Diet fortification for mild and moderate picky eating in typically developed children:Opinion review of Middle East consensus

BACKGROUND Picky eating is a commonly observed behavior among children globally,negatively impacting their physical and mental growth.Although common characteristics distinguish peaky eaters,including food selectivity,food neophobia,and food avoidance,there is no clear definition to assess this behavior.Due to the unavailability of data regarding picky eating,it wasn’t easy to estimate its prevalence.AIM To develop a regional protocol to help healthcare professionals identify and manage mild and moderate picky eating cases.METHODS A virtual roundtable discussion was held in April 2021 to gather the opinions of seven pediatricians and two pediatric dietitians from eight Middle Eastern countries who had great experience in the management of picky eating.The discussion covered different topics,including clearly defining mild and moderate picky eating,identifying the role of diet fortification in these cases,and the possibility of developing a systematic approach to diet fortification.RESULTS The panel identified picky eating as consuming an inadequate amount and variety of foods by rejecting familiar and unfamiliar food.Most of the time,moderate picky eating cases had micronutrient deficiencies with over-or undernutrition;the mild cases only showed inadequate food consumption and/or poor diet quality.Paying attention to the organic red flags like growth faltering and development delay and behavioral red flags,including food fixation and anticipatory gagging,will help healthcare professionals evaluate the picky eaters and the caregivers to care for their children.Although dietary supplementation and commercial food fortification play an important role in picky eating,they were no benefit in the Middle East.CONCLUSION The panel agreed that food fortification through a food-first approach and oral nutritional supplements would be the best for Middle Eastern children.These recommendations would facilitate identifying and managing picky-eating children in the Middle East.

Heterogeneous occurrence of evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia:Evidence from plant fossils

Evergreen broad-leaved forests(EBLFs)are widely distributed in East Asia and play a vital role in ecosystem stability.The occurrence of these forests in East Asia has been a subject of debate across various disciplines.In this study,we explored the occurrence of East Asian EBLFs from a paleobotanical perspective.By collecting plant fossils from four regions in East Asia,we have established the evolutionary history of EBLFs.Through floral similarity analysis and paleoclimatic reconstruction,we have revealed a diverse spatio-temporal pattern for the occurrence of EBLFs in East Asia.The earliest occurrence of EBLFs in southern China can be traced back to the middle Eocene,followed by southwestern China during the late Eoceneeearly Oligocene.Subsequently,EBLFs emerged in Japan during the early Oligocene and eventually appeared in central-eastern China around the Miocene.Paleoclimate simulation results suggest that the precipitation of wettest quarter(PWetQ,mm)exceeding 600 mm is crucial for the occurrence of EBLFs.Furthermore,the heterogeneous occurrence of EBLFs in East Asia is closely associated with the evolution of the Asian Monsoon.This study provides new insights into the occurrence of EBLFs in East Asia.

EAST等离子体边界可见光成像系统研究

设计了一套针对Hα波段的高精度折叠式光学系统用来观察放电过程中等离子体边界特征,该系统在全视场中实现了4mm的分辨率。基于图像局部特征和相机模型,发展了光学等离子体边界重建算法,在EAST上针对高场侧中平面处的等离子体控制点进行了算法验证,光学重建的控制点随时间的演化与磁平衡重建的结果吻合良好。

全超导托卡马克核聚变发电装置快控电源的干扰抑制离散积分滑模电流控制

全超导托卡马克核聚变发电装置(EAST)快控电源的首要性能指标是快速跟踪参考信号,以输出电流实现负载线圈的励磁,对等离子体的垂直位移进行反馈控制。EAST快控电源负载线圈受装置内部部件和真空内等离子体的影响,线圈感值会出现小范围内慢时变波动以及线圈上存在互感电动势干扰,传统比例-积分(PI)控制方法在电流跟踪控制过程中存在不足。为了实现干扰的抑制和应对负载波动,提出一种带干扰抑制的离散积分滑模控制方法,根据系统状态方程设计离散积分滑模控制器,结合滑模干扰观测器实现集总干扰的观测,对集总干扰进行前馈补偿控制。为了抑制抖振和加快收敛速度,设计一种新型平滑饱和函数和增益自适应观测器,根据观测电流误差和跟踪电流误差自适应调整观测器增益。对比传统PI控制,仿真和实验验证了所提控制方法具有更加优良的电流跟踪特性,在输出电流超调更小的情况下动态响应更快,能够有效地抑制负载侧扰动,具有良好的鲁棒性。

