Research Agenda for Understanding Transboundary Ecosystem Changes and Eco-security in Southwestern China

The longitudinal range-gorge region (LRGR) in Southwestern China, characterized by longitudinal mountain ranges and deep valleys, includes the basins of four major international rivers: the Yuanjiang-Red, Lancang Mekong, Nujiang Salween and Irrawaddy. This region is classified as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, and provides an important ecological and economic corridor linking China and Southeast Asian countries. Over the past half century, it has served as a resource base for timber and minerals needed to fuel economic development, which resulted in rapid and drastic changes in ecosystem and species diversity. Proposed and ongoing development programs, such as China’s Great Western Development campaign, Greater Mekong Subregional Economic Cooperation (GMS) and China-ASEAN free trade zone development (“10+1”), threaten to bring unprecedented disturbance to the region’s ecosystems. Present and emerging threats to eco-security have caught tremendous attention worldwide. Therefore, studies on such problems are critical for enhancing ecosystem health and transboundary eco-security. This paper indicates several multi-disciplinary and cross-sector studies on transboundary resources in this region that will meet three major national needs: 1) identifying core scientific issues of ecological development and infrastructure construction in highplateau and mountainous areas for the Western Development campaign; 2) developing maintenance mechanisms and control methodologies for transboundary eco-security and resource base development; 3) providing scientific grounds for multi-lateral diplomacy, trade and economic cooperation, and conflict resolution as part of China’s opening-up to south Asia. The key subjects to be solved include dynamics and major drive forces of this area, ecological effects caused by major projects construction, and transboundary eco-security and its controlling. The research projects proposed in this article will develop theories on ecosystem change and transboundary eco-security, and provide a scientific basis for national and international development strategies.

Tourism Destination Eco-Security and Its Dynamic Evaluation Method

Ecological security of tourism destination is an important factor for the sustainable development of tourism industry, and many tourism destinations are threatened by various ecological problems. A complete understanding of eco-security situation is the foundation of maintaining sustainable development for tourism destinations. However, study on tourism destination eco-security has remained in the initial stage, based on domestic and international researches, the connotations and dynamic characteristics of tourism destination eco-security were discussed. Then, evaluation method of tourism destination eco-security and standard system were proposed, also dynamic evaluation method of tourism destination eco-safety based on the situation evaluation and trend was analyzed.

Performance Analysis of Physical Layer Security over α-η-κ-μ Fading Channels

In this paper, we consider the secure data transmission over α-η-κ-μ fading channels, which are recently proposed to encompass nearly all the well-known statistical models adopted in the literature. In particular, we address the secrecy performance in terms of the average secrecy capacity(ASC) and the secrecy outage probability(SOP), for which novel analytical expressions are derived. Simulation results verify the analysis and demonstrate the impact of the physical parameters on the secrecy performance of this new channel fading model.

“边境-粮食-生态”安全视域下耕地利用生态效率演变特征与机制——以中越边境地区为例

明晰耕地利用生态效率的驱动机理是深化土地科学前沿探索、优化粮食安全发展格局的关键基础。建构“边境-粮食-生态”安全框架,采用非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测算2000—2020年中越边境地区耕地利用生态效率,通过泰尔指数研究其演变特征和区域差异,并运用动态面板系统GMM模型揭示耕地利用生态效率的驱动机制。结果表明:(1)中越边境地区耕地利用生态效率指数总体呈现“先升-后降-再升”的变化趋势,整体处在中等效率水平,空间表现为“北高-南低”分布格局,省际差异是造成区域差异的主要原因。(2)化肥使用过量、劳动力过剩和碳排放增加是造成中越边境地区耕地投入产出要素松弛、耕地利用生态效率损失的重要因素。(3)中越边境地区耕地利用生态效率由多因子交互作用驱动,地形坡度、城镇化、边境贸易水平、财政支农水平是提高耕地利用生态效率的积极因素,水土流失率、工业化和劳均耕地规模对耕地利用生态效率具有抑制效应。中越边境地区亟需优化耕地经营投入结构,向“投入优-产出高-排放低”方向转型,构建边境粮农稳态格局,促进边境地区长足稳定高质量发展。

