The combined effects of North Atlantic Oscillation and Western Pacific teleconnection on winter temperature in Eastern Asia during 1980−2021

As important atmospheric circulation patterns in Northern Hemisphere(NH),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and the Western Pacific teleconnection(WP)affect the winter climate in Eurasia.In order to explore the combined effects of NAO and WP on East Asian(EA)temperature,the NAO and WP indices are divided into four phases from 1980−2021:the positive NAO and WP phase(NAO+/WP+),the negative NAO and WP phase(NAO−/WP−),the positive NAO and negative WP phase(NAO+/WP−),the negative NAO and positive WP phase(NAO−/WP+).In the phase of NAO+/WP+,the low geopotential height(GH)stays in north of EA at 50°−80°N;the surface air temperature anomaly(SATA)is 0.8−1℃lower than Southern Asian.In the phase of NAO−/WP−,the center of high temperature and GH locate in the northeast of EA;the cold air spreads to Southern Asia,causing the SATA decreases 1−1.5℃.In the phase of NAO+/WP−,the high GH belt is formed at 55°−80°N.Meanwhile,the center of high SATA locates in the north of Asia that increases 0.8−1.1℃.The cold airflow causes temperature dropping 0.5−1℃in the south of EA.The SATA improves 0.5−1.5℃in south of EA in the phase of NAO−/WP+.The belt of high GH is formed at 25°−50°N,and blocks the cold air which from Siberia.The NAO and WP generate two warped plate pressure structures in NH,and affect the temperature by different pressure configurations.NAO and WP form different GH,and GH acts to block and push airflow by affecting the air pressure,then causes the temperature to be different from the north and south of EA.Finally,the multiple linear regression result shows that NAO and WP are weakened by each other such as the phase of NAO+/WP+and NAO−/WP−.

Eastern Asian endemic seed plant genera and their paleogeographic history throughout the Northern Hemisphere

We review the fossil history of seed plant genera that are now endemic to eastern Asia. Although the majority of eastern Asian endemic genera have no known fossil record at all, 54 genera, or about 9%, are reliably known from the fossil record. Most of these are woody （with two exceptions）, and most are today either broadly East Asian, or more specifically confined to Sino-Japanese subcategory rather than being endemic to the Sino-Himalayan area. Of the ＂eastern Asian endemic＂ genera so far known from the fossil record, the majority formerly occurred in Europe and/or North America, indicating that eastern Asia served as a late Tertiary or Quaternary refugium for taxa. Hence, many of these genera may have originated in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere and expanded their ranges across continents and former sea barriers when tectonic and climatic conditions allowed, leading to their arrival in eastern Asia. Although clear evidence for paleoendemism is provided by the gymnosperms Amentotaxus, Cathaya, Cephalotaxus, Cunninghamia, Cryptomeria, Glyptostrobus, Ginkgo, Keteleeria, Metasequoia, Nothotsuga, Pseudolarix, Sciadopitys, and Taiwania, and the angiosperms Cercidiphyllum, Choerospondias, Corylopsis, Craigia, Cyclocarya, Davidia, Dipelta, Decaisnea, Diplopanax, Dipteronia, Emmenopterys, Eucommia, Euscaphis, Hemiptelea, Hovenia, Koelreuteria, Paulownia, Phellodendron, Platycarya, Pteroceltis, Rehderodendron, Sargentodoxa, Schizophragma, Sinomenium, Tapiscia, Tetracentron, Toricellia, Trapella, and Trochodendron, we cannot rule out the possibility that neoendemism plays an important role especially for herbaceous taxa in the present-day flora of Asia, particularly in the Sino-Himalayan region. In addition to reviewing paleobotanical occurrences from the literature, we document newly recognized fossil occurrences that expand the geographic and stratigraphic ranges previously known for Dipelta, Pteroceltis, and Toricellia.

Evolution of biogeographic disjunction between eastern Asia and North America in Chamaecyparis:Insights from ecological niche models

The disjunct distribution of plants between eastern Asia(EA) and North America(NA) is one of the most well-known biogeographic patterns. However, the formation and historical process of this pattern have been long debated. Chamaecyparis is a good model to test previous hypotheses about the formation of this disjunct pattern as it contains six species disjunctly distributed in EA, western North America(WNA)and eastern North America(ENA). In this study, we applied ecological niche models to test the formation of the disjunct pattern of Chamaecyparis. The model calibrated with the EA species was able to predict the distribution of eastern NA species well, but not the western NA species. Furthermore, the eastern Asian species were shown to have higher niche overlap with the eastern North American species. The EA species were also shown to share more similar habitats with ENA species than with WNA species in the genus. Chamaecyparis species in WNA experienced a significant niche shift compared with congeneric species. Chamaecyparis had a low number of suitable regions in Europe and the middle and western NA during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) period, and became extinct in the former region whereas it retains residual distribution in the latter. The extirpations in western NA and Europe in response to the late Neogene and Quaternary climatic cooling and the more similar habitats between ENA and EA ultimately shaped the current intercontinental disjunct distribution of Chamaecyparis. Both current hypotheses may be also jointly applied to explain more eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunctions observed today.

