Richter scale have occurred worldwide; of those, 10 took place in China and killed 600,000 people(accounting for 53% of the total number of global deaths due to earthquakes). On May 12, 2008, an 8.0-magnitude earthquake occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province. In this disaster, 69,000 people were killed, 18,000 people were reported missing, and 37,000 people were injured, including more than 10,000 who were seriously injured. Trauma was the most commonly observed type of injury, with fractures accounting for 74% of all injury cases. On April 14, 2010, a 7.1-magnitude earthquake occurred in Yushu, in Qinghai Province. In this disaster, 2,698 people were killed, 270 people were reported missing, and 11,000 people were injured, including more than 3,100 who were seriously injured. Fracture injury accounted for 58.4% of all injury cases. After each earthquake, the Chinese Army Medical Services responded promptly, according to the previously established guidelines, and sent out elite forces to the disaster areas, with the objectives of organizing, coordinating and participating in an efficient and evidence-based medical rescue effort. After the Wenchuan earthquake, 397 mobile medical service teams including 7,061 health workers were sent to the disaster areas. A total of 69,000 casualties were treated, and 22,000 surgeries were performed. After the Yushu earthquake, 25 mobile medical service teams involving 2,025 health workers were sent. They performed 1,635 surgeries and created an astounding outcome of "zero deaths" in the aftermath of the earthquake during their treatment of casualties in a high-altitude region. Within a week after each earthquake, the military teams rescued approximately 60% of the total number of rescued casualties and evacuated approximately 80% of the total number of evacuated sick or wounded victims, playing a critical role and making invaluable contributions to earthquake relief. The experience and lessons learned from the rescue efforts of the Chinese military after the two earthquakes have highlighted several key aspects in emergency medical rescue: 1) medical rescue theories must be updated; 2) military-civilian cooperation must be stressed; 3) professional rescue forces must be strengthened; 4) supporting facilities must be improved; and 5) international exchanges and cooperation must be deepened.

Post-traumatic stress disorder status in a rescue group after the Wenchuan earthquake relief

Previous studies have suggested that the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder in earthquake rescue workers is relatively high. Risk factors for this disorder include demographic characteristics, earthquake-related high-risk factors, risk factors in the rescue process, personality, social support and coping style. This study examined the current status of a unit of 1 040 rescue workers who participated in earthquake relief for the Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on May 12th, 2008. Post-traumatic stress disorder was diagnosed primarily using the Clinician-Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale during structured interviews. Univariate and multivariate sta-tistical analyses were used to examine major risk factors that contributed to the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder. Results revealed that the incidence of this disorder in the rescue group was 5.96%. The impact factors in univariate analysis included death of family members, contact with corpses or witnessing of the deceased or seriously injured, near-death experience, severe injury or mental trauma in the rescue process and working at the epicenter of the earthquake. Correlation analysis suggested that post-traumatic stress disorder was positively correlated with psychotic and neurotic personalities, negative coping and low social support. Impact factors in mul-tivariate logistic regression analysis included near-death experience, severe injury or mental trauma, working in the epicenter of the rescue, neurotic personality, negative coping and low social support, among which low social support had the largest odds ratio of 20.42. Findings showed that the oc-currence of post-traumatic stress disorder was the result of the interaction of multiple factors.

A successful mountain rescue operation in Yushu Earthquake

On April 14, 2010, an earthquake reaching 7.1 Richter scale struck Jiegu Town of Yushu. More than 2 698 people were confirmed dead, and 12 135 were injured, of which 1 434 were severely injured. Rescue operation was carried out soon after the disaster; however, the rescue teams face great challenges of altitude hypoxia, freezing temperature and very bad weather. Thus, 1 434 severe injuries were rapidly transported airlifted to hospitals in Xining and neighboring provinces for effective treatment. The extremity trauma （49.9 % ） was the most common patteru of injuries. Asphyxia （40.8 % ） was by far the most important reason for death. A high incidence of acute altitude illness in the lowland rescuers was a special medical problem during the highest earthquake in Yushu. We have learned more lessons from Yushu Earthquake.

Medical mountain rescue in the Yushu Earthquake: Have lessons been learned?

