The sustainability of regional rural development depends on the integrated status and the coordination between rural resources-environment conditions and rural socioeco- nomic development. In this paper a diagnostic i...The sustainability of regional rural development depends on the integrated status and the coordination between rural resources-environment conditions and rural socioeco- nomic development. In this paper a diagnostic indicator system is proposed to appraise four representative rural development models such as Mentougou model, Taicang model, Yueqing model and Qionghai model in the eastern coastal region of China from the integrated perspective of population, resources, environment, and development. In conclusion, the formation and evolution of these diverse rural deveJopment models are the direct response to the very different characteristics in the environment, market demand, and regional culture. These models are common in that their sustainability depends on the scientific guidance of the regional development functional positioning, strong intra-regional interactions, and self-adaptability to the external conditions.展开更多
Based on the acquaintance of the regional background of urban-rural transformational development and investigations on the spot,this paper discusses the holistic situation, dominant factors and mechanism of arable lan...Based on the acquaintance of the regional background of urban-rural transformational development and investigations on the spot,this paper discusses the holistic situation, dominant factors and mechanism of arable land loss and land for construction occupation in the coastal area of China over the last decade,with the aid of GIS technology.Conclusions of the research are summarized as follows：（1）the arable land had been continuously decreasing from 1996 to 2005,with a loss of 1,708,700 hm^2 and an average decrement of 170,900 hm^2 per year;（2）land for construction increased 1,373,700 hm^2 ,with an average increment of 153,200 hm^2 per year;（3）total area of encroachment on arable land for construction between 1996 and 2005 was 1,053,100 hm^2 ,accounting for 34.03%of the arable land loss in the same period,the percentages of which used for industrial land（INL）,transportation land（TRL）,rural construction land（RUL）and town construction land（TOL）are 45.03%,15.8%,15.47%and 11.5%,respectively;and（4）the fluctuation of the increase of construction land and encroachment on arable land in the area were deeply influenced by the nation＇s macroscopic land-use policies and development level of regional economy.The growth of population and advancement of technology promoted the rapid industrialization, construction of transportation infrastructures,rural urbanization and expansion of rural settlements in the eastern coastal area,and therefore were the primary driving forces of land-use conversion.展开更多
The traditional data envelopment analysis（DEA）, bootstrap-DEA and Malmquist models are employed to measure different tourism efficiencies and their spatial characteristics of 61 cities in six coastal urban agglomera...The traditional data envelopment analysis（DEA）, bootstrap-DEA and Malmquist models are employed to measure different tourism efficiencies and their spatial characteristics of 61 cities in six coastal urban agglomerations in eastern China. The following conclusions are drawn.（1） The comprehensive efficiency（CE） of urban tourism using the bootstrap-DEA model is lower than the CE level using the DEA-CRS model, which confirms the significant tendency of the DEA-CRS model to overestimate results.（2） The geometric CE averages of urban tourism in the Yangtze River Delta（YRD） and the Pearl River Delta（PRD） have changed from ineffective to effective since 2000, the averages in the Beijing-TianjinHebei（BTH） and the Shandong Peninsula（SDP） have changed from ineffective to moderately effective since 2000, and those in the Central and Southern Liaoning（CSL） and the West Bank of Taiwan Strait（WBTS） have been ineffective since 2000.（3） The CE values of urban tourism in the PRD, the YRD, the BTH and the SDP have been slightly affected by the pure technical efficiency（PTE）, whereas the CE values in the CSL and the WBTS have been slightly affected by the scale efficiency（SE） since 2000.（4） Spatially, the range of geometric averages of the total factor productivity（TFP） for the PRD, the YRD, the BTH, the SDP, the WBTS and the CSL has decreased sequentially, while the one for most cities in six urban agglomerations has exhibited a downward trend since 2000.（5） Collectively, the natural conditions, the economic policies and the tourism capital drive the SE change of urban tourism of the CSL and the WBTS. The tourism enterprises for increasing returns to scale and imitating innovative technology have an effect on the CE change of urban tourism in the BTH and the SDP. The tourism market competition drives the PTE change of urban tourism in the PRD and the YRD. Although the PTE and the SE of urban tourism in six coastal urban agglomerations suffer from uncertain events, the CE maintained overall sound momentum since 2000.展开更多