Systematic Design and Coordination Acts of Ecological Security in Upper Yangtze River in China

In this paper, systematic design and act of eco-security is discussed as a focal point of conflict and unrest. The situation of ecosystem, the schematic framework of eco-security design, the main acts of ecosystem improvement, major difficulties and challenges have also been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to formulate the systematic framework of eco-security maintenance, to highlight systematic idea or philosophy of ecological rehabilitation and eco-security. A three-dimensional schematic model is applied to design the security of ecosystem. It was concluded that: 1) maintaining ecological security requires far better and sophisticated resource management skill and ecological improvement measures, and is also a continuing and multifac-eted task. It cannot be permanently accomplished by a single action and program; 2) at present, technical system and policy and law system dimensions of ecological security are not enough even in short; 3) development of ecological industries is beneficial to local economic development and ecosystem protection.

The effectiveness of the department of defense's field manual 3-11 in detecting,deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent(HBBA):perceptions of security personnel

Background: The department of defense's field manual(FM) 3-11 is among the military's field manuals for preparing for, reacting to and recovering from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear attacks. Since post 9-11, U.S. military service members have been deployed in the global war on terrorism. This study attempted to determine the effectiveness of the FM 3-11 in detecting, deterring or preventing a human-borne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist breach at an entry control point(ECP).Methods: This time-specific, cross-sectional study disseminated a validated survey tool with Cronbach's α>0.82 to respondents who have had antiterrorism training and combat ECP experience. The return rate was greater than 75.0%; however, many of the respondents failed to meet the inclusion criteria. Consequently, only 26 questionnaires were included in the sample.Results: The results revealed that while over 60.0% of the respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that biointelligence, the deployment of biodetectors and the use of biowarning systems could be effective in preventing an ECP breach by a terrorist with a bioagent, the use of protective equipment and immunization to decontaminate service members or other tactics, techniques and procedures(TTPs) would never prevent a breach. A large percentage of respondents claimed that soldiers at the ECP lacked the devices or the knowledge to detect an HBBA at an ECP, and 72.0% suggested modifying current ECP TTPs to include education, training and equipment for security personnel at military base ECPs.Conclusion: If obtained from appropriate sources and communicated to the personnel at the ECP in an effective or timely manner, the possible effectiveness of certain TTPs in the FM 3-11, specifically FM 3-11.86(intelligence), might increase.

Enhancement of Multicast Security with Opportunistic Relaying Technique over κ-μ Shadowed Fading Channels

The effects of scatterers, fluctuation parameter and propagation clusters significantly affect the performance of κ-μ shadowed fading channel. On the other hand, opportunistic relaying is an efficient technique to improve the performance of fading channels reducing the effects of aforementioned parameters. Motivated by these issues, in this paper, a secure wireless multicasting scenario through κ-μ shadowed fading channel is considered in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers with opportunistic relaying. The main purpose of this paper is to ensure the security level in wireless multicasting compensating the loss of security due to the effects of power ratio between dominant and scattered waves, fluctuation parameter, and the number of propagation clusters, multicast users and eavesdroppers, by opportunistic relaying technique. The closed-form analytical expressions are derived for the probability of non-zero secrecy multicast capacity (PNSMC) and the secure outage probability for multicasting (SOPM) to understand the insight of the effects of above parameters. The results show that the loss of security in multicasting through κ-μ shadowed fading channel can be significantly enhanced using opportunistic relaying technique by compensating the effects of scatterers, fluctuation parameter, and the number of propagation clusters, multicast users and eavesdroppers.