基于改进灰色预测单神经元PI的全超导托卡马克核聚变发电装置快控电源电流控制

全超导托卡马克核聚变发电装置(EAST)快控电源负载电感的电流受多种不确定环境因素的影响而难以预测,灰色预测无需精确对象模型,只需少量已知信息即可实现输出电流短期预测,已在EAST快控电源中有了一定研究应用。为解决灰色预测在EAST快控电源中对突变信号边沿预测精度低和预测延时时间长的问题,提出一种改进灰色预测算法实现输出电流预测。在一个开关周期内对输出电流进行等时长间隔采样4次作为原始序列,将滚动式采样预测改为逐周期采样预测,在实现灰色预测的过程中不必依赖过去几个周期的历史采样信息,只需本周期的4个原始采样值即可实现输出电流的预测。根据预测电流与参考电流误差自适应调整单神经元比例-积分(PI)控制的输出增益,实现输出电流的快速准确控制。仿真和实验结果表明,在EAST快控电源电流预测过程中所提出的改进灰色预测,对比传统灰色预测具有更高的预测精度和更小的预测延时,改进灰色预测变增益单神经元PI控制能够在减小电流超调的同时加快输出电流响应速度。

EAST托卡马克中子与伽马在线监测研究

为了实现对实验型先进全超导托卡马克(Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, EAST)装置聚变产物中子与γ射线的有效监测,建立了一套核辐射在线监测系统。在装置大厅内外区域共布置13个监测点,根据装置大厅内外辐射强度的差异,分别采用探测范围广、时间响应快和探测灵敏度高、工作稳定性强相结合的BF3正比计数管和氩气电离室。脉冲信号经前置放大器、运算放大器、脉冲甄别与成形后送入单片机处理,通过双绞线与以太网的混合组网方式将数据传输到采集机,利用LabVIEW采集软件实现对中子与γ射线实时剂量率及累积剂量的采集与存储。监测数据表明,放电时大厅内中子和γ射线剂量率在短时间快速升高,且距离主机越近剂量率越大。而大厅外辐射剂量率始终处于极低水平,几乎不受脉冲放电的影响。该监测系统满足了EAST托卡马克装置辐射监测需求,确保了人员与周围环境辐射安全,保障了聚变装置安全有效运行。

基于EAST束发射光谱的中性束衰减特征研究

中性束注入(NBI)是托卡马克装置重要的辅助加热与电流驱动手段,中性原子的离化是决定中性束的加热(能量和粒子沉积剖面)和电流驱动效率的关键环节。通常情况下,利用背景等离子体参数与中性束参数模拟计算快的中性粒子与等离子体的离化,即中性束沉积过程,进而分析托卡马克中性束加热和电流驱动效果。束发射光谱是高能中性粒子注入等离子体后,与等离子体的电子、离子发生碰撞激发,中性粒子退激发过程中产生的一系列特征谱线,其束发射光谱强度受等离子体密度、温度、束能量、束密度等因素影响,可以利用束发射光谱强度变化研究中性束的衰减特性。在EAST托卡马克上通过实验测量中性束粒子与等离子体碰撞激发的光谱强度,分析得到了中性束在不同等离子体密度以及不同中性束能量下的衰减特性,并采用主动束光谱仿真与数值分析软件(SOS)进行了相应的模拟计算,研究表明实验测量与模拟计算结果两者具有较好的一致性,这验证了通过实验测量束发射光谱获取中性束衰减特征的可行性。

Plastid phylogenomics provides new insights into the systematics,diversification,and biogeography of Cymbidium(Orchidaceae)

Cymbidium(Orchidaceae:Epidendroideae),with around 60 species,is widely-distributed across Southeast Asia,providing a nice system for studying the processes that underlie patterns of biodiversity in the region.However,phylogenetic relationships of Cymbidium have not been well resolved,hampering investigations of species diversification and the biogeographical history of this genus.In this study,we construct a plastome phylogeny of 56 Cymbidium species,with four well-resolved major clades,which provides a framework for biogeographical and diversification rate analyses.Molecular dating and biogeographical analyses show that Cymbidium likely originated in the region spanning northern IndoBurma to the eastern Himalayas during the early Miocene(~21.10 Ma).It then rapidly diversified into four major clades in East Asia within approximately a million years during the middle Miocene.Cymbidium spp.migration to the adjacent regions(Borneo,Philippines,and Sulawesi)primarily occurred during the Pliocene-Pleistocene period.Our analyses indicate that the net diversification rate of Cymbidium has decreased since its origin,and is positively associated with changes in temperature and monsoon intensity.Favorable hydrothermal conditions brought by monsoon intensification in the early Miocene possibly contributed to the initial rapid diversification,after which the net diversification rate was reduced with the cooling climate after the middle Miocene.The transition from epiphytic to terrestrial habits may have enabled adaptation to cooler environments and colonization of northern niches,yet without a significant effect on diversification rates.This study provides new insights into how monsoon activity and temperature changes affected the diversification dynamics of plants in Southeast Asia.

