Responses of the East Asian Jet Stream to the North Pacific Subtropical Front in Spring

This study concerns atmospheric responses to the North Pacific subtropical front （NPSTF） in boreal spring over the period 1982-2014. Statistical results show that a strong NPSTF in spring can significantly enhance the East Asian jet stream （EAJS）. Both transient eddy activity and the atmospheric heat source play important roles in this process. The enhanced atmospheric temperature gradient due to a strong NPSTF increases atmospheric baroclinicity, resulting in an intensification of transient eddy and convection activities. On the one hand, the enhanced transient eddy activities can excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation with a quasi-baraotropical structure in the troposphere to the north of the NPSTF. Accordingly, the related westerly wind anomalies around 30°N can intensify the component of the EAJS over the Northeast Pacific. On the other hand, an enhanced atmospheric heat source over the NPSTF, which is related to increased rainfall, acts to excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation system in the troposphere to the northwest of the NPSTF, which can explain the enhanced component of the EAJS over the Northwest Pacific. The two mechanisms may combine to enhance the EAJS.

Relationship between Meridional Displacement of the Monthly East Asian Jet Stream in the Summer and Sea Surface Temperature in the Tropical Central and Eastern Pacific

Previous studies have shown that meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream (EAJS) dominates interannual variability of the EAJS in the summer months.This study investigates the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with meridional displacement of the monthly EAJS during the summer.The meridional displacement of the EAJS in June is significantly associated with the tropical central Pacific SST anomaly in the winter of previous years,while displacements in July and August are related to tropical eastern Pacific SST anomalies in the late spring and concurrent summer.The EAJS tends to shift southward in the following June (July and August) corresponding to a warm SST anomaly in the central (eastern) Pacific in the winter (late spring-summer).The westerly anomaly south of the Asian jet stream is a result of tropical central Pacific warm SST anomaly-related warming in the tropical troposphere,which is proposed as a possible reason for southward displacement of the EAJS in June.The late spring-summer warm SST anomaly in the tropical eastern Pacific,however,may be linked to southward displacement of the EAJS in July and August through a meridional teleconnection over the western North Pacific (WNP) and East Asia.

Interannual Meridional Displacement of the East Asian Upper-tropospheric Jet Stream in Summer

On the interannual timescale, the meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream (EAJS) is significantly associated with the rainfall anomalies in East Asia in summer. In this study, using the data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) reanalysis-2 from 1979 to 2002, the authors investigate the interannual variations of the EAJS's meridional displacement in summer and their associations with the variations of the South Asian high (SAH) and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), which are dominant circulation features in the upper and lower troposhere, respectively. The result from an EOF analysis shows that the meridional displacement is the most remarkable feature of the interannual variations of the EAJS in each month of summer and in summer as a whole. A composite analysis indicates that the summer (June-July-August, JJA) EAJS index, which is intended to depict the interannual meridional displacement of the EAJS, is not appropriate because the anomalies of the zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200) in July and August only, rather than in June, significantly contribute to the summer EAJS index. Thus, the index for each month in summer is defined according to the location of the EAJS core in each month. Composite analyses based on the monthly indexes show that corresponding to the monthly equatorward displacement of the EAJS, the South Asian high (SAH) extends southeastward clearly in July and August, and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) withdraws southward in June and August.

Simulation of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream with GFDL AGCM (AM2.1)

The present study validated the capability of the AM2.1,a model developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL),in reproducing the fundamental features of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream (EASWJ).The main behaviors of the EASWJ are also investigated through the reanalysis of observational NCEP/NCAR data.The mean state of the EASWJ,including its intensity,location,structure,and seasonal evolution is generally well-portrayed in the model.Compared with the observation,the model tends to reproduce a weaker jet center.And,during summer,the simulated jet center is northward-situated.Results also demonstrate the model captures the variability of EASWJ during summer well.The results of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) applied on the zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200) over East Asia for both the observation and simulation indicate an inter-decadal shift around the late 1970s.The correlation coefficient between the corresponding principle components is as great as 0.42 with significance at the 99% confidence level.

