Spatiotemporal characteristics of cultivated land use eco-efficiency and its influencing factors in China from 2000 to 2020

Improving cultivated land use eco-efficiency(CLUE)can effectively promote agricultural sustainability,particularly in developing countries where CLUE is generally low.This study used provincial-level data from China to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of CLUE from 2000 to 2020 and identified the influencing factors of CLUE by using a panel Tobit model.In addition,given the undesirable outputs of agricultural production,we incorporated carbon emissions and nonpoint source pollution into the global benchmark-undesirable output-super efficiency-slacks-based measure(GB-US-SBM)model,which combines global benchmark technology,undesirable output,super efficiency,and slacks-based measure.The results indicated that there was an upward trend in CLUE in China from 2000 to 2020,with an increase rate of 2.62%.The temporal evolution of CLUE in China could be classified into three distinct stages:a period of fluctuating decrease(2000-2007),a phase of gradual increase(2008-2014),and a period of rapid growth(2015-2020).The major grain-producing areas(MPAs)had a lower CLUE than their counterparts,namely,non-major grain-production areas(non-MPAs).The spatial agglomeration effect followed a northeast-southwest strip distribution;and the movement path of barycentre revealed a"P"shape,with Luoyang City,Henan Province,as the centre.In terms of influencing factors of CLUE,investment in science and technology played the most vital role in improving CLUE,while irrigation index had the most negative effect.It should be noted that these two influencing factors had different impacts on MPAs and non-MPAs.Therefore,relevant departments should formulate policies to enhance the level of science and technology,improve irrigation condition,and promote sustainable utilization of cultivated land.

The Use of Organic Waste as an Eco-Efficient Energy Source in Ghana

The problem of municipal solid waste (MSW) management has been an issue of global concern in recent times and has engaged governments and local authorities in their quest to manage solid waste in a sustained manner. One proposition which has the potential of solving three problems at the same time is the use of the biodegradable component of MSW as a source of energy to augment energy supply. This research therefore assessed the use of the organic fraction of MSW as an eco-efficient energy source in Ghana. A study of Ghana’s solid waste profile was undertaken and the fraction of biodegradable component was found to be approximately 60%, with a heating value of 17 MJ/kg and a moisture content of 50%. Moreover, it was established that 0.5 kg of solid waste is generated daily by each Ghanaian, meaning that about 5610 tons of the organic fraction could be made available every day to generate energy to the national grid. It was also established that waste disposal in Ghana is largely by way of open dumping as primary collection of waste from households in Ghana is limited to high-income communities which represent only 11% of the population, whereas secondary collection from transfer points to the disposal facilities is inefficient. With representative power output of 1.66 MWh/tonne a total of 3320 GWh of energy can be produced annually from the 4 proposed plants, generating net revenue of about $111,600,000. As an optimizing step, a waste incineration scheme was suggested in which the off-gases produced from organic waste combustion could be used to produce electrical power with steam in a multi-stage heat exchanger-steam turbine configuration, and the off gases again used for pre-drying of the organic waste in a cycle. A state-of-the art waste incineration technology was used as a model and adapted to suit Ghana’s tropical conditions. MSW combustion releases less CO2 for the same power output (837 Ib/MWh) than any of the other conventional fuels do, and is therefore a good fuel for the fight against climate change.

Towards an Eco-Efficient Development Strategy that Minimises the Risks Associated with the Location of Gas Stations in Human Settlements: A Fuzzy PROMETHEE Method

