The 3D simulation and optimized management model of groundwater systems based on eco-environmental water demand

Through the study of mutual process between groundwater systems and eco-environmental water demand, the eco-environmental water demand is brought into groundwater systems model as the important water consumption item and unification of groundwater抯 economic, environmental and ecological functions were taken into account. Based on eco-environmental water demand at Da抋n in Jilin province, a three-dimensional simulation and optimized management model of groundwater systems was established. All water balance components of groundwater systems in 1998 and 1999 were simulated with this model and the best optimal exploitation scheme of groundwater systems in 2000 was determined, so that groundwater resource was efficiently utilized and good economic, ecologic and social benefits were obtained.

Water resources optimization and eco-environmental protection in Qaidam Basin

In order to realize sustainable development of the arid area of Northwest China, rational water resources exploitation and optimization are primary prerequisites. Based on the essential principle of sustainable development, this paper puts forward a general idea on water resources optimization and eco-environmental protection in Qaidam Basin, and identifies the competitive multiple targets of water resources optimization. By some qualitative methods such as Input-output Model & AHP Model and some quantitative methods such as System Dynamics Model & Produce Function Model, some standard plans of water resources optimization come into being. According to the Multiple Targets Decision by the Closest Value Model, the best plan of water resources optimization, eco-environmental protection and sustainable development in Qaidam Basin is finally decided.

Exploration of Water and Soil Conservation's Function in Construction of Eco-environment

Eco-environment lays foundation for human existence and development, and social and economy evolvement. Therefore, it is a fundamental principle to pro- tact and construct eco-environment and achieve sustainable development. With ur- ban development, and destruction on natural environment, however, the issue of water and soil losses has become a serious problem, affecting people＇s life and production. The research, therefore, explored the role of water and soil conservation in ecological civilization construction, including bomprehensive treatment of water storage and sand reduction, improving agricultural structure and advancing rural econ- omy, relieving the conflict between supply and demand of water resources, improv- ing eco-environment in mountainous regions and accelerating eco-construction.

System dynamics model of Suzhou water resources carrying capacity and its application

A model of Suzhou water resources carrying capacity （WRCC） was set up using the method of system dynamics （SD）. In the model, three different water resources utilization programs were adopted： （1） continuity of existing water utilization, （2） water conservation/saving, and （3） water exploitation. The dynamic variation of the Suzhou WRCC was simulated with the supply-decided principle for the time period of 2001 to 2030, and the results were characterized based on socio-economic factors. The corresponding Suzhou WRCC values for several target years were calculated by the model. Based on these results, proper ways to improve the Suzhou WRCC are proposed. The model also produced an optimized plan, which can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable utilization of Suzhou water resources and for the coordinated development of the society, economy, and water resources.

The Research of Ecology-Oriented Reasonable Deployment of Water Resources at Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland

Shuangtaizi estuary wetland, the largest natural conservation district in China, and one of the best preserved, largest ecological lands with the most complete vegetation types in the world, is located in Panjin city, Liaoning Province. In recent years, the degradation of Shuangtaizi estuary wetland is very serious. In order to rescue lives in the wetland and protect valuable natural resources, the information system of Shuangtaizi estuary wetland was built with '3S' technology, and the minimum, optimum, and maximum eco-environmental water requirements were calculated respectively. Furthermore, for restoring the ecological functions of wetland and preventing wetland degradation, the balance between supply and demand of water resource was analyzed , and an optimal allocation scheme of water resources was proposed based on three kinds of equilibrium.

Estimation methods of eco-environmental water requirements: Case study

Supplying water to the ecological environment with certain quantity and quality is significant for the protection of diversity and the realization of sustainable development. The conception and connotation of eco-environmental water requirements, including the definition of the conception, the composition and characteristics of eco-environmental water requirements, are evaluated in this paper. The classification and estimation methods of eco-environmental water requirements are then proposed. On the basis of the study on the Huang-Huai-Hai Area, the present water use, the minimum and suitable water requirement are estimated and the cor-responding water shortage is also calculated. According to the interrelated programs, the eco-environmental water requirements in the coming years (2010, 2030, 2050) are estimated. The result indicates that the minimum and suitable eco-environmental water requirements fluc-tuate with the differences of function setting and the referential standard of water resources, and so as the water shortage. Moreover, the study indicates that the minimum eco-environmental water requirement of the study area ranges from 2.84×1010m3 to 1.02×1011m3, the suitable water requirement ranges from 6.45×1010m3 to 1.78×1011m3, the water shortage ranges from 9.1×109m3 to 2.16×1010m3 under the minimum water requirement, and it is from 3.07×1010m3 to 7.53×1010m3 under the suitable water requirement. According to the different values of the water shortage, the water priority can be allocated. The ranges of the eco-environmental water re-quirements in the three coming years (2010, 2030, 2050) are 4.49×1010m3?1.73×1011m3, 5.99×10m3?2.09×1011m3, and 7.44×1010m3?2.52×1011m3, respectively.

Eco-environmental water demands for the Baiyangdian Wetland

In recent years,the hydrological characters of Baiyangdian Wetland have changed greatly,which,in turn,influence the biotic component,the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem.In order to determine the demands for water resources of ecological wetland system,a method of ecological water level coefficient was suggested to calculate the water resources demands for wetland environment use.This research showed that the minimum coefficient is 0.94 and the optimal coefficient is more than 1.10.According to these two coefficients,the ecological water level and water quantity can be estimated.The results indicate that the amount of the minimal and optimal eco-environmental water require-ments are 0.87×10^(8) and 2.78×10^(8)m^(3) in average monthly,respectively,with the maximum eco-environmental water requirement in summer and the minimum in winter.The annual change of eco-environment water demand is in accord-ing with the climate change and hydrological characters.The method of ecological water level emphasizes that wetland ecosystem adapts to the hydrological conditions,so it can be used in practice well.