New tectonic map of Northern-Central-Eastern Asia： Position and evolution of Mesozoic sedimentary basins

The beginning of the XXI century was marked a new rising of the international tectonic cartography as a result of analysis and synthesis of a huge volume of geological information obtained for the territory of Asia es-pecially during the last 30 years. The previous tectonic maps for Asia were created in the 1960s-1970s of the last century. Since that time, the national geological surveys have compiled tectonic maps exclusively in the limits of their own state boundaries. The international cooperation of five countries since 2002 （ Russia, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Republic of Korea） gave a unique possibility to join the data into a united cartog-raphic form as Atlas of Geological Maps （since 2002-Atlas of Geological Maps of Central Asia and since 2007- Atlas of Geological Maps of Northem-Central-Eastem Asia）. Both atlases include four maps： geological, tecton-ic ,metallogenic, and energy resources. Tectonic Map of Northem-Central-Eastem Asia and Adjacent Areas at scale 1 ： 2 500 000 was the key map for further compilation of the metallogenic and energy resources （ coal, oil and gas） maps. By this reason, special attention was given to showing the structure and composition of the Mes-ozoic sedimentary basins in Northern-Central- Eastern Asia as the most perspective structures for oil-and-gas and coal prospect.

Clinical application of microRNA in gastric cancer in Eastern Asian area

Recent research has shown that microRNA (miRNA), which is involved in almost every step of gastric carcinogenesis, has broad prospective application in diagnosis and therapy of gastric carcinoma. Eastern Asia (South Korea, Japan and China) has the highest incidence of gastric cancer in the world. There were 988 000 new cases of gastric cancer worldwide and 736 000 deaths in 2008. Approximately 60% of the cases of gastric cancer are found in East Asia (mainly China). We herein provide a brief review of the clinical applications of miRNA, which include the following aspects: (1) miRNA may serve as a potential new generation of tumor markers; (2) a complete miRNA expression profile is highly specific, can reflect the evolutionary lineage and differentiation of tumors, and be used to carry out diversity analysis; (3) detecting specific miRNA expression in peripheral blood will become a new method for diagnosis of gastric cancer; (4) miRNA can predict prognosis of gastric cancer; (5) miRNA has predictive value in determining chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance; and (6) miRNA could be a type of innovative drug. Finally, we focus on assessing the value of miRNA from laboratory to clinical application and the challenges it faces in East Asia.

Plastic-Flow/Seismic" Network Systems and Tectonic Units in Central-Eastern Asia

The study of the netlike earthquake distribution indicates that in the central-eastern part of Asia continent there are two network systems: the central-eastern Asia system and the southeastern China system.As interpreted by the multilayer tectonic model,they might be a manifestation of the plastic-flow network systems in the lower lithosphere,including the lower crust and the mantle lid.Each network system is enclosed by different types of boundaries,including one driving boundary and some constraining and releasing boundaries.The two plastic-flow network systems with the Himalayan and Taiwan arcs as their driving boundaries play the role of controlling the intraplate tectonic deformation,stress field,seismicity,and subdivision of tectonic units.

THE EASTERN ASIA CONTINENTAL MARGIN EXTENSIONAL BELT

From an angle of integrative analysis on historical-dynamic geotectonics, the formation mechanism of the Eastern Asia continental-margin and historical background of the evolution-movement of the crustobody are discussed. The pull-breaking-extending and thinning of the continental margin crustobody in the region result in the formation of the continental-margin extensional belt.Finally, the theoretical and practical significance of the study is pointed out.

EASTERN ASIA-WESTERN PACIFIC CRUSTOBODY AND TECTONICS

There’re 4 types of crustobodies and total 6.Each has its own way of evolu-tion and movement. Their combination and separation depict a complex history of geotectonics.