基于JWT的EAST实验数据用户身份和服务权限认证

用户身份和服务权限认证已成为身份验证和数据访问安全的重要手段。用户身份认证采用动态令牌技术JWT实现。针对JWT丢失和被截获的问题,提出加密存储、解密使用的策略和IP与JWT绑定机制。根据EAST实验数据和用户的现状,将用户资源划分为二级用户,将服务资源划分为三级资源,采用图数据库Neo4j存储用户和资源之间的权限关系,并提出位图法加速权限认证。实验结果表明,基于JWT的认证方法及其安全策略能够有效解决身份和权限认证的问题。相较于传统的关系数据库存储用户权限,图数据库Neo4j和位图法能有效地提高权限认证效率。

EAST装置等离子体放电真空室抽气系统抽速标定及应用

真空系统是聚变装置的重要组成部分,EAST真空系统包括等离子体放电真空室和低温超导真空室。等离子体放电真空室又称内真空室。内真空室抽气系统直接影响装置的粒子排出,关系到高参数等离子体放电获得。EAST装置升级改造后的内真空室抽气系统主要包括主抽管道抽气子系统、偏滤器抽气子系统和低杂波加热系统抽气子系统,整个抽气系统使用了6台分子泵、14台外置低温泵和2套内置低温泵。采用粒子平衡的方法,对内真空室抽气系统各子系统进行了抽速标定。实验结果表明,最佳抽气性能区间在5×10^(-4)~5×10^(-3)Pa,并且随着真空室压力增大或者减小,各子系统的抽气速率均下降。对比改进前后的内真空室抽气系统的总抽速,改进后的最大抽速可达170 m^(3)/s,总体抽气速率提升20%左右。在百秒量级等离子放电参数下,利用标定的抽气速率数据初步评估了燃料粒子的滞留情况。本研究为等离子体放电的壁滞留与再循环控制以及其他相关物理实验开展提供了数据支持。

The protective effect of cyclodextrin on the color quality and stability of Cabernet Sauvignon red wine

The impact of cyclodextrins(CDs)on wine quality and stability remains largely unknown.This study systematically assessed the protective effect of the post-fermentation addition of CDs on color stability of red wine from the viewpoints of color characteristics,copigmentation and phenolic profiles.The grey relational analysis(GRA)and principal component analysis(PCA)methods were employed to dissect the key effective determinants related to color quality.The addition of CDs induced a significant hyperchromic effect of 8.19-25.40%,a significant bathochromic effect and an enhancement of the color intensity.Furthermore,the evolution of anthocyanin forms and the content of monomeric anthocyanins revealed that β-CD is a superior favorable cofactor during wine aging,but for long-term aging,2-HP-β-CD and 2-HP-γ-CD are more beneficial in promoting the formation of polymerized anthocyanins and color stability.This work provides an important reference for the use of CDs to enhance the color quality and stability of red wines.

EAST 低杂波加热对同向切向中性束碰撞力矩影响的研究

为研究低杂波加热对同向切向中性束注入的束功率沉积和碰撞力矩的影响,基于低杂波加热的实验参数,使用TRANSP程序进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明,当注入功率1.3MW、能量50keV的同向切向束时,随着LHW加热束沉积功率降低,快离子电荷交换损失增加20%;离子吸收的功率占总的束沉积功率的比例由45%增加到51%。碰撞力矩与束沉积功率的比值由1.327Nm·MW^(-1)增加到1.457Nm·MW^(-1);等离子体电子温度越高,电荷交换损失和碰撞力矩与束沉积功率比值也越大,而低杂波加热期间的束碰撞力矩保持稳定。