Impacts of Two Types of Northward Jumps of the East Asian Upper-tropospheric Jet Stream in Midsummer on Rainfall in Eastern China

The East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream （EAJS） typically jumps north of 45~N in midsummer. These annual northward jumps are mostly classified into two dominant types： the first type corresponds to the enhanced westerly to the north of the EAJS＇s axis （type A）, while the second type is related to the weakened westerly within the EAJS＇s axis （type B）. In this study, the impacts of these two types of northward jumps on rainfall in eastern China are investigated. Our results show that rainfall significantly increases in northern Northeast China and decreases in the Yellow River-Huaihe River valleys, as well as in North China, during the type A jump. As a result of the type B jump, rainfall is enhanced in North China and suppressed in the Yangtze River valley. The changes in rainfall in eastern China during these two types of northward jumps are mainly caused by the northward shifts of the ascending air flow that is directly related to the EAJS. Concurrent with the type A （B） jump, the EAJS-related ascending branch moves from the Yangtze-Huai River valley to northern Northeast （North） China when the EAJS＇s axis jumps from 40~N to 55~N （50~N）. Meanwhile, the type A jump also strengthens the Northeast Asian low in the lower troposphere, leading to more moisture transport to northern Northeast China. The type B jump, however, induces a northwestward extension of the lower-tropospheric western North Pacific subtropical high and more moisture transport to North China.

Dynamical role of the Rocky Mountain controlled by East Asian topographies in modulating the tropospheric westerly jet in northern winter

本文通过数值模拟,研究了有无东亚地形存在时,落基山地形作用对冬季北半球副热带西风急流的影响,分析了东亚大地形对落基山地形的调制作用。结果表明,东亚地形的存在能够完全抑制落基山地形对太平洋副热带急流的加强作用,使得落基山地形作用仅能加强其下游的大西洋副热带急流。主要原因是东亚大地形可抑制落基山地形北侧反气旋环流的发展,进而抑制中纬度太平洋地区经向温度梯度的加强。该结果有助于我们进一步理解北半球大地形强迫作用,及其相互调制作用对对流层天气和环流结构的影响。

The Response of the East Asian Summer Monsoon to Strong Tropical Volcanic Eruptions

A 600-year integration performed with the Bergen Climate Model and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research （NCEP/NCAR） reanalysis data were used to investigate the impact of strong tropical volcanic eruptions on the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and EASM rainfall.Both the simulation and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data show a weakening of the EASM in strong eruption years.The model simulation suggests that North and South China experience droughts and the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley experiences floods during eruption years.In response to strong tropical volcanic eruptions,the meridional air temperature gradient in the upper troposphere is enhanced,which leads to a southward shift and an increase of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet stream （EASWJ）.At the same time,the land-sea thermal contrast between the Asian land mass and Northwest Pacific Ocean is weakened.The southward shift and increase of the EASWJ and reduction of the land-sea thermal contrast all contribute to a weakening of the EASM and EASM rainfall anomaly.

冬季东亚中纬度西风急流对我国气候的影响

利用1957-2001年欧洲中期数值天气预报中心再分析资料及地面台站观测资料，分析了冬季东亚西风急流与我国气候的关系。首先定义了冬季东亚西风急流强度指数（区域30°～35°N，127．5°～155°E冬季200hPa纬向风u200平均值的标准化值）和切变指数（区域15°～25°N，100°～115°E与区域30°～40°N，100°～115°E的平均u200之差的标准化值），这两个指数能较好地反映冬季东亚西风急流的强度变化和位置的南北移动，二者相关系数为-0．48，通过99％信度检验。西风急流强度与亚洲和西太平洋大范围的大气环流有密切关系，而西风急流位置移动则与印度洋、中东太平洋的大气环流有密切关系，并分析了冬季急流强度指数和切变指数与我国温度和降水的关系。结果表明：当西风急流强度偏强时，西风急流位置偏北，此时在急流人口区左侧由于气流辐合造成低层气压上升，在出口区左侧则由于气流发生强烈辐散，引起低层气压下降，所以西伯利亚地区上空从对流层低层到中层高度值升高，北太平洋高度值降低，东西向气压差加大的形势，同时东亚大槽偏强，海陆气压差加大和东亚大槽偏强，导致冬季风强度偏强，引起我国从北到南的陆面降温，同时30°～40°N低层有下沉气流，使得华北、华中和长江中下游地区降水偏少；当西风急流强度偏弱时，西风急流位置偏南，整个东亚地区存在南风异常，东亚冬季风较弱，在25°N附近有上升气流，此时华南和内蒙古、华北降水偏多，内蒙古地表温度偏高。