Evaluating real world situations in risky environments based on various qualitative/quantitative criteria in order to suggest a strategy/policy among available options is one of the critical challenges in incident management. Such is the case when considering an eco-efficient development strategy that can minimize the risk associated with the location of gas stations in human settlements. Taking the Douala city of Cameroon as an example, four actions were evaluated, including the options of relocating the gas stations, putting in place of emergency response plan in gas stations, and relocation of households subject to a group of four criteria. Data were collected via personal communication with decision-makers using a five-point Likert scale. The market values of buildings subject to expropriation were estimated based on order No. 0082/Y. 15.1/MNUH/D of 20 November 1987 of the ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Cameroon. The financial costs incurred in establishing a gas station were an average value obtained from a sample of 80 gas stations randomly selected among those whose locations do not comply with existing regulations. These amounts were obtained from their financial records, while the value of putting in place an emergency action plan was obtained from the current market value of the equipment required. The algorithm of PROMETHEE under the usual criterion function was implemented. The results suggested that putting in place an emergency response plan could minimize relocation costs, maximize profits/welfare, and maximize environmental quality, and minimize social impacts, and was therefore considered as the most preferred alternative. Sensitivity analyses of results further confirmed that implementation of emergency response plan is the most preferred alternative.

Eco-efficiency evaluation of symbiotic network for environmental governance PPP projects

Under the goal of "double carbon " strategy,the government and enterprises collaborate to form an efficient environmental governance symbiosis network to reduce pollution and carbon.Based on the panel data of 30 provinces,the static and dynamic eco-efficiency of the symbiotic network of environmental governance PPP projects are measured by using the SBM model and Malmquist index considering the super-efficiency of non-expected output.The results show that:(1) 8 provinces,including Hebei,have efficiency values greater than 1;11 provinces,including Liaoning,have organizational technology and management levels conducive to efficiency improvement,and 12 provinces,including Zhejiang,are closest to optimal scale efficiency.(2) Redundancy of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditures,urban environmental infrastructure construction investment and new product development projects,insufficient waste gas treatment capacity,environmental emergencies and carbon emission redundancy are all significant factors affecting eco-efficiency.(3) The dynamic efficiency of 8 provinces,including Fujian,shows a decreasing trend,and the Malmquist index and its decomposition indicate that the utilization rate of environmental governance technology should be improved and environmental resources should be allocated rationally.

Assessing agricultural eco-efficiency in Chongqing,2004-2019

Agricultural eco-efficiency is an important indicator to measure the sustainable development and high-quality development of agriculture.Based on the agricultural input-output data of 37 districts(counties)in Chongqing from 2004 to 2019,this paper uses the static SBM model and the DDF-BML index method to calculate the agricultural eco-efficiency of each district and county in Chongqing and conduct a comparative analysis.The comprehensive analysis of static and dynamic calculation results shows that the agricultural eco-efficiency of Chongqing is low,the agricultural input-output efficiency of various districts and counties is insufficient,and slack variables are common,so the ability of agricultural sustainable development still needs to be improved.The main sources of agricultural eco-efficiency are the progress of agricultural green technology and the efficiency of agricultural green technology.However,as far as the actual situation of Chongqing is concerned,the efficiency of agricultural green technology shows a downward trend,which has an inhibitory effect on the improvement of agricultural eco-efficiency.Therefore,in the process of agricultural ecological development in the future,Chongqing will focus on improving the efficiency of agricultural green technology as a starting point,implement agricultural technology innovation and promotion,improve the level of farmers’science and technology and culture,and achieve"technology to the countryside,demonstration to households,and application to the country."At the same time,it is necessary to further improve the construction of agricultural and rural infrastructure,and promote the"outward migration"of frontier technologies in agricultural production to radiate agricultural development in surrounding districts and counties.

Aesthetic Utopia,Revolution in Daily Life and Identity Construction of Peasant Paintings

Peasant painting is a kind of painting created by farmers as creative subject,bearing rich significance.According to the historical development of peasant painting in reality,the types of meaning it carried could be divided into three types in chronological order:political ideological significance,folk life significance,and creative fashion significance.These three types of meaning gave rise to three types of aesthetic utopia,namely political aesthetic utopia,folk aesthetic utopia and fashion aesthetic utopia.The three types of aesthetic utopia reflected three forms of negation and revolution of daily life.What the political aesthetic utopia resisted was the alienation force of material desire.What folk aesthetic utopia resisted was the desire for material and the binding of political ideology.The fashion aesthetic utopia opposed the relatively narrow localism.Through these three forms of resistance,the public also constructed three identities:the interpreter of their own aesthetic interpretation of political ideology,the interpreter of their own aesthetic interpretation of real life from perspective of local feelings,and the interpreter of their own aesthetic interpretation of real life from perspective of the relationship between themselves and the world.