FAR3d程序对EAST上阿尔芬不稳定性识别过程中的应用

为更好理解EAST实验中的等离子体不稳定性现象,文章从实验和模拟两个角度,对EAST中高βN放电区间的阿尔芬不稳定性现象进行了分析。在实验上,本文使用高频磁探针和电子回旋辐射诊断对不稳定性的频率、位置、环向模数进行判断。在模拟上首次应用了FAR3d程序,识别了在ρ=0.45、频率为87 kHz的主导模式TAE(toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmode),以及ρ=0.55、频率为62 kHz的次主导模式EPM(energetic particle mode),环向模数均为2,与实验中的测量结果对比在误差范围内基本一致,自洽地识别了不稳定性的类型并且得到了位置与频率信息。在此基础上,对有限拉莫轨道(finite Larmor radius, FLR)效应进行评估。模拟结果显示,在EAST高βN放电区间,FLR效应对识别低环向模数n的不稳定性模式的影响较小。在该放电的模式的识别过程中可关闭FLR以加速计算。FAR3d程序高效的计算能力和精准的模拟结果,可为后续EAST的实验提供指导。

Determining the surface fault-rupture hazard zone for the Pazarcık segment of the East Anatolian fault zone through comprehensive analysis of surface rupture from the February 6,2023,Earthquake(Mw 7.7)

Following surface rupture observations in populated areas affected by the KahramanmaraşEarthquake(Mw 7.7)on February 6th,2023,along the Pazarcık segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone(EAFZ),this study presents novel insights into physical criteria for delineating surface fault-rupture hazard zones(SRHZs)along ruptured strike-slip faults.To achieve this objective,three trench studies across the surface rupture were conducted on the Pazarcık segment of the EAFZ to collect field data,and earthquake recurrence intervals were interpreted using Bayesian statistics from previously conducted paleoseismological trenchings.The results of the proposed model indicate that the Pazarcık segment produced five significant surface-rupturing earthquakes in the last∼11 kyr:E1:11.13±1.74 kyr,E2:7.62±1.20 kyr,E3:5.34±1.05 kyr,E4:1.82±0.93 kyr,and E5:0.35±0.11 kyr.In addition,the recurrence intervals of destructive earthquakes on the subject in question range from 0.6 kyr to 4.8 kyr.Considering that the last significant earthquake occurred in 1513,the longest time since the most recent surface fault rupturing earthquake on this particular segment was 511 years.These results indicate that,in terms of the theoretical recurrence interval of earthquakes that can create surface ruptures on the Pazarcık segment,the period in which the February 6,2023,earthquake occurred was within the end of the expected return period.As a result,the potential for a devastating earthquake in the near future is not foreseen on the same fault.Finally,the SRHZ proposed for the Pazarcık section of Gölbaşıvillage was calculated as a 61-meter-wide offset on the fault lineament to reduce the negativities that may occur in the ruptured area in the future.It is recommended to take into account this width in the settlement of this area and nearby areas.

Relative Impacts of Sea Ice Loss and Atmospheric Internal Variability on the Winter Arctic to East Asian Surface Air Temperature Based on Large-Ensemble Simulations with NorESM2

To quantify the relative contributions of Arctic sea ice and unforced atmospheric internal variability to the “warm Arctic, cold East Asia”(WACE) teleconnection, this study analyses three sets of large-ensemble simulations carried out by the Norwegian Earth System Model with a coupled atmosphere–land surface model, forced by seasonal sea ice conditions from preindustrial, present-day, and future periods. Each ensemble member within the same set uses the same forcing but with small perturbations to the atmospheric initial state. Hence, the difference between the present-day(or future) ensemble mean and the preindustrial ensemble mean provides the ice-loss-induced response, while the difference of the individual members within the present-day(or future) set is the effect of atmospheric internal variability. Results indicate that both present-day and future sea ice loss can force a negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation with a WACE pattern in winter. The magnitude of ice-induced Arctic warming is over four(ten) times larger than the ice-induced East Asian cooling in the present-day(future) experiment;the latter having a magnitude that is about 30% of the observed cooling. Sea ice loss contributes about 60%(80%) to the Arctic winter warming in the present-day(future) experiment. Atmospheric internal variability can also induce a WACE pattern with comparable magnitudes between the Arctic and East Asia. Ice-lossinduced East Asian cooling can easily be masked by atmospheric internal variability effects because random atmospheric internal variability may induce a larger magnitude warming. The observed WACE pattern occurs as a result of both Arctic sea ice loss and atmospheric internal variability, with the former dominating Arctic warming and the latter dominating East Asian cooling.