United States Healthcare Data Breaches: Insights for NIST SP 800-66 Revision 2 from a Review of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1

Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publication base as an effective solution. The NIST Special Publication 800-66 Revision 1 was an essential standard in US healthcare, which was withdrawn in February 2024 and superseded by SP 800-66 Revision 2. This review investigates the academic papers concerning the application of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1 standard in the US healthcare literature. A systematic review method was used in this study to determine current knowledge gaps of the SP 800-66 Revision 1. Some limitations were employed in the search to enforce validity. A total of eleven articles were found eligible for the study. Consequently, this study suggests the necessity for additional academic papers pertaining to SP 800-66 Revision 2 in the US healthcare literature. In turn, it will enhance awareness of safeguarding electronic protected health information (ePHI), help to mitigate potential future risks, and eventually reduce breaches.

基于FSS-ECO环境安全功能性服装产业创新升级研究

在FSS-ECO环境下,面对纺织服装行业劳动力生产力成本提高、原料价格不断上涨等现实产业问题的影响,为了促进安全性功能服装产业设计作为当前服装产业转型升级的新手段,从而转变产品设计的新思路。文章重点分析了制约当前安全功能性服装产业发展的内在原因及其产业升级的必然性,深入探析安全功能性服装在整体设计过程中所面临的问题以及在设计中的重点与难点,同时提出了安全功能性服装产业需依赖产业结构的调整变化、设计理念的转变、产品的技术文化创新以及品牌运营管理创新与生产管理建设等系列产业化创新升级的战略。进一步突显了安全功能性服装在现代服装产业转型升级中的地位,为整体产业创新升级研究奠定了基础理论研究。

Close Relationship between the Frangibility of Mountain Eco-Environment and Mountain Disasters:A Case Study of Dongchuan,Kunming in Yunnan Province

Anatomical details are given in this article, which is performed by investigating the relationship between through the frangibility of mountain eco-environment and the status of irrational land-use in typical region of debris flow in Dongchuan district, Kunming city, yunnan Province. This analysis is extended to the relationship between vicissitude of mountain disasters and the frangibility of mountain environment. The relatively coupling action of a vicious circle is a evolving characteristic by debris flow sand-gravel there. The eco-security is being faced with serious challenge. The tactics of eco-security has been constructed since 1980s. Thus, the eco-environrnent can gradually be repaired and optimized to achieve a fine circle.

Ecological Effects of Remote Smallsand Descending on Urban Area:Deduced from the "Mud - Snow" in Changchun City

A serious sandstorm occurred in North China from April 5 to April 7, 2000, while the remote smallsand decending took place in even larger area to the far northeast China. In Chanchun city, smallsand descending with snow provides the best samples to conduct a quantitative research on the possible impacts of city - ecology. In the 253km2 urban district area of Changchun city, smallsands accumulated up to more than 3000t on April 7, according to the calculation of four "mud - snow" samples. After naturally melting in room temperature, two samples are taken to do quarantine of "invasion bacteria". As a preliminary result, the individual amount of bacterium in 1 ml sample water is up to 8. 9 x 104 or 1. 05 x 105, and it is estimated that there are 640 million "invasion bacterium" individuals in one square meter. This study proves that other than the obvious environmental effects of sandstorm, the urban micro - ecosystem is very possible under threat by the "invasion bacterium" accompanied by remote descending smallsand.

Study on the Reform of Agricultural Supply Side Based on Food Security

In December 2015,the Central Rural Work Conference put forward the structural reform of agricultural supply side,to ensure the national food security. At present,China's grain production is increasing,the supply and demand structure of grain market is not balanced,and the ineffective supply due to the lack of market supply and demand has caused the problem of structural surplus and structural shortage.And price and quality difference of domestic and international grain is obvious,and the agricultural products in China are overstock,so the reform of agricultural supply side based on food security must be implemented. To adjust structure,reduce stock,reduce cost,increase quality,promote the primary,secondary and tertiary industries convergence will become the focus of China's agricultural supply side structural reform,and we can develop the ecological agriculture,improve the competitiveness of the grain market in price and quality,to ensure food security for the nation.