从历史走向未来的农民集体发展权刍议

新形势下农民集体发展权应时代变化要求而生,以更好因应乡村振兴和共同富裕。一直以来农民集体合作发展都有着悠久历史,发展权的集体人权意涵、以人民为中心的人权理念遵循、现代性下的农民个体困境更是构筑了当下农民集体发展权的新兴逻辑。面向未来,农民集体发展权的主体必然是农民集体,并需依靠壮大农村集体经济、提升农村治理效能、优化农村社会保障来促进农民集体发展权的实现,以使农民能够在乡村振兴下跟上共同富裕的步伐。

中国式现代化视域下数字赋能农民现代化的逻辑与进路

数字化赋能农民现代化既是数字时代下农民全面发展的重要方式,又是推进中国式现代化的本质要求。文章在阐释中国式现代化视域下农民现代化的内涵基础上,基于社会学制度主义理论,从共享普惠、传播创新、技术进步及治理保障逻辑出发,探析数字化作用于农民现代化的理论机制;进而在保障四类逻辑机制通畅运行的目标下,从“场景-技术-主体-组织”的分析框架入手,剖析数字化赋能农民现代化的核心掣肘以及破解掣肘的实践进路,提出挖掘数字场景、革新数字技术、激活数字主体、优化数字组织等现实策略,以期增强农民现代化的数字赋能作用。以上结论对弥足人的现代化短板,促进中国式现代化具有一定价值。

时代新人培养目标下涉农高校实践育人共同体实效性研究——基于南京农业大学样本的实证分析

全面建设社会主义现代化国家,最艰巨最繁重的任务依然在农村,最广泛最深厚的基础依然在农村。涉农高校要自觉围绕立德树人根本任务,以实践育人共同体为抓手,培养更多知农爱农新型人才,但实践育人共同体的内在要求、实现路径、成效评估等仍有待深化,因此有必要对涉农高校实践育人共同体的实效性进行探究。文章基于747名涉农高校大学生的调查数据,建立有序Logit回归分析涉农高校实践育人共同体的实现程度。结果表明,专业能力、实践能力和“三农”情怀对涉农高校实践育人共同体的育人目标实现有积极影响。进一步的交互项结果表明,加强自然科学专业学生实践能力培养会强化涉农高校实践育人共同体的实效性,而加强社会科学专业学生专业能力的学习会促进实践育人共同体实现成效。因此,在知农爱农新型人才培养目标下,涉农高校应以注重培育成效为导向,以提高学生创新能力为基础,积极构建与完善“三农”情怀教育育人培养机制,构建并有效发挥涉农高校实践育人共同体的重要载体功能。

新时代乡村文化治理的时代意蕴

设神理以景俗,敷文化以柔远。在推进农业农村现代化的道路上,文化的作用不可小觑,是宜居宜业和美乡村建设的精神支撑。乡村文化治理作为推进乡村振兴的深层动力和引领乡村振兴的“铸魂工程”,兼具“治理对象”和“治理工具”双重意蕴,是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要组成部分,也是推动共同富裕的重要举措,更是提升社会文明程度的有力抓手。当前,乡村文化治理愈发成为探索中国式现代化新道路、创造人类文明新形态的重要议题,具有重要的研究意义。

驳地主与农民关系的错误言论——以减租减息运动前的山东为例

从减租减息运动前的山东来看,地主与农民之间存在着残酷的剥削与被剥削关系。地主阶级依仗权势及其所占有的土地、财产,肆意对农民进行惨无人道的剥削和压迫。他们贪婪成性、凶狠残暴、作恶多端。大量事实表明:地主对农民的剥削根本没有什么合理性,地主也不是什么心地善良、乐善好施的好人,广大农民在他们的残酷剥削和压迫下,生活困苦、饥寒交迫,终日挣扎在死亡线上。地主与农民之间的矛盾就是当时农村社会的主要矛盾。