基于4H-SiC探测器多球谱仪的聚变中子能谱测量研究

Bonner多球谱仪作为主要用于测量中子能谱和剂量的仪器,对于聚变装置的辐射监测与防护具有重要意义。为了研究超导托卡马克(Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak,EAST)在中性束注入(Neutral Beam Injector,NBI)加热实验条件下的中子能谱和剂量当量,研制了一套由涂有6LiF的4H-SiC半导体探测器和8个慢化球组成的Bonner中子多球谱仪,在相应放电实验中进行了实验测量。通过与EAST上中子注量监测结果进行源强归一化处理,并结合模拟计算获得的每个慢化球中子响应函数,利用最大熵程序解算出大厅内部中子能谱分布。进一步通过中子注量-剂量转化系数获得中子剂量当量,并与蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算的主机大厅内相应位置的中子能谱和剂量当量进行比较,归一化聚变中子源项下测量位置的中子注量与模拟值的比值为0.98;归一化聚变中子源项下测量位置的周围剂量当量与模拟值的比值为1.05。对比结果验证了该多球谱仪在EAST装置上初步应用的可靠性。

EAST装置上差分抽气测量系统的设计

在托卡马克装置运行过程中,装置内壁吸附的杂质粒子会释放到内真空室,影响等离子体的平稳运行。因此需要在放电前对装置进行壁处理清洗。设计了差分抽气测量系统,可以在保持内真空室气体比例不变的前提下降低压力,实现四极质谱仪的正常工作,检测壁处理清洗期间的气体成分。整个设计过程围绕关键部件小流导法兰的流导设计展开,采用粒子平衡法计算得出小流导法兰的设计参数。可以在分子流流态下将待测腔室的气压从10 Pa降低至约0.01 Pa。设计结果为类似高压力条件下气体成分监测设备的设计提供参考。

Interdecadal variability of summer precipitation in the Three River Source Region: Influences of SST and zonal shifts of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet

Summer precipitation in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR)of China is vital for the headwaters of the Yellow,Yangtze,and Lancang rivers and exhibits significant interdecadal variability.This study investigates the influence of the East Asian westerly jet(EAWJ)on TRSR rainfall.A strong correlation is found between TRSR summer precipitation and the Jet Zonal Position Index(JZPI)of the EAWJ from 1961 to 2019(R=0.619,p<0.01).During periods when a positive JZPI indicates a westward shift in the EAWJ,enhanced water vapor anomalies,warmer air,and low-level convergence anomalies contribute to increased TRSR summer precipitation.Using empirical orthogonal function and regression analyses,this research identifies the influence of large-scale circulation anomalies associated with the Atlantic–Eurasian teleconnection(AEA)from the North Atlantic(NA).The interdecadal variability between the NA and central tropical Pacific(CTP)significantly affects TRSR precipitation.This influence is mediated through the AEA via a Rossby wave train extending eastward along the EAWJ,and another south of 45°N.Moreover,the NA–CTP Opposite Phase Index(OPI),which quantifies the difference between the summer mean sea surface temperatures of the NA and the CTP,is identified as a critical factor in modulating the strength of this teleconnection and influencing the zonal position of the EAWJ.

EAST托卡马克早期H模实验边界局域模特征的统计分析

为分析EAST托卡马克早期(2010—2014年)高约束运行模式(H模)中边界局域模(ELM)与哪些参数具有强相关性,在验证有效性的基础上,采用主打击点处Dα辐射的相对涨落来定量表征边界局域模幅度,建立EAST托卡马克早期H模下ELM特征数据库。统计分析表明,ELM频率随边界安全因子的增大而减小,2010年type-ⅢELM的频率随总加热功率的增大而增大。这与其他装置或2015年以后EAST装置上得到的结果不一致,部分原因是碳杂质水平的变化。碳杂质水平是影响EAST托卡马克早期H模实验中ELM行为的重要因素之一。

The Influence of the Closure of the East Paleo-Tethys Ocean on Southern South China:Evidences from Kinematics and^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar Geochronology of the Rongxian Ductile Shear Zone in Southeastern Guangxi

The Triassic was a crucial period in the tectonic evolution of the South China Block.Research on tectonic deformation during this period provides information on intracontinental orogenic mechanisms in South China.In this study,alongside thermochronological analyses,we examine the macroscopic and microscopic structural features of the Rongxian ductile shear zone,located south of the Darongshan granite in the southeastern part of Guangxi Province,on the southern margin of South China.Sinistral shear is indicated by the characteristics of rotatedσ-type feldspar porphyroclasts,stretching lineations defined by elongated quartz grains and the orientations of quartz c-axes.LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from two samples of granitic mylonite and one of granite yielded ages of ca.256 Ma.Furthermore,two samples of granitic mylonite yield muscovite^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar plateau ages of 249-246 Ma.These results indicate that the Rongxian ductile shear zone resulted from Early Triassic deformation of the late Permian Darongshan granite.This deformation was likely related to the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the subsequent collision of the South China and Indochina blocks,during the early stage of the Indosinian orogeny.