北半球夏季副热带西风急流变异及其对东亚夏季风气候异常的影响

探讨了东亚地区副热带西风急流 (EAJS)位置的年际变化特征、影响及其可能机制 .EAJS南北变动的影响主要集中在亚澳季风区和气候平均的北半球副热带西风急流轴的南北两侧 ,这与SOI或ENSO相联系的大气环流响应很不相同 ,后者的影响主要表现在中、东太平洋上 .北半球副热带西风急流存在着两个显著不同的模态 ,其中一个模态反映的是亚太尤其是东亚地区的西风急流的南北变异 ,另一个模态出现在 15 0°E～ 12 0°W的中、东太平洋上 .它们分别联系着不同的太平洋海温异常分布 ,但都能对夏季 2 0 0hPa南亚高压的强度产生影响 ,尤其是南亚高压的东部 。

夏季东亚西风急流Rossby波扰动异常与中国降水

利用1958-2003年NCAR/NCEP再分析和中国160站月降水资料,探讨沿东亚西风急流Rossby波扰动动能异常对东亚夏季风环流和中国夏季（6-8月）降水的影响及其响应机理。研究发现：（1）夏季东亚西风急流Rossby波扰动动能加强（减弱）,东亚西风急流位置偏南（北）、强度偏强（弱）。（2）该扰动动能具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,1958-1978年处于年代际偏弱阶段,1979-1998年处于年代际偏强阶段。（3）该扰动动能加强（减弱）,200 hPa辐合区位于30°N以南（以北）西太平洋地区,此时,500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压位于30°N以南（以北）,850 hPa反气旋性距平环流出现在东亚30°N以南（以北）地区,而30°N以北（以南）为气旋性距平环流,东亚热带季风环流加强（减弱）,梅雨锋加强（减弱）,夏季中国东部降水中间多、南北少（中间少、南北多）。（4）东亚高、中、低层大气环流对高层东亚西风急流Rossby波扰动动能强弱响应由对流层上层散度场及垂直速度场变化完成。

夏季东亚西风急流扰动异常与副热带高压关系研究

利用1979—2003年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,探讨夏季(6—8月)200 hPa东亚西风急流扰动异常与南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压的关系。研究指出:夏季200 hPa东亚西风急流扰动动能加强(减弱),东亚西风急流位置偏南(偏北)、强度偏强(偏弱);东亚西风急流扰动动能强弱不仅与北半球西风急流强弱和沿急流的定常扰动有关,而且还与东亚地区高、中、低纬南北向的扰动波列有关,亚洲地区是北半球中纬度环球带状波列异常最大的区域。夏季200 hPa东亚西风急流扰动动能加强(减弱),南亚高压的特征为位置偏东(偏西)、强度加强(减弱);西太平洋副热带高压的特征为位置偏南(偏北)。东亚环流特别是500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压对东亚西风带扰动异常的响应由高空东亚西风急流南侧的散度场及其对流层中下层热带和副热带地区的垂直速度距平场变化完成。

夏季东亚高空急流与天气尺度波动的气候特征之间的联系

利用NCEP／NCAR逐日资料（1979-2003年），分析了东亚夏季高空急流和天气尺度波动气候特征之间的联系。通过分析急流与天气尺度波动活动量Q（用于描述某一时间段内天气尺度波动活动强弱程度）、热量涡动输送（VT）的关系，发现：在气候平均意义下，天气尺度波动活动量在6、8月较大，这意味着在这两个月中，天气尺度波动较为剧烈。这和急流的强度变化是相对应的，即强的天气尺度波动活动量对应着强的急流，弱的天气尺度波动活动量对应着弱的急流。热量涡动输送也表现出与天气尺度波动活动量类似的特征。年际变化上，夏季平均和6、7、8各月平均的热量涡动输送和急流强度都存在显著的正相关。对强、弱急流年份条件下热量涡动输送合成分析的结果表明：热量涡动输送偏南时，对应着强的急流；热量涡动输送偏北时，对应着弱的急流。以上的研究结果说明，在气候平均意义和年际变化上夏季东亚高空急流和天气尺度波动之间有着密切的联系。

Surface and Upper-Level Features Associated with Wintertime Cold Surge Outbreaks in South Korea

The surface and upper-level features associated with a sharp drop ofwintertime daily temperature over South Korea is investigated in this study. This sharp drop indaily temperature is called a cold surge and is one of the most hazardous weather phenomena in EastAsian winters. An upper-level baroclinic wave of 60° wavelength propagating eastward at a phasespeed of 12° longitude per day across the continent of northern China from the west of Lake Baikaltoward the eastern coast of China causes the outbreak of cold air over South Korea. The coolingassociated with the upper-level baroclinic jvave is found at all altitudes under the geopotentialheight-fall center near the tropopause. The development in the ridge seems to derive the earlyevolution of the eastward-propagating sinusoidal wave, whereas the trough is connected directly withthe tropospheric temperature-drop. An enhancement of the wintertime East Asian jet stream after theoutbreak of a cold surge is a response to the steep temperature gradient associated with thedeveloping baroclinic wave.