使命型赋能:新民主主义革命时期中国共产党的农民赋能理念与实践

中国共产党新民主主义革命时期的农民赋能是将赋能与革命使命相结合的使命型赋能,赋能与革命使命不可相互化约。赋能指中国共产党对农民思想意识、知识与技能、组织化等方面权能的提升,革命使命是中国共产党要达成的社会革命目标。通过赋能提升农民权能既是目的,又是达成革命使命的手段。使命型赋能是由中国共产党作为使命型政党的特质决定的,它一方面避免了将革命使命口号化、空头化,另一方面避免了赋能的去政治化。对中国共产党使命型赋能的研究回应了学术史上关于农民赋能的化约论与二元对立论。中国共产党新民主主义革命时期的农民使命型赋能经验对乡村振兴战略中的农民使命型赋能有重要启示。

基层政府治理水平对农民奋斗价值观的影响研究

赓续艰苦奋斗精神,激发农民奋斗意志,是当前基层治理中农民思想建设的重要内容。基于2018年与2020年中国家庭追踪调查数据,利用有序Probit模型,实证分析基层政府治理水平对农民奋斗价值观的影响及作用机制。研究发现:第一,基层政府治理水平与农民奋斗价值观呈正相关,即基层政府治理水平越高,农民越倾向于认为“努力工作能有回报”,越发增强“对未来的信心”;第二,基层政府治理水平对农民奋斗价值观的影响,主要通过提高该群体的生活满意度和工作满意度来实现;第三,高水平的基层政府治理正向促进了建档立卡农民和非建档立卡农民奋斗价值观的塑造,且这种促进作用在非建档立卡农民中更显著。

共同富裕视域下乡村治理共同体建设的理论逻辑与实现路径

实现农民农村共同富裕是实现全体人民共同富裕中最艰巨最繁重的任务,这意味着加强和创新乡村治理将承担更多实现共同富裕的目标任务。为此,需在共同富裕视域下建设乡村治理共同体,实现农民农村共同富裕与乡村治理有效的高度统一。就其联系而言,实现共同富裕是乡村治理共同体建设的基本前提与价值导向,乡村治理共同体建设则是共同富裕的实现方式与本质要求,由此表现出二者互为实现途径与目的的内在耦合关系。就其理论逻辑而言,马克思共同体思想和城乡关系理论内在统一的思想奠基是其理论本源,习近平共同富裕观与乡村治理思想内在统一的现实指引是其理论创新,中华优秀传统文化中的“大同”理想与乡村治理思想的当代升华是其理论底蕴。就其实现路径而言,需坚持和加强党建引领,强化统筹乡村治理共同体的“内涵”和“外延”;发展壮大农村集体经济,筑牢乡村治理共同体建设的物质基础;健全“三治融合”乡村治理体系,完善乡村治理共同体的治理机制;积极推动城乡融合,激活乡村治理共同体建设的内生动力。

19世纪末至20世纪初俄国的农业政策

1861年改革没能解决俄国农业问题,半封建土地关系、地主垄断土地,导致国内市场狭小,农业耕作水平低,农民因饥饿大量死亡。废除地主土地所有制,解决农民土地短缺对俄国而言至关重要。19世纪80年代初,统治集团承认,农民缺地严重,设立农民土地银行、组织移民为对策之一,但成效不大。19世纪末至20世纪初,农业危机迫使统治阶层重新审查农业政策,其中心议题为村社与农民法律地位,争论集中在维特领导的财政部和普列维挂帅的内务部,最终在尼古拉二世的支持下,保守势力获胜。帝国农业政策的指导原则为村社不容侵犯、农民份地不可转让、保留农民等级制度。至1905年革命前,俄国农业问题尚未解决。