On April 14,2010,an earthquake reaching Richter scale 7.1 struck Jiegu Town of Yushu,a mountain rescue operation promptly launched. All injurers had a direct assess to take medical care,and were immediately rescued and rapidly evacuated by air to Xining and Golmud at lower altitudes and admitted to advanced hospitals. Almost all of the injurers have been completely recovered. Yushu Earthquake was one of the highest earthquakes in the world,with a high incidence of acute altitude illness,which was observed in about 80 % of the lowland rescuers at an altitude of 4 000 m."Rescue the rescuers"became the major task of Qinghai-Tibetan rescue teams,all the severe patients were rapidly descended to Xining and treated promptly and effectively. The outcome was excellent,all patients survived. After the earthquake,it is a long and arduous task to reconstruct what has been destroyed. Medical teams continue to work in the Yushu Earthquake area because about 30 000 workers and carders are now here for rebuilding the earthquake center. Thus the prevention and treatment of altitude illness are still critical tasks for medical teams. Although all the fights are successful,there are more experiences and lessons we have learned from the medical mountain rescue during the earthquake and the reconstruction,and reports here are to sum up our experiences from the medical mountain rescue operation in Yushu Earthquake and draw the lessons that we should learn. With the increasing of earthquake probability occurring in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,we also should prepare against earthquake disasters and for further rescue training in the high mountains.

Scene-trait coping style of military rescuers in Wenchuan earthquake

Objective This study aimed to explore the scene-trait coping style of military rescuers in Wenchuan earthquake in an effort to provide scientific evidences for mental intervention program for Chinese military personnel.Methods By cluster sampling,a total of 151 military rescuers and 331 control servicemen were administered the military personnel scene-trait coping style scale(MPSTCSS).Results All active coping factor scores,and passive coping factor scores of affection,health and economy in the rescuer group were significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.05).The 21-above age subgroup,the3-year plus service subgroup,and the officer subgroup had significantly higher active coping factor scores on military tasks,military experience and personal development than those of the 21-below age subgroup,3-year minus service subgroup and the soldier subgroup,respectively(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion The earthquake relief servicemen can cope with stressful situations better than control group by taking active coping style.The officers,servicemen older than 21 years,and servicemen with more service duration than3 years could usually take active coping style.

Real-time prediction of earthquake potential damage:A case study for the January 8,2022 M_(S) 6.9 Menyuan earthquake in Qinghai,China

It is critical to determine whether a site has potential damage in real-time after an earthquake occurs,which is a challenge in earthquake disaster reduction.Here,we propose a real-time Earthquake Potential Damage predictor(EPDor)based on predicting peak ground velocities(PGVs)of sites.The EPDor is composed of three parts:(1)predicting the magnitude of an earthquake and PGVs of triggered stations based on the machine learning prediction models;(2)predicting the PGVs at distant sites based on the empirical ground motion prediction equation;(3)generating the PGV map through predicting the PGV of each grid point based on an interpolation process of weighted average based on the predicted values in(1)and(2).We apply the EPDor to the 2022 M_(S) 6.9 Menyuan earthquake in Qinghai Province,China to predict its potential damage.Within the initial few seconds after the first station is triggered,the EPDor can determine directly whether there is potential damage for some sites to a certain degree.Hence,we infer that the EPDor has potential application for future earthquakes.Meanwhile,it also has potential in Chinese earthquake early warning system.

Comparison of Emergency Management Strategies for Nosocomial Infections Between Two Earthquakes

Aim:Based on the experience of the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake and the 8.8 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake,the emergency management strategies for nosocomial infections were compared between the two earthquakes.The experience shared in the present study provides a guideline for the emergency medical rescue of future earthquake.Methods:The patients involved in this study were those injured in the earthquake and admitted to the hospital for treatment.As an earthquake relief center,the hospital participated in the emergency rescue work of the two recent major earthquakes in western China.Review analysis was carried out in the hospital's infection control experience adopted in the two major earthquakes.It was emphasized that,targeting the characteristics and difficulties in the prevention and control of nosocomial infection,different innovative infection control emergency strategies were adopted by the frontline disaster relief hospitals,under the special circumstances and medical conditions in an earthquake disaster.Results:According to the different focus of infection control in the two earthquakes,different hospital infection control strategies were adopted,and the incidence of nosocomial infections was effectively controlled.

Post-disaster medical rescue strategy in tropical regions

BACKGROUND:Earthquakes,floods,droughts,storms,mudslides,landslides,and forest wild fires are serious threats to human lives and properties.The present study aimed to study the environmental characteristics and pathogenic traits,recapitulate experiences,and augment applications of medical reliefs in tropical regions.METHODS:Analysis was made on work and projects of emergency medical rescue,based on information and data collected from 3 emergency medical rescue missions of China International Search and Rescue Team to overseas earthquakes and tsunamis aftermaths in tropical disaster regions — Indonesia-Aceh,Indonesia-Yogyakarta,and Haiti-Port au Prince.RESULTS:Shock,infection and heat stroke were frequently encountered in addition to outbreaks of infectious diseases,skin diseases,and diarrhea during post-disaster emergency medical rescue in tropical regions.CONCLUSIONS:High temperature,high humidity,and proliferation of microorganisms and parasites are the characteristics of tropical climate that impose strict requirements on the preparation of rescue work including selective team members suitable for a particular rescue mission and the provisioning of medical equipment and life support materials.The overseas rescue mission itself needs a scientific,efficient,simple workflow for providing efficient emergency medical assistance.Since shock and infection are major tasks in post-disaster treatment of severely injured victims in tropical regions,the prevention and diagnosis of hyperthermia,insect-borne infectious diseases,tropic skin diseases,infectious diarrhea,and pest harms of disaster victims and rescue team staff should be emphasized during the rescue operations.