盛夏两类东亚高空西风急流北跳的动力过程

在气候态上,7月底东亚高空西风急流中心突然从40°N北跳到45°N以北。逐年统计分析显示此次急流北跳存在两类典型方式:急流北侧西风强度增强引起的北跳(第一类)和急流中心西风强度的减弱引起的北跳(第二类)。本文基于1958年到2002年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用波活动通量诊断这两类典型北跳相应的动力过程,进一步探讨了其北跳的物理机制。在第一类急流北跳过程中,对流层高层远东高纬度地区形成的低压槽和中纬度南亚高压向东亚地区的伸展导致两者之间的鄂霍次克海上空位势高度经向梯度加强,从而西风增强,东亚高空西风急流北进;进一步的动力诊断分析结果表明,其中远东高纬度地区的低压槽是由源于西欧和北大西洋上空的波活动通量沿着欧亚大陆北部地区传播到远东地区形成负位势高度异常所致,而南亚高压向东亚地区的延伸主要和热带西北太平洋强降水激发的"太平洋—日本(PJ)"波列导致东亚地区形成正位势高度异常有关。第二类急流北跳主要受到沿着亚洲副热带西风急流传播的波活动影响:东传的波活动在东亚地区累积形成高压脊,导致东亚地区位势高度经向梯度减弱,东亚高空西风急流减弱北跳。

2020年超强梅雨特征及其成因分析

2020年梅雨呈现出入梅早、出梅晚、梅雨期长、雨区范围广、累计雨量大、强降水过程多的特点,是一次典型的超强梅雨。分析发现,梅雨期东亚季风区多个关键大气环流系统的平均位置相对稳定,且表现出显著的准双周振荡特征。梅雨的开始和结束、主雨带的北抬和停滞、强降水过程的发生维持都与准双周振荡有很好的对应关系。梅雨期间西太平洋副热带高压共经历了6次北抬和南撤的周期性振荡,同时高、低层季风环流系统则表现出5次显著增强的过程,尤其是低空西南急流的不断加强,南风大值中心反复建立和位置的相对稳定,使得源自热带的水汽输送一次次加强,水汽辐合与上升运动反复发展,从而导致梅雨在江淮流域长时间持续,暴雨过程频频发生。另外,梅雨期欧亚中高纬环流表现为“两脊一槽”型,中高纬阻塞高压活动频繁,东亚沿岸低槽活跃,经西北路径和(或)东北路径的冷空气不断南下,与低层一次次加强的西南暖湿水汽在江淮区域频繁交汇,这是造成今年梅雨异常偏强的另一重要因素。通过对历史上梅雨的时空分布、雨涝特征及致灾程度等方面的比较可知,2020年的超强梅雨的异常程度总体弱于1954年,而强于1998年和1991年。得益于现今气候预测准确率和防灾减灾能力的明显提高,今年由此次超强梅雨而造成的江淮流域洪涝灾害影响及死亡失踪人数等均较之前明显降低。

东亚高空急流协同变化研究新进展

东亚高空急流是东亚大气环流系统的重要组成部分,对东亚地区的天气和气候具有重要影响。以往对东亚高空急流的研究多关注副热带急流及其对天气气候的影响,近年来,学者们在明确区分东亚副热带急流和极锋急流的基础上,从东亚副热带急流和极锋急流协同变化的视角,对东亚高空急流的变化规律和机理及其对我国气候异常的影响,开展了一系列研究,揭示出副热带急流和极锋急流强度的反位相协同变化是以副热带急流强(弱)伴随着极锋急流弱(强)为其主要配置形式和模态,并对应着特定的大气环流形势以及相应的气温和降水异常分布,与冬季冷空气活动、梅雨期降水、极端事件、冬季风等具有密切关系。本文聚焦东亚高空急流协同变化方面的最新研究成果,从东亚高空急流协同变化规律、高空急流协同变化的热力和动力学影响机理、高空急流协同变化气候效应、高空急流与中高纬低频遥相关型的联系等方面进行较为全面的总结,以加深东亚高空急流活动基本特征和变化规律的认识。