建构主义视角下农民集体行动研究——基于鄂北两村的调查

乡村治理现代化的程度,关乎乡村振兴战略实施和农村基层治理全局,也直接影响着国家治理现代化的进程与成效,而农民集体行动能力则是乡村治理现代化的重要指标。本研究从建构主义的视角出发,在动态关系中洞悉农民集体行动的生成机制与行动逻辑,发现农民集体行动归根结底就是情境实践,即农民集体行动是在制度情境、本土情境、事件情境下,以共同利益为基础促进成员组织化参与,在不同的主体互动中达成行动目标的共识,借助公共权威、社会信任、社会网络等建立协作配合的合作关系,构建起基层治理共同体的过程。

乡村振兴视域下农民公共精神培育:内在逻辑与现实路径

党的二十大报告提出“全面推进乡村振兴”。推进乡村振兴,要求农民具有公共精神。当前,部分农民参与乡村公共事务的积极性、主动性不高,公共精神欠缺,尚不适应乡村振兴之需要。文章在界定“农民公共精神”概念的基础上,探讨了乡村振兴视域下培育农民公共精神的内在逻辑,指出推动乡村全面振兴需要加强农民公共精神培育,并提出培育农民公共精神的现实路径:一是拓展乡村公共空间,二是丰富乡村公共活动,三是搭建多元培育载体,四是发展乡村文化。

20世纪50—70年代诗歌中的干部书写

在20世纪50—70年代的诗歌中,干部成为一个常态化的书写对象。虽然其一般具有同质化的特征,但也根据题材、语境、视角的差异而分化出不同的意义形态。同时,部分带有逾越性的形象既丰富了干部的可能面向,也追问着干部形象在建构过程中存在的问题。在诗歌中,作为知识分子与工农兵关系的中介,干部形象呈现出聚合性、附加性与修辞性,这是其政治诗学路径的症结所在。

非农就业、社会资本对农户农机租赁与雇工支出的影响研究——基于CFPS2018数据的实证分析

随着我国农村优质劳动力的大量外流,农业劳动力稀缺和老龄化问题日渐突出,租赁农机和农业雇工成为克服农户家庭劳动力约束的有效途径。同时,中国乡土社会普遍存在的以血缘和地缘为纽带的社会资本也可能影响农户的农机租赁和雇工支出。该文利用2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,实证研究非农就业、社会资本对农户农机租赁和雇工支出的影响。研究表明,非农就业能够促进农户农机租赁行为,但会减少其雇工支出,而社会资本则会同时提高农户农机租赁与雇工支出。因此,应努力提高农机服务效率,设立农业雇工平台,构建多层次、多元化农机服务体系,缓解非农就业引致的农地弃耕撂荒问题,实现农户与现代农业的有机衔接。

耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响——以常德市为例

提高水稻生产生态效率是协同实现保障粮食产量稳增长与减少粮食生产环境损耗双目标的关键路径,耕地作为农业生产活动最基本的生产资料之一,探索耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响对促进农业适度规模化经营和耕地可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于粮食生产微观主体——农户的视角,从理论上揭示耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响,并利用常德市416份农户问卷调查数据,运用随机前沿分析法构建效率测算模型和影响模型进行实证检验。研究表明:农户耕地规模化水平和水稻生产生态效率均有待提升,样本农户中较小规模农户数量最多,占总样本的94.95%,较小规模农户仍是农业生产的主力;农户水稻生产生态效率均值为0.830,还存在0.170的提升空间。耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率有显著影响,二者并非简单线性关系而是呈“倒U型”关系,且拐点所在区间为1.2~1.4 hm2;农户水稻生产生态效率还受到户主受教育程度、抚养比、农业收入占比的显著正向影响和户主年龄的显著负向影响。因此,应在尊重较小规模农户将长期存在这一现实的基础上,进一步推进耕地适度规模经营并培育新型农户,以促进水稻生产生态效率提高。