Overview of Wound Features and Treatment in Wenchuan Earthquake Victims

Objective: “5.12” Wenchuan Earthquake killed 70,000 people and left more than 90,000 people injured seriously. This study was to analyze the wound features and early treatments in Wenchuan earthquake victims and investigate treatment strategies in major disasters, to provide a reference to future disaster rescue. Methods: Total of 1420 earthquake patients who were admitted to Deyang People’s Hospital, Sichuan Province from May 12-30, 2008 were enrolled in the study. The wound features and early treatment were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Among 1420 patients, there were total 1821 injuries. In which, there were 1089 cases with single site injury (76.69%) and 331 cases with multiple injury (23.31%);injuries of limb, body surface and soft tissue were more than that of other sites;injury of single site was larger than that of multi-site (P < 0.01);most of the earthquake patients were admitted to hospital within 2 days after earthquake (68.80%), whose number was more than those at other times (P < 0.01);the number of the earthquake patients in 19 - 45 age group was more than that of other groups (P < 0.01);most of patients were treated within 12 hours after injury (P < 0.01). Conclusion: In disaster rescue, rescue speed is the key point. And the “golden time” and emphases of rescue should be within 2 days after earthquake;the principle of damage control surgery should be followed in the rescue. Enhancing mutual and self help practice and first-aid training at usual times may save more lives.

地震灾害现场搜救方法与策略研究——以中国救援队土耳其地震现场救援为例

总结中国救援队在土耳其地震现场开展的多场救援行动中常用的搜救技术遇到的困难和挑战,中国救援队针对所遇到的困难和问题采取的搜索与营救技术和方法等案列,开展了案列分析,分析了各项搜救技术及其综合运用的优缺点,并对救援队在搜救技术方面提出了进一步的改进建议。

基于SLAM技术的移动式三维激光扫描仪在地震救援中的应用

地震救援现场建筑结构评估是施行生命搜救作业的前提,也是进行安全施救的保障。基于SLAM(Simultaneous localization and mapping,即时定位与地图构建)技术的移动式三维激光扫描仪具有体积小、重量轻、可多平台搭载移动作业等多种优点,其“所见即所得”的特点为进行地震救援现场建筑物结构安全评估提供了便利。本文以“应急使命·2023”演习场地和2023年12月18日甘肃积石山6.2级地震现场为例,对移动式三维激光扫描仪在地震救援中的应用进行验证。通过移动式三维激光扫描仪对救援场地进行扫描,获取点云数据开展建模,并对场地的分区布局、建筑类型、建筑结构等特征数据进行提取,在此基础上进行建筑物结构安全评估工作。结果表明基于SLAM技术的移动式三维激光扫描仪具有易于携带、操作简单、作业高效、测量精度高的特点,为地震救援现场开展现场评估工作提供了新的技术方法,具有良好的应用前景。

中国国际救援队装备配备研究

对于专业的地震救援队伍而言,救援装备在救援工作中的作用极为重要,是开展救援行动的生命线,是救援行动的物质基础,也是救援工作顺利进行的保障。分析中国国际救援队装备配备现状,通过“应急使命·2023”救援演习,展示救援装备建设成果,提出相关问题,给出配备建议。

地震灾害下两阶段多目标应急避难救援策略研究

为了系统化应急避难救援活动,并不断完善应急避难场所救援功能和提高灾后物资供应效率,以地震灾害为现实背景,综合灾前准备和灾后响应两阶段,通过多准则决策方法评价应急避难场所服务质量。构建以最小化总救援成本期望值、总受灾群众疏散距离和总物资运输距离以及最大化应急避难服务质量、总物资需求满足率为目标的两阶段决策模型。以2013年雅安地震为背景,验证两阶段决策模型的有效性,完成应急避难场所和属地众储点预选址以及应急物资预储工作,确定灾后不同类型紧急避难场所位置并对需求点动态分配应急物资。研究结果表明,灾前配置的应急避难资源为震后展开避难救援活动奠定基础,加快灾后响应速度和提高工作质量,体现对避难人员救援的重视并起到受灾群众生命安全保障的重要作用。