2021/2022年冬季中国气候异常特征及南方降水异常偏多成因分析

2021/2022年冬季,东亚冬季风较常年同期偏强,西伯利亚高压偏强,我国平均气温较常年同期偏低,在空间型上整体表现为“北暖南冷”的异常分布,全国平均降水量较常年同期偏多,尤其是青藏高原、西南、华南等地偏多较为明显。冬季北极涛动长时间维持正位相,有利于乌拉尔山阻塞高压偏弱;而鄂霍次克海阻塞高压异常活跃,500 hPa高度场上正距平中心从鄂霍次克海向西延伸至贝加尔湖—巴尔喀什湖附近;此外,冬季北极涛动正位相还通过南欧亚遥相关型的间接途径影响东亚冬季气候,造成中东急流偏强,高原高度场持续偏低,与赤道中东太平洋的La Nina事件相配合,使得东亚地区500 hPa高度场整体呈现近似“北高南低”的距平分布,我国冬季平均气温在空间型上整体表现为“北暖南冷”的异常分布,南方地区降水异常偏多。在季节内变化方面,我国冬季气温呈现“前冬暖、后冬冷”的特点,主要与东亚冬季风“前冬偏弱、后冬偏强”的季节内变化特征密切相关。

东亚上空急流位置经向变化及其与东亚夏季气候异常的联系

利用1979—2010年逐月CMAP降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料集,通过定义夏季东亚急流位置指数,采用统计和动力诊断方法研究了东亚上空急流位置经向变化及其与东亚夏季气候的联系。所定义的东亚急流位置指数较好地反映了东亚上空急流位置的经向移动。结果表明：东亚上空急流经向位置的移动存在显著的年际变化,其主要周期为2~3 a和8 a。当夏季东亚急流位置偏北（南）时,从低纬到高纬,东亚地区降水异常主要呈现出偏多—偏少—偏多（偏少—偏多—偏少）的经向分布;相应地,气温则在副热带西太平洋地区偏低（高）,我国华东、华北及日本地区气温偏高（低）,西伯利亚东部较高纬地区气温偏低（高）。东亚上空急流经向位置异常年,异常环流随高度呈略有西倾的准正压结构。东亚上空急流经向位置的偏北（南）与由西太平洋—南海热带地区非绝热加热相关的经圈环流异常有关,亦与中纬度波扰能量东传有关,并由此可部分解释我国长江中下游至日本地区的气温异常偏高（低）。

8月中国登陆台风降水与对流层高层西风急流关系的初步研究

采用中国气象局及美国台风联合警报中心整编的1954—2013年best-track热带气旋资料、中国大陆743站逐日降水数据和美国国家环境预报中心及大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料,研究登陆中国的台风降水特征及其与对流层高层西风急流的关系。结果表明:8月登陆台风降水对中国东南沿海地区的影响明显,福建、浙江的登陆台风降水占同期降水的30%左右,局部地区达到40%。基于降水与200 hPa纬向风的显著相关区定义的东亚西风急流指数(EAWJI),描述了西风急流位置的经向移动。EAWJI与台风降水具有显著的负相关,即EAWJI出现负异常时,急流位置偏北,中国登陆台风降水增加,反之急流位置偏南、降水减少。急流位置偏北,西太平洋台风活动区域的对流层纬向风出现东风异常,有利于台风登陆中国,且登陆位置较常年偏北,登陆台风数较常年偏多,台风登陆后维持时间较常年偏长;在中国大陆及东部沿海附近,纬向风垂直切变为异常的东风切变、对流层低层相对涡度增强及水汽输送增大均有利于台风登陆后的维持,从而使登陆台风降水增加。

江淮地区夏季持续性降水特征及其与东亚高空急流的联系

围绕1960—2011年江淮地区夏季持续性降水展开对单站和区域性持续4 d及以上降水的分析,并探讨其与东亚高空急流的联系。研究发现,近年来持续4 d及以上降水的频数有增多趋势,且在江淮地区其影响范围有逐渐扩大的趋势。持续4 d及以上单站降水频数EOF分析的前两个模态均与极锋急流和陆上副热带急流的协同作用有关。当极锋急流北移和陆上副热带急流南移时,冷暖空气易在江淮地区的西北部相遇,利于较长持续时间的单站降水在该地区发生,易于导致第一模态的全场一致变化。与第二模态相关的高空急流配置表现为陆上副热带急流的减弱和极锋急流的增强,两支急流的强弱配置通过影响水汽输送和上升运动导致江淮地区形成南湿北干的异常型。进一步研究了江淮地区持续4 d及以上区域性降水与急流协同作用的关系发现,在事件发生之前极锋急流显著增强,副热带急流略有增强。伴随着两支急流的变化,西北太平洋副热带高压和北风产生持续性异常,利于冷暖空气活动,导致持续时间较长的区域性降水发生。