长江大保护背景下城市沿江生态空间划定与管控研究--以武汉为例

长江中下游地区城市化进程较快,沿江空间是城市生态属性和社会属性较为显著的区域,也是生态保护和开发建设矛盾较为突出的区域,亟需对沿江生态空间进行保护和管控。既有研究中,对我国城市沿江生态空间管控仍存在边界不清晰、管控要素不全面、管控体系不健全的问题。该文以长江中下游地区典型城市武汉为对象,首先通过最小阻力模型划定武汉市沿江空间范围,基于格局与过程原理对沿江空间内的生态安全格局进行构建,继而利用CA模型模拟武汉市2025年、2035年和2050年的城市增长情况,在考虑生态保护与城市发展兼顾的前提下,试图构建“分区管控—动态反馈—政策保障”沿江生态空间管控体系,以期为后期城市化进程中城市沿江生态空间的管控提供参考。

环境变化的径流效应研究进展及黄河水源涵养区研究展望

针对变化环境下黄河流域实测径流大幅度锐减,严重影响流域水资源与生态安全的问题,面向黄河生态保护和高质量发展的国家重大战略需求,梳理了变化环境下径流效应研究中亟待解决的关键科学问题与关键技术。以黄河水源涵养区为对象,以环境变化的径流效应和水资源预测为核心,细化了数据集构建、机理解析、模型研发、趋势预估4项具体研究内容与研究方案。预期研究成果将揭示黄河水源涵养区水文-生态过程的互馈耦合机理、创新变化环境下生态水文的模拟和预测技术,科学预测变化环境下流域水安全和生态环境风险趋势,有效支撑流域水资源可持续利用与生态环境保护决策。

基于耦合协调度模型的永久基本农田优化调整方法研究——以鹤壁市淇滨区为例

永久基本农田的优化调整对于实现耕地保护、土地集约利用和保障国家粮食安全具有重大意义。目的 为了对永久基本农田进行优化调整,方法 以鹤壁市淇滨区为研究对象,从耕地综合质量与耕地景观生态安全双重视角出发,提出一种基于耕地综合质量与景观生态安全的耦合协调度模型,依据评价单元耕地的耦合协调度等级,对耕地综合质量进行评价。结果 结果表明,通过耕地景观生态安全对永久基本农田稳定性的约束作用,进一步确保了永久基本农田生产功能稳定发挥,优化了国土空间格局;耦合协调度水平较高区域主要分布在开发区、大赉店镇、示范区和钜桥镇,空间上呈西低东高的分布格局,应优先考虑将东部耕地调整为永久基本农田;基于划定规则约束条件对耦合协调度模型初步划定结果进行优化调整,将研究区永久基本农田划定区域分为保留区(6 387.35 hm^(2))、可调入区(5 473.07 hm^(2))、调出区(804.77hm^(2))和不适宜调入区(988.12 hm^(2))。结论 研究方法避免了永久基本农田划定过程中只考虑耕地质量这一因素带来的不利影响,充分考虑耕地质量、景观生态安全对农田生产稳定性的约束作用,统筹考虑了生态保护与农田空间布局需求,提高了永久基本农田优化调整的合理性和科学性。

干旱区内陆河流域的生态安全与生态需水量研究--兼谈塔里木河生态需水量问题

结合对干旱区生态安全和生态需水量关键科学问题的探讨,提出干旱内陆河流域生态脆弱区的生态安全分析是以水过程研究为核心的,水文过程控制着生态过程,对流域生态系统的稳定性有着直接影响,而水资源开发利用和水循环对生态系统功能有重要影响,天然植物恢复和生长的合理地下水位的研究是确立生态需水量的基础。并实证分析和计算了维系塔里木河生态安全的生态需水量,塔里木河干流现状生态需水量为31.74×108m3,其中,上、中、下游分别为9.95×108m3、18.47×108m3和3.32×108m3。