Ancient mitochondrial genome depicts sheep maternal dispersal and migration in Eastern Asia

Sheep have been one of the most important groups of animals since ancient times.However,the knowledge of their migration routes and genetic relationships is still poorly understood.To investigate sheep maternal migration histories alongside Eurasian communications routes,in this study,we obtain mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)from 17 sheep remains in 6 Chinese sites and 1 Uzbekistan site dated 4429–3100 years before present(BP).By obtaining the mitogenomes from the sheep(4429–3556 BP)found in the Tongtian Cave site in Xinjiang,Altai region of northwest China,our results support the emergence of haplogroup C sheep in Xinjiang as early as 4429–3556 BP.The combined phylogenetic analyses with extant ancient and modern sheep mitogenomes suggest that the Uzbekistan-Altai region may have been a migration hub for early sheep in eastern Asia.At least two migration events have taken place for sheep crossing Eurasia to China,one passing by Uzbekistan and Northwest China to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River at approximately 4000 BP and another following the Altai region to middle Inner Mongolia from 4429 BP to 2500 BP.Overall,this study provides further evidence for early sheep utilization and migration patterns in Eastern Asia.

Northeastern Asia humidification at the end of the Miocene drives the boost of mammalian dispersals from the Old to New World

Mammals have high dispersal ability,and many lineages can spread across the continents when a landbridge appears.Here,we summarize the dispersal of mammals between the Old and New World at the end of the Miocene.Our analysis suggested that the three phases of dispersal represented the largest dispersal tide during the Neogene,and the direction of dispersal is dominated by being from the Old to New World.Judging from the components that crossed the dispersal corridor,the Arctic environment near the Beringia corridor in the first phase(~7.5 Ma)is a mixed environment,and in the second phase(~6.5 Ma)is an open environment,and in the third phase(~5.8 Ma and continue to the Pliocene)is a wooded(closed)environment.A clear trend of eastern Asian humidification driven by Asian monsoon and the global C4 grassland expansion explain this dispersal pattern.The boost of mammalian dispersals is controlled by the heterogeneity of environmental changes in different continents.

Primary study on pattern of general circulation of atmosphere before uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in eastern Asia

The Tibetan Plateau is a key factor for the pattern of the general circulation of the atmosphere (GCA) in eastern Asia. The pattern of the GCA after the uplift of the plateau is well known, while the pattern of the GCA before the uplift of the plateau is lack of direct evidences. Based on the knowability of desert, a section recording wind directions across the Cretaceous northern hemisphere mid-low latitude desert belt is measured and the pattern of the GCA in the Cretaceous is revealed. The result shows that the eastern Asia was really controlled by the planetary circulation before the uplift of the plateau, i.e. westerlies in the north and northeast trades in the south. The convert belt between westerlies and trades had drifted northwards and southwards. The possibility of existence of paleo-monsoon is also dealt with and a possibly imposed paleo-monsoon is suggested.

Influence of the Asian-Pacific Oscillation on Spring Precipitation over Central Eastern China

The linkage between the Asian-Pacific oscillation （APO） and the precipitation over central eastern China in spring is preliminarily addressed by use of the observed data. Results show that they correlate very well, with the positive （negative） phase of APO tending to increase （decrease） the precipitation over central eastern China. Such a relationship can be explained by the atmospheric circulation changes over Asia and the North Pacific in association with the anomalous APO. A positive phase of APO, characterized by a positive anomaly over Asia and a negative anomaly over the North Pacific in the upper-tropospheric temperature, corresponds to decreased low-level geopotential height （H） and increased high-level H over Asia, and these effects are concurrent with increased low-level H and decreased high-level H over the North Pacific. Meanwhile, an anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the upper troposphere and a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the lower troposphere are introduced in East Asia, and the low-level southerly wind is strengthened over central eastern China. These changes provide advantageous conditions for enhanced precipitation over central eastern China. The situation is reversed in the negative phase of APO, leading to reduced precipitation in this region.

Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome:A meta-analysis

Objective:There exist conflicting data on the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS).We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate whether ticagrelor or clopidogrel produces better outcomes for East Asian patients with ACS.Methods:We searched for randomized controlled trials reporting associations between ticagrelor and clopidogrel in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome in PubMed,EMBASE,web of science and Cochrane central register of controlled trials.Results:Ten studies involving 3715 participants were qualified for our analysis.The major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)were significantly decreased in patients with ticagrelor treatment compared to those with clopidogrel(risk ratio[RR]:0.61;95%confidence interval[CI]:0.38-0.98;P=0.042).There was no significant difference in all-cause death(RR:0.89;95%CI:0.61-1.29;P=0.540),cardiovascular death(RR:0.86;95%CI:0.58-1.27;P=0.451),myocardial infarction(RR:0.91;95%CI:0.65-1.27;P=0.575)and stroke(RR:0.77;95%CI:0.44-1.36;P=0.372)between ticagrelor and clopidogrel.Ticagrelor was associated with a significantly higher risk of bleeding compared to clopidogrel(RR:1.71;95%CI:1.37-2.13;P=0.000).Conclusion:The present meta-analysis demonstrates that ticagrelor reduced the incidence of MACE in ACS patients from East Asia compared with clopidogrel.However,it increased the risk of bleeding.

