Genetic Structure of Reaumuria soongorica Population in Fukang Desert, Xinjiang and Its Relationship with Ecological Factors

Genetic structure and differentiation of Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim population from the desert of Fukang, Xinjiang, were assessed by means of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. High genetic diversity and differentiation were revealed in the population of R soongorica by 15 random primers. One hundred and thirty-six individuals from seven subpopulations were sampled in the study. Seventy-one loci have been detected, and among them 69 were polymorphic. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci (PPB) was 97.18%. The analyses of Shannon information index (0.307 5), Nei's gene diversity (0.312 7) and G(ST)(0.312 0) indicated that there were more genetic variations within the subpopulations than those among the subpopulations. The results of AMOVA analysis showed that 61.58% of the genetic variations existed within subpopulations, and 38.02% among the subpopulations. The gene flow among the subpopulations of R soongorica (Nm = 1.102 8) was much less than that of the common anemophytes (Nm = 5.24), so genetic differentiation among the subpopulations occurred to some extent. Additionally, through the use of clustering and the correlation analyses, we found that the genetic structure of natural population of R soongorica was related to some ecological factors (soil factors mainly) of the oasis-desert transition zone. The genetic diversity level of R soongorica had negative correlation with the content of total soil P and Cl significantly (P < 0.05). On the contrary, it had significant positive correlation with CO32- (P < 0.05), showing that the distribution of the individuals of R soongorica in the sampled areas correlates with certain soluble salt. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of the natural population of R soongorica increased with the decreasing of the content of soil organic matters, water, total N and total P in soil. The paper concluded that the microenvironment ecological factors played an important role in the adaptive evolution of R soongorica population.

The Effect of Ecological Factors on the Indexes of Yield Property Equation and Quantitative Analysis

The mechanism of action of ecological factors affecting crop growth and development was complicated. In order to study the relationships between ecological factors and the indexes of yield property equation and determine the main ecological factors affecting yield, using 3-yr field experimental results for different yielding spring maize （Zea mays L.） populations and the relative meteorological observation data in Huadian of Jilin Province in China, and analyzing on the base of the yield property equation （MLAI × D × MNAR × HI = EN × GN × GW）, the main ecological factors were screened, and further mechanisms of action affecting yield were analyzed. Stepwise regression analysis showed that yield was affected mainly by effective accumulated temperature, daily mean minimum temperature, daily mean maximum temperature in July, the ratios of growth days, and the sunshine hour before and after silking. In yield property equation, four indexes of MLAI, growth days, ear number and grain number （total grain number） affected principally yield, the ecological factors affecting predominantly yield were effective accumulated temperature, daily mean temperature, daily mean minimum temperature, daily mean maximum temperature in July, the ratios of growth days, rainfall, accumulated temperature, and sunshine hours before and after silking. Combined with the two analytical methods, it could be deduced that the temperature and the allocated ratios before and after silking of ecological factors were the key factors to achieve high yield. Therefore, appropriate sowing data should be adjusted to achieve the suitable temperature indexes during the whole growth stage and the rational allocated ratios of ecological factors before and after silking.

Typical Correlation Analysis between Forage Type Triticale Production Performance and Different Pilot Ecological Factors

Domestic and foreign researches on triticale mainly focus on hereditary traits and excellent characteristics,but there are few reports on triticale yield and quality in the severe cold pastoral areas of Gansu and Qinghai.In this study,Gannong 2 triticale cultivars have been bred and planted in typical ecological areas according to the characteristics of different ecological regions.By studying the relationship between quality traits and various ecological factors,the effects of different ecological factors on the quality of Triticale hay have been clarified,which provides a reasonable basis for future triticale breeding and large-scale and targeted planting layout.The production performance and nutritional qualities of Triticale Trial in Maqu County,Gansu Province and Gannong No.2 in Dulan County,Qinghai Province are obviously superior to other pilot sites.Through reasonable fertilization,the production performance and nutritional quality of triticale are the best.Triticale production performance is significantly related to climatic factors in different pilots.The most suitable planting area for Gannong 2 is Maqu County,Gansu Province.

Effects of main ecological factors on the growth of marine green alga Caulerpa sertularioides using the response surface methodology

Caulerpa sertularioides is an invasive potential blooming green alga in China but it remains poorly studied.We studied the effects of ecological factors on its growth.Optimum conditions of ecological factors,i.e.,irradiance,temperature,and salinity,for the growth of its fragments were determined in the response surface methodology(RSM).The specific growth rates(SGR)of the fragments were determined in single-factor experiment.The results show that the SGR of C.sertularioides peaked under the conditions of irradiance 37.5μmol/(m~2·s),temperature25℃,and salinity 30.Meanwhile,using the Box-Behnken design,the conditions were further optimized and verified to be:irradiance 39.03μmol/(m~2·s),temperature 25.29℃,and salinity 30.06,under which the SGR reached 4.66%.The results provide new theoretical data and solutions for the cultivation,invasion prediction,and monitoring of Caulerpa species in China and the world.The RSM method may have great potential applications in the environmental adaptation characteristics of new macroalgal cultivars,intensive orientation cultured germplasm,and environmental hazard analysis of cultivated species in the field.

Repressing sulfate-reducing bacteria growth in the affusion system of oil field by changing ecological factors

Aiming at the corrosion issue of oil extraction equipments caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria （SRB） reproducing in oil field affusion system, we studied the dominant strains in the SRB community and the impact of four ecological factors on the growth of the dominant strains：temperature, pH, mineralization degree and concentration of PAM （Polyacrylamine）. The feasibility of repressing the growth of SRB by changing ecological factors was also discussed. The results indicate that Desutfobacter （one genus of SRB） is the preponderant strains of the system, and the order