基于GIS-Markov区域生态安全时空演变研究——以大连市甘井子区为例

以大连市甘井子区为例,基于压力-状态-响应（P-S-R）框架构建区域生态安全评价体系,利用研究区1990年、2000年和2009年3期TM遥感影像数据,在GIS格网技术下量化多源数据,创建区域生态安全格网数据库,采用加权综合评价方法进行生态安全状态评价。以评价结果为基础,构建区域生态安全GIS-Markov模型,通过计算区域生态安全状态转移矩阵,揭示区域生态安全时空演变特点。研究结果表明：①1990~2009年甘井子区各街道生态安全指数逐年增加,其中1990~2000年生态安全变化较大的地区集中于甘井子北部和中部,西部和南部地区生态安全变化较小;2000~2009年除泉水街道与南关岭街道外,其他地区生态安全状况均大幅好转。②区域背景在生态安全空间演变趋同过程中起着重要的作用。甘井子区生态安全演变的可能性受邻域的影响,安全等级较高的邻域对生态安全等级转移起到正面作用,而安全等级较低的邻域则产生负向影响。1990~2000年,甘井子区生态安全状态受较高安全等级邻域的影响,安全状态好转的面积较大,营城子街道北部及革镇堡街道西部的农村地区受较低安全等级邻域的影响,安全状态变差。2000~2009年,甘井子区生态安全总体向好的方面转变,受邻域的影响较小,只有泉水街道及营城子街道与红旗街道交界处受不安全邻域影响,其生态安全状况转差。

快速城市化区域生态安全的空间模糊综合评价--以广州市为例

随着经济的快速发展,城市生态安全状况令人担忧。进行城市生态安全评价,了解城市生态安全状况成为城市生态建设、改善和提高城市生态安全状况的前提。基于TM遥感数据以及GIS平台,构建评价指标体系,采用空间模糊评价方法进行生态安全的空间综合评价,进而分析其时间与空间变化。生态安全空间分布图及其属性的统计结果表明,整体上讲,广州市生态安全等级为一般,并且随时间推移,生态安全状态比较稳定,但是在1995年受到较大的破坏;不同区域之间生态安全的对比分析显示,广州市生态安全的城乡差异明显,中心城区生态安全状态堪忧;将研究结果与作者早已经完成的同区域基于统计数据的生态安全评价分析结果进行趋势对比,二者显示出一致性,表明基于格网的空间模糊综合评价方法用于生态安全评价是可行的,研究的设计也是合理的,但是这种空间综合评价方法却具有传统方法不具备的优点:不仅具有可视化的表达效果,还有利于不同范围大小区域之间的对比研究。

生态安全条件下土地利用格局优化--以皇甫川流域为例

在人类活动导致的生态环境问题中,土地利用格局变化对区域生态安全起着决定性作用。选择我国乃至在世界上都罕见的多沙、粗沙、强烈水土流失的黄河皇甫川流域作为研究区域,针对土壤侵蚀和生态用水这两大影响流域生态安全的关键问题,开展土地利用变化模拟、土壤侵蚀3S监测、适宜植被盖度估算、土壤侵蚀情景模拟、土地利用格局优化等方面的综合研究。结果表明:(1)土地利用格局变化是导致土壤侵蚀变化的重要因素。从1987年到2015年,建筑用地、林地和灌丛面积增加,水域、沙地和裸砒砂岩面积减少,导致流域年平均土壤侵蚀模数由16160.72 t km-2a-1降至9710.72 t km-2a-1。(2)土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀模数密切相关并存在一定规律。6种不同土地利用类型多年平均土壤侵蚀模数的大小顺序为:裸砒砂岩>沙地>耕地>草地>林地>灌丛,表明灌、林措施是流域植被恢复和土壤侵蚀减少的首选。(3)土地利用结构和空间格局优化有助于提升区域生态安全水平。在优化格局下,2007年和2015年土壤侵蚀模数比优化前分别减少5469.57 t km-2a-1和5432.77 t km-2a-1,优化后2015年土壤侵蚀模数仅为4277.95 t km-2a-1,低于流域自然侵蚀临界值或允许土壤侵蚀模数5300 t km-2a-1,优化土地利用格局成为加强流域生态环境建设的重要途径。