Eco-environmental vulnerability assessment for large drinking water resource： a case study of Qiandao Lake Area, China

The Qiandao Lake Area （QLA） is of great significance in terms of drinking water supply in East Coast China as well as a nationally renowned tourist attraction. A series of laws and regulations regarding the QLA environment have been enacted and implemented throughout the past decade with the aim of negating the harmful effects associated with expanding urbanization and industrialization. In this research, an assessment framework was developed to analyze the eco-environ- mental vulnerability of the QLA from 1990-2010 by integrating fuzzy analytic hierarchy process （FAHP） and geographical information systems （GIS） in an attempt to gain insights into the status quo of the QLA so as to review and evaluate the effectiveness of the related policies. After processing and analyzing the temporal and spatial variation of eco-environmental vulnerability and major environ- mental issues in the QLA, we found that the state of eco- environmental vulnerability of the QLA was acceptable, though a moderate deterioration was detected during the study period. Furthermore, analysis of the combination of vulnerability and water quality indicated that the water quality showed signs of declination, though the overall status remained satisfactory. It was hence concluded that the collective protection and treatment actions were effective over the study period, whereas immediately stricter measures would be required for protecting the drinking water quality from domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Finally, the spatial variation of the eco-environmental vulnerability assessment also implied that specifically more targeted measures should be adoptedin respective regions for long-term sustainable develop- ment of the QLA.

Optimum combination of water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection in coal-accumulated basin of North China

The conflict among water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection is getting more and more serious due to the irrational drainage and exploitation of ground water resources in coal-accumulated basins of North China. Efficient solutions to the conflict are to maintain long-term dynamic balance between input and output of the ground water basins, and to try to improve resourcification of the mine water. All solutions must guarantee the eco-environment quality. This paper presents a new idea of optimum combination of water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection so as to solve the problem of unstable mine water supply, which is caused by the changeable water drainage for the whole combination system. Both the management of hydraulic techniques and constraints in economy, society, ecology, environment, industrial structural adjustments and sustainable developments have been taken into account. Since the traditional and separate management of different departments of water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection is broken up, these departments work together to avoid repeated geological survey and specific evaluation calculations so that large amount of national investment can be saved and precise calculation for the whole system can be obtained. In the light of the conflict of water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection in a typical sector in Jiaozuo coal mine, a case study puts forward an optimum combination scheme, in which a maximum economic benefit objective is constrained by multiple factors. The scheme provides a very important scientific base for finding a sustainable development strategy.

Impact of the Yalong-Yellow River water transfer project on the eco-environment in Yalong River basin

The planning Yalong-River water transfer project will transfer 5.65 billion cubic meters water from the Yalong River into the Yellow River per year.The Yalong River will be dramatically impacted hydrologically and ecologically because more than 60% of the runoff will be diverted.An ecohydrological model was used to evaluate the impacts of the project on river corridor and wetland in this study.Schizothorax is a typical plateau river species and was used as the indicator species for assessment of the impact of water transfer project.The model simulated the habitat area of Schizothorax in the reach between the Reba Dam and the Ganzi Hydrology Station on the Yalong River.The Reba Dam,A'an Dam and Renda Dam will be constructed in the Yalong River for enhancing the water level for water diversion into the Yellow River.The velocity,channel width,runoff,and water depth will be reduced due to the water transfer,especially during flood season.The reduction in the velocity,channel width,runoff and water depth will occur mainly in the reach near the three dams and the reduction will be reduced to a minimum level in a distance about 100 km downstream of the dams.The maximum net water loss of Kasha Lake is only 1197200 m3,only 0.3% of runoff flowing into the lake.The project cannot bring adverse effect on the lake.The habitat area of Schizothorax in the Yalong River might be reduced if the water was transferred from the Reba Dam.The habitat area of this species will be reduced more than 40%.

A geo-spatial database about the eco-environment and its key issues in South Asia

The South Asia has high variability in geographical features,climate,andlandscapes.With the rapid economic development and population growth,the increased pressure on natural resources,land degradation,water crisis,and climate change become the common concerns forthe countries in the region.To get a deep and general idea about the land and water natural resources and environment in South Asia,a knowl-edge database was constructed based on the climatic condition,land use/cover,waterresources,water disasters,and geohazards.There sults presented a scientific insight regarding the spatio-temporal changing pattern of the eco-environ mental components in this region.Risk assessments were performed for the floods,droughts,and geohazards which occurred with a high frequency.In general,the big knowledge database established in this study would be helpful to aid the devel-opment of future policies and programs(like the Belt and Road Initiative)for environmental issues adaptation in the region,including initiatives for regional cooperation and capacity building in natural resources and environment management.

Building a More Sustainable Chinese Loess Plateau

The Chinese Loess Plateau,a region of remarkable ecological and economic value,grapples with significant water management challenges due to its distinctive geology and climate.This perspective offers a short review of the eco-environmental protection measures undertaken in the Loess Plateau,underscoring the transformative impacts of initiatives such as the“Grain for Green”project.However,it also highlights the enduring challenges,including land degradation,water resources issues,socio-economic inequities,and the implications of climate change.Particularly,water management emerges as a pivotal issue with far-reaching repercussions for soil conservation,biodiversity,and human livelihoods.The paper concludes by proposing future actions,emphasizing the necessity for policy modifications,novel initiatives,and research to tackle these challenges and foster sustainable development in the Loess Plateau.The insights gained from this region could offer invaluable lessons for other regions confronted with similar challenges,thereby contributing to global efforts to mitigate desertification and champion sustainable development.