Urban agglomerations in China have become the strategic core of national economic development and the main component of the new type of urbanization. However, they are threatened by a series of eco-environmental probl...Urban agglomerations in China have become the strategic core of national economic development and the main component of the new type of urbanization. However, they are threatened by a series of eco-environmental problems and challenges, including the severe overexploitation of natural resources. Eco-efficiency, which is defined as accomplishing the greatest possible economic benefit with the least possible resource input and damage to the environment, is used as an indicator to quantify the sustainability of urban agglomerations. In this work, a traditional data envelopment analysis(DEA) model with a slack-based measurement(SBM) model of undesirable outputs, was used to assess and compare the economic efficiency and eco-efficiency of four major urban agglomerations in eastern China(UAECs) in 2005, 2011, and 2014. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the evolution of urban agglomerations were analyzed. Based on the results of a slack analysis, suggestions for improving the eco-efficiency of the four UAECs are provided. The overall economic efficiency of urban agglomerations located in the Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta displayed a V-shaped pattern(decreased and then increased). In contrast, the overall economic efficiency of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration declined during the study period. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration had a considerable loss of economic efficiency due to pollution, whereas the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration was less impacted. Overall, the eco-environmental efficiency of the four UAECs declined from 2005 to 2011 and then increased from 2011 to 2014. In addition, the urban eco-efficiency in the four coastal UAECs was characterized by different evolution patterns. The eco-efficiency was higher in the peri-urban areas of the core cities, riverside areas, and seaside areas and lower in the inland cities. The core cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations were characterized by high resource consumption, economic benefit output, and eco-efficiency. In most of cities in the urban agglomerations, the emission of pollutants declined, leading to a reduction of pollutants and mitigation of environmental problems. In addition, a differential analysis, from the perspective of urban agglomeration, was performed, and concrete suggestions for improvement are proposed.展开更多
With the homogeneity-adjusted surface air temperature (SAT) data at 312 stations in eastern China for 1979-2008 and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light d...With the homogeneity-adjusted surface air temperature (SAT) data at 312 stations in eastern China for 1979-2008 and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light data, the spatial heterogeneities of the SAT trends on different scales are detected with a spatial filtering (i.e. moving spatial anomaly) method, and the impact of urbanization in eastern China on surface warming is analyzed. Results show that the urbanization can induce a remarkable summer warming in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) city cluster region and a winter warming in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) city cluster region. The YRD warming in summer primarily results from the significant increasing of maximum temperature, with an estimated urban warming rate at 0.132-0.250℃ per decade, accounting for 36%-68% of the total regional warming. The BTH warming in winter is primarily due to the remarkable increasing of minimum temperature, with an estimated urban warming rate at 0.102-0.214℃ per decade, accounting for 12%-24% of the total regional warming. The temporal-spatial differences of urban warming effect may be attributed to the variation of regional climatic background and the change of anthropogenic heat release.展开更多
基于经过非均一性检验及订正前后1979-2003年中国东部地区130个气象台站的日平均、最高和最低温度常规观测资料,利用研究区域内气象台站常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(The NationalCenters for Atmospheric Prediction and the National Cent...基于经过非均一性检验及订正前后1979-2003年中国东部地区130个气象台站的日平均、最高和最低温度常规观测资料,利用研究区域内气象台站常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(The NationalCenters for Atmospheric Prediction and the National Center for Atmosphetic Research)再分析资料温度变化趋势的差值,本文定量考察了研究区域内城市化及土地利用类型改变对区域温度气候趋势的贡献.研究结果显示,经过订正后的台站观测数据具有一定的可信度,比订正前更具合理性.城市化及土地利用类型的改变造成了研究区域内城镇气象站点日平均、最高和最低温度的上升,其中日最低温度的上升程度大于日最高温度,从而导致了日较差温度的下降.进一步研究表明,从1980年代后期开始,城镇气象站点的日平均和最低温度明显上升.从不同季节来看,冬季是区域温度变化趋势最为明显的季节,但却是城市化及土地利用类型改变对区域温度气候趋势贡献最小的季节,对研究区域温度气候趋势贡献最大的季节为夏季.展开更多