一种基于粒子群优化BP神经网络技术的震后压埋人员手机定位方法

近年全球地震灾害频发,如何快速准确定位压埋人员方位是震后搜救工作中的重点和难点。本文提出的基于粒子群优化BP神经网络技术震后压埋人员手机定位方法,通过对压埋手机的定位,间接定位到被压埋人员。利用WiFi探针捕捉被压埋手机发出的接收信号强度数据,采用高斯-卡尔曼混合滤波对数据进行处理。以粒子群优化BP神经网络解算出的压埋距离为基础,融合对数衰减模型与多项式衰减模型,建立多衰减模型融合的压埋距离修正模型,获取更为精确的压埋距离。通过加权六点质心定位算法求解压埋手机位置。实验结果表明:多衰减模型融合的压埋距离修正模型定位误差为0.579 m,相较于单一的信道衰减模型与神经网络,定位精度分别提升43.5%、30.9%和12.7%。

分布式约束优化的震后救援路径规划

提出一种基于分布式约束优化的震后救援路径规划模型。通过分析地震烈度、震害指数、路段可靠性等因素,结合实际震后救援地图构建数学模型,提出一种新的自适应局部代价模拟算法(ALCS)对模型进行求解。算法中智能体在优化初期使用偏差修正策略对局部代价进行修正,以获得更好的初始解集。设计了一种自适应策略,提高算法的泛化能力。实验结果表明:基于分布式约束优化技术构建的数学模型能够有效提高震后救援效率,提出的ALCS算法比前沿的分布式约束优化问题(DCOPs)局部搜索算法的收敛质量更好,也能更有效地通过求解震后救援路径规划模型得出多条分布式救援最优路径。

公安机关地震应急救援体系建设研究——以甘肃积石山地震为例

公安机关作为地震应急救援的重要力量,建设完善的地震应急救援体系至关重要。在甘肃积石山地震应急救援中,公安机关存在预案编制实用性与针对性不足、队伍建设专业性与适应性欠缺、应急处置系统性与规范性偏低、装备保障先进性与可靠性不够等问题,为更好完成地震救援任务,从提升风险防范力、队伍战斗力、应急协同力、装备保障力等方面提出优化对策,为建设公安机关地震应急救援体系提供参考。

遥感技术在地质灾害救援中的应用分析

地震、滑坡、火灾等常见地质灾害会给社会造成巨大的损失,救灾形式复杂多变,应急救援效率低。遥感技术可在灾害现场快速地采集现场影像信息,辅助救援决策,使救援人员快速响应,是现代地质灾害救援的关键技术。基于此,文章就地质灾害救援中遥感技术的具体应用展开研究,明确了遥感技术在地质灾害救援中的应用优势,以完善地质灾害应急救援技术方案,保障灾害应急管理质量。

基于知识图谱的地震救援装备智能管理方法

为提升地震救援人员的应急救援速度,适应多样化的搜救需求,提出一种基于知识图谱的智能化地震救援装备信息管理方法。首先,通过自顶向下的知识图谱构建方法,从多种信息源获取地震救援知识,并以此为基础进行知识建模;其次,用基于规则的方法抽取搜救知识,再基于余弦相似度进行知识融合,融合后的知识以资源描述框架(RDF)三元组的形式储存;然后,采用开源图数据库Neo4j将三元组组织成可视化的知识图谱;最后,基于知识图谱建立问答系统,方便用户以自然语言查询图谱上的知识。结果表明:知识图谱中包含灾害、次生灾害、环境因素、救援需求和救援装备5类实体及关系,且可以根据救援需求实现装备的快速匹配。基于知识图谱的方法可以实现对救援装备信息的管理与调度,有助于提升救援行动准备阶段的效率。

面向青藏高原东北缘地震灾害的武警救援装备建设研究

青藏高原东北缘地区,有着数量众多的活动断裂,是形成我国地震最为活跃的区域之一。武警部队作为抢险救援的精锐力量,在遂行地震灾害救援任务中肩负着神圣使命。目前,武警地震救援装备尚存在装备可靠性相对较弱、多样化保障相对不足、装备协同相对较差等问题,为更好完成地震救援任务,从提升装备科技效能、强化装备环境适应、完善装备保障体系等方面提出发展对策,为提升救援装备能力建设提供了借鉴。

5G诊疗系统在地震应急医学救援中的应用探讨

为研究5G诊疗系统在地震救灾中的应用,提升地震救援能力和效率,基于“应急使命·2022”中5G诊疗系统在现场急救-上报监控中心-专家远程会诊-远程指导医疗方舱手术的实战演习经验,明确5G诊疗系统在地震应急医学救援的具体应用价值,并探索现场医学救援的组织管理体系。在地震应急医学救援中应用5G诊疗系统,能够高效实现伤病员伤情信息录入与共享、专家远程实时会诊及提供救治及处理方案,并实现组织管理体系的精炼总结。5G诊疗系统的应用,可充分提升地震救援的信息管理及救治效率,降低死亡率,提高应急医学救援效力。