The Yanshanian Orogeny and Two Kinds of Yanshanides in Eastern-Central China

The Tan-Lu Fault was once a transform fault in the Paleotethys, west of which was the Qinling-Dabie Ocean separating the Yangtze Craton from the North China Craton, and east of which was the Su-Lu Ocean separating the Su-Wan Block from the Jiao-Liao Craton. The Qinling-Dabie Ocean closed in the Indosinian orogeny, which created the China-Southeast Asia Subcontinent, with the Tan-Lu Fault becoming a marginal shear zone along the newly-formed amalgamated subcontinent. The Su-Lu Ocean subducted partly in the Indosinian.orogeny, but not closed. In the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the Su-Wan Block drifted northwards with subduction of the Su-Lu Ocean and moved westwards to converge the subcontinent by sinistral sheafing of the ENE-striking fractures. The Su-Lu Ocean finally closed and the Su-Wan Block collided with the Jiao-Liao Craton in the Early Cretaceous, which constituted a part of the magnificent interplate Yanshanides. The interplate orogeny rejuvenated the fossil sutures and deep fractures, as well as the Indosinian orogen, and the intraplate （intracontinental） Yanshanian orogeny occurred in the subcontinent. The East Asia Yanshanides, consisting of the interplate orogens in the outer side and the intraplate orogens in the inner side, collapsed quickly in the latest Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous. The eastern China area entered a tensile period from the Eogene, and the tectonic differentiation between the central and eastern China areas since the Jurassic was further strengthened.

“教授”考释——词语的东亚环流与词义变迁

中国近代教育体制转型时期涌现出一批重要术语。本文以“教授”为例,利用中日词源辞典、汉外/日外辞典、《申报》及《朝日新闻》等数据库,考察“教授”的词源、词义变迁,探讨该词在中日间的互动及传播。研究发现,“教授”源自汉籍,它随着中国典籍传入日本后,大约在19世纪70年代被赋予了“高校职称名”

从“东方主义”到“东方外交”:范贝里《中亚纪行》中的中亚形象

匈牙利著名东方学家和语言学家范贝里穿越中亚大陆,探访土库曼部落、希瓦汗国、布哈拉汗国,以亲身经历著有《中亚纪行》,因此闻名欧洲乃至全世界。他的著作中的“东方”“中亚”“伊斯兰世界”形象,具有明显的欧洲人的特点和跨文化认识的局限。他终生所从事的“东方学”研究,其实质具有强烈的“东方主义”。范贝里在19世纪60年代至20世纪初的英俄中亚争霸中扮演了特殊角色,他的著述和公共活动影响了英国的外交政策;并且,有文献证明他与英国政府情报机构保持了特殊关系。他在这一时期的“东方外交”中扮演了特殊角色。

欧洲东部土壤湿度对东北亚初夏气温异常转折的影响及其可能物理过程

采用1979—2020年观测和再分析资料,研究了年际时间尺度上初夏(5—6月)东北亚气温异常月际转折的基本特征,以及欧洲东部土壤湿度异常对其的影响及可能物理过程。结果表明,年际时间尺度上东北亚初夏气温异常月际演变的主导模态为转折模态,即5月偏暖(冷)则6月偏冷(暖);转折模态的形成直接源于东北亚地区环流异常的转折。进一步分析发现,5月欧洲东部土壤湿度偏低往往导致东北亚5月偏暖而6月偏冷,可能的物理过程如下:5月土壤湿度偏低导致局地土壤温度和对流层低层增温,进而造成地中海地区(欧洲北部)对流层低层经向温度梯度和大气斜压性减弱(增强),相应地高频瞬变波活动减弱(增强),并通过瞬变涡度强迫有利于欧洲中东部形成异常高压和Rossby波波源;相关的Rossby波沿极锋急流东传,导致东北亚为准正压的异常高压,地表升温。土壤湿度异常可持续到6月,但强度减弱;类似地,其可通过瞬变涡度强迫有利于异常高压和Rossby波波源的形成,但中心西移至欧洲西部;相关Rossby波活动导致东北亚为准正压的异常低压,地表降温。5月和6月欧洲东部土壤湿度异常相关的Rossby波的活动特征(波源、活动中心和传播路径)存在明显差异,这与两个月欧亚北部大气平均态的差异密切相关。当5月欧洲东部土壤湿度偏高时,上述物理过程则大致相反。