本文采用中尺度天气模式WRF(Weather Research Forecasting Model),以苏州地区为例,对稳定天气过程下的城市热岛效应进行了数值模拟(2007年7月31日-8月2日).利用Landsat卫星观测的1986年、1995年、2004年、2006年下垫面资料进行了敏感...本文采用中尺度天气模式WRF(Weather Research Forecasting Model),以苏州地区为例,对稳定天气过程下的城市热岛效应进行了数值模拟(2007年7月31日-8月2日).利用Landsat卫星观测的1986年、1995年、2004年、2006年下垫面资料进行了敏感性试验,分析了城市化导致的城市下垫面变化对城市气象环境的影响.结果表明,在这次高温过程中,城市气温一直较郊区高,高温区随着城市扩展而扩大;城市化对郊区气温影响较小,而城市气温会有所增长,且夜间较明显;随着城市的发展,城市热岛强度也随之增长,在夜间增长显著;由于城市下垫面的特征,城市中上升气流区与下沉气流区顺着风向成条带状相间分布,这表明在城市中可能存在水平对流涡旋,并且随着城市的发展,水平对流涡旋强度有增强的趋势.展开更多
为解决城市热岛效应研究中热岛强度定量计算的难点问题,将气象学上的温度日较差(diurnal temperature range,DTR)概念引入遥感城市热岛强度定量评估中,通过对热红外影像的日夜温度差计算,得到基于遥感的DTRMODIS.结果显示:DTRMODIS从200...为解决城市热岛效应研究中热岛强度定量计算的难点问题,将气象学上的温度日较差(diurnal temperature range,DTR)概念引入遥感城市热岛强度定量评估中,通过对热红外影像的日夜温度差计算,得到基于遥感的DTRMODIS.结果显示:DTRMODIS从2001年的10.61℃减小至2013年的9.47℃,12年间缩减了1.14℃,表明中国东部沿海地区热岛强度不断增加.同时,利用基于气象站气温数据的DTRWS对DTRMODIS进行回归分析,揭示二者之间具有较显著的相关性,证明利用遥感热红外影像估算研究区DTR的可行性.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40635029 No.40871257Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.KSCX-YW-09
文摘The sustainability of regional rural development depends on the integrated status and the coordination between rural resources-environment conditions and rural socioeco- nomic development. In this paper a diagnostic indicator system is proposed to appraise four representative rural development models such as Mentougou model, Taicang model, Yueqing model and Qionghai model in the eastern coastal region of China from the integrated perspective of population, resources, environment, and development. In conclusion, the formation and evolution of these diverse rural deveJopment models are the direct response to the very different characteristics in the environment, market demand, and regional culture. These models are common in that their sustainability depends on the scientific guidance of the regional development functional positioning, strong intra-regional interactions, and self-adaptability to the external conditions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40635029 No.40771014
文摘Based on the acquaintance of the regional background of urban-rural transformational development and investigations on the spot,this paper discusses the holistic situation, dominant factors and mechanism of arable land loss and land for construction occupation in the coastal area of China over the last decade,with the aid of GIS technology.Conclusions of the research are summarized as follows：（1）the arable land had been continuously decreasing from 1996 to 2005,with a loss of 1,708,700 hm^2 and an average decrement of 170,900 hm^2 per year;（2）land for construction increased 1,373,700 hm^2 ,with an average increment of 153,200 hm^2 per year;（3）total area of encroachment on arable land for construction between 1996 and 2005 was 1,053,100 hm^2 ,accounting for 34.03%of the arable land loss in the same period,the percentages of which used for industrial land（INL）,transportation land（TRL）,rural construction land（RUL）and town construction land（TOL）are 45.03%,15.8%,15.47%and 11.5%,respectively;and（4）the fluctuation of the increase of construction land and encroachment on arable land in the area were deeply influenced by the nation＇s macroscopic land-use policies and development level of regional economy.The growth of population and advancement of technology promoted the rapid industrialization, construction of transportation infrastructures,rural urbanization and expansion of rural settlements in the eastern coastal area,and therefore were the primary driving forces of land-use conversion.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41401158No.41140007No.41261035
文摘The traditional data envelopment analysis（DEA）, bootstrap-DEA and Malmquist models are employed to measure different tourism efficiencies and their spatial characteristics of 61 cities in six coastal urban agglomerations in eastern China. The following conclusions are drawn.（1） The comprehensive efficiency（CE） of urban tourism using the bootstrap-DEA model is lower than the CE level using the DEA-CRS model, which confirms the significant tendency of the DEA-CRS model to overestimate results.（2） The geometric CE averages of urban tourism in the Yangtze River Delta（YRD） and the Pearl River Delta（PRD） have changed from ineffective to effective since 2000, the averages in the Beijing-TianjinHebei（BTH） and the Shandong Peninsula（SDP） have changed from ineffective to moderately effective since 2000, and those in the Central and Southern Liaoning（CSL） and the West Bank of Taiwan Strait（WBTS） have been ineffective since 2000.