中国西部新生代岩石圈汇聚和东部岩石圈离散的耦合关系与古环境格局演变的探讨

本文从印度大陆与亚洲大陆新生代碰撞前缘的多阶段构造变形与隆升过程，对比了 我国南海北部大陆边缘盆地，东部渤海湾盆地的构造－沉积－岩浆事件，它们在时间上具准同 时性，表现在两大陆碰撞构造变形和抬升的高峰时期正好与盆地伸展、拉张，快速构造沉降时 期相对应；当构造转入相对稳定（松弛）阶段，表现为高原剥蚀夷平，岩浆活动频繁，盆地构造 沉降速率减缓阶段。青藏高原多阶段构造－岩浆事件还与我国季风形成和发展以及全球新生 代３次变冷事件具某种对应联系，认为深部地幔脉动上涌的热力效应可能是诱发高原季风，行 星西风增强，高纬度降温的驱动力之一。它和高原地形增高引发大气热机效率增大起着互补 作用，使青藏高原成为诱发我国大气环流变化的启动区。

东亚大陆新生代构造演化

东亚大陆的新生代构造演化受两大地球动力系统所控制：印度-欧亚板块的碰撞及陆内汇聚体系、西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块俯冲消减体系.从晚白垩纪到古新世期间,温暖宽阔的新特提斯洋分割着欧亚大陆和印度次大陆,并且向北俯冲消减于欧亚板块之下.与此同时,太平洋板块继续向西俯冲消减于欧亚板块之下,随着俯冲速率的大幅度降低,俯冲边界发生海沟后撤（trench rollback）,使得欧亚大陆东边界开始形成一系列NNE走向的弧后拉张盆地.尽管印度与欧亚大陆碰撞的起始时间仍有争议,但至少强烈碰撞发生在距今45～55Ma期间.陆-陆碰撞及印度板块持续的楔入作用导致了新特提斯海的退出,青藏高原南部和中部的地壳增厚,并隆起形成“原青藏高原”.碰撞及其强烈的楔入作用还导致了青藏高原南部岩石圈块体向SE方向的大规模挤出.青藏高原南部块体的挤出时间与西太平洋-印度尼西亚海洋俯冲消减带的加速后撤是一致的,表现为沿消减带上盘弧后盆地的快速拉张和裂陷,构成具有成因联系的“源-汇关系”.距今20～30Ma期间,随着青藏高原大规模南东挤出的减弱,碰撞和楔入引起了向NE方向挤压的增强,导致了青藏高原本身向S和向NE方向的扩展.构造变形向南迁移到主边界逆冲推覆带,向北扩展到昆仑山断裂,造成柴达木盆地、河西走廊、陇西盆地开始接受最初的新生代沉积,形成青藏高原东北缘的大规模晚新生代沉积盆地群.西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块的海沟后撤大幅度减速或停止,直接导致了日本海扩张的停止,华北盆地裂陷期终止,进入整体热下沉阶段.大约距今10Ma以来,青藏高原内部的高海拔地区晚中新世以来开始出现近SN向的拉张,形成一系列SN向裂谷以及NW向右旋和NE向左旋的共轭走滑断裂系.与此同时,青藏高原向周边生长扩展,祁连山快速隆起形成高原北边界,龙门山也第2次加速隆升,与四川盆地形成近4 000m的地貌高差.在东部,沿西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块俯冲消减带的运动开始加速,不仅弧后拉张作用停止,一些早新生代的拉张盆地还发生反转而遭受到挤压缩短作用.

东亚地区对流层人为硫酸盐辐射强迫及其温度响应

利用区域气候模式对东亚地区人为硫酸盐的直接辐射强迫及其温度响应进行了数值研究。结果表明:（1） 人为硫酸盐直接辐射强迫具有明显的季节变化和地理分布特征,辐射强迫的这种变化特征不仅强烈地依赖于硫酸盐柱含量的季节变化和地理分布,而且取决于云量季节变化和地理分布。（2）就年平均而言,由于硫酸盐辐射强迫的影响,模拟区域内大部分地区普遍降温。降温比较明显的区域位于110°E以东、40°N以南的中国大陆地区,超过一0.1℃ 其中华北平原和长江中游的湖南、湖北形成两个降温大值中心,幅度超过-0.2℃。（3）地面温度响应呈现出明显的区域季节变化特征。冬春季节,温度响应与辐射强迫之间满足较好的对应关系;夏秋季节,二者呈现出复杂的非线性关系。