（3） The CE values of urban tourism in the PRD, the YRD, the BTH and the SDP have been slightly affected by the pure technical efficiency（PTE）, whereas the CE values in the CSL and the WBTS have been slightly affected by the scale efficiency（SE） since 2000.（4） Spatially, the range of geometric averages of the total factor productivity（TFP） for the PRD, the YRD, the BTH, the SDP, the WBTS and the CSL has decreased sequentially, while the one for most cities in six urban agglomerations has exhibited a downward trend since 2000.（5） Collectively, the natural conditions, the economic policies and the tourism capital drive the SE change of urban tourism of the CSL and the WBTS. The tourism enterprises for increasing returns to scale and imitating innovative technology have an effect on the CE change of urban tourism in the BTH and the SDP. The tourism market competition drives the PTE change of urban tourism in the PRD and the YRD. Although the PTE and the SE of urban tourism in six coastal urban agglomerations suffer from uncertain events, the CE maintained overall sound momentum since 2000.
基金Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41590840,No.41590842National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41371177
文摘Urban agglomerations in China have become the strategic core of national economic development and the main component of the new type of urbanization. However, they are threatened by a series of eco-environmental problems and challenges, including the severe overexploitation of natural resources. Eco-efficiency, which is defined as accomplishing the greatest possible economic benefit with the least possible resource input and damage to the environment, is used as an indicator to quantify the sustainability of urban agglomerations. In this work, a traditional data envelopment analysis(DEA) model with a slack-based measurement(SBM) model of undesirable outputs, was used to assess and compare the economic efficiency and eco-efficiency of four major urban agglomerations in eastern China(UAECs) in 2005, 2011, and 2014. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the evolution of urban agglomerations were analyzed. Based on the results of a slack analysis, suggestions for improving the eco-efficiency of the four UAECs are provided. The overall economic efficiency of urban agglomerations located in the Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta displayed a V-shaped pattern(decreased and then increased). In contrast, the overall economic efficiency of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration declined during the study period. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration had a considerable loss of economic efficiency due to pollution, whereas the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration was less impacted. Overall, the eco-environmental efficiency of the four UAECs declined from 2005 to 2011 and then increased from 2011 to 2014. In addition, the urban eco-efficiency in the four coastal UAECs was characterized by different evolution patterns. The eco-efficiency was higher in the peri-urban areas of the core cities, riverside areas, and seaside areas and lower in the inland cities. The core cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations were characterized by high resource consumption, economic benefit output, and eco-efficiency. In most of cities in the urban agglomerations, the emission of pollutants declined, leading to a reduction of pollutants and mitigation of environmental problems. In addition, a differential analysis, from the perspective of urban agglomeration, was performed, and concrete suggestions for improvement are proposed.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB428504)
文摘With the homogeneity-adjusted surface air temperature (SAT) data at 312 stations in eastern China for 1979-2008 and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light data, the spatial heterogeneities of the SAT trends on different scales are detected with a spatial filtering (i.e. moving spatial anomaly) method, and the impact of urbanization in eastern China on surface warming is analyzed. Results show that the urbanization can induce a remarkable summer warming in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) city cluster region and a winter warming in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) city cluster region. The YRD warming in summer primarily results from the significant increasing of maximum temperature, with an estimated urban warming rate at 0.132-0.250℃ per decade, accounting for 36%-68% of the total regional warming. The BTH warming in winter is primarily due to the remarkable increasing of minimum temperature, with an estimated urban warming rate at 0.102-0.214℃ per decade, accounting for 12%-24% of the total regional warming. The temporal-spatial differences of urban warming effect may be attributed to the variation of regional climatic background and the change of anthropogenic heat release.
文摘基于经过非均一性检验及订正前后1979-2003年中国东部地区130个气象台站的日平均、最高和最低温度常规观测资料,利用研究区域内气象台站常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(The NationalCenters for Atmospheric Prediction and the National Center for Atmosphetic Research)再分析资料温度变化趋势的差值,本文定量考察了研究区域内城市化及土地利用类型改变对区域温度气候趋势的贡献.研究结果显示,经过订正后的台站观测数据具有一定的可信度,比订正前更具合理性.城市化及土地利用类型的改变造成了研究区域内城镇气象站点日平均、最高和最低温度的上升,其中日最低温度的上升程度大于日最高温度,从而导致了日较差温度的下降.进一步研究表明,从1980年代后期开始,城镇气象站点的日平均和最低温度明显上升.从不同季节来看,冬季是区域温度变化趋势最为明显的季节,但却是城市化及土地利用类型改变对区域温度气候趋势贡献最小的季节,对研究区域温度气候趋势贡献最大的季节为夏季.
文摘南京大学大气科学系分别于2005年7月17日～7月31日,2006年2月18日～3月10日在南京市市区和郊区两个观测点进行了城市边界层气象观测,同时采用流动观测方法和在6个固定观测点进行城市热岛观测,观测发现：南京市存在明显的城市热岛特征,气温由市区中心的最高值向郊区逐步减少,冬夏季节的平均热岛强度分别为1.2℃和0.83℃,晴天热岛强度大于阴天,夜间热岛强度普遍高于白天,夏季和冬季热岛强度最大可达3.6℃和2.4℃.热岛强度随高度增加而减小,在约400 m高度,城区和郊区气温没有明显差异.观测结果还表明城区湿度普遍低于郊区,冬夏季节的城市与郊区的相对湿度差分别为10.6%和7.3%.南京紫金山森林地区对附近地区的气温和湿度有明显影响;城区风速明显低于郊区,高度越低,城区与郊区风速相差越大.南京市区的平均零平面位移约为19.9 m,平均粗糙度1.1 m.
文摘本文采用中尺度天气模式WRF(Weather Research Forecasting Model),以苏州地区为例,对稳定天气过程下的城市热岛效应进行了数值模拟(2007年7月31日-8月2日).利用Landsat卫星观测的1986年、1995年、2004年、2006年下垫面资料进行了敏感性试验,分析了城市化导致的城市下垫面变化对城市气象环境的影响.结果表明,在这次高温过程中,城市气温一直较郊区高,高温区随着城市扩展而扩大;城市化对郊区气温影响较小,而城市气温会有所增长,且夜间较明显;随着城市的发展,城市热岛强度也随之增长,在夜间增长显著;由于城市下垫面的特征,城市中上升气流区与下沉气流区顺着风向成条带状相间分布,这表明在城市中可能存在水平对流涡旋,并且随着城市的发展,水平对流涡旋强度有增强的趋势.
文摘为解决城市热岛效应研究中热岛强度定量计算的难点问题,将气象学上的温度日较差(diurnal temperature range,DTR)概念引入遥感城市热岛强度定量评估中,通过对热红外影像的日夜温度差计算,得到基于遥感的DTRMODIS.结果显示:DTRMODIS从2001年的10.61℃减小至2013年的9.47℃,12年间缩减了1.14℃,表明中国东部沿海地区热岛强度不断增加.同时,利用基于气象站气温数据的DTRWS对DTRMODIS进行回归分析,揭示二者之间具有较显著的相关性,证明利用遥感热红外影像估算研究区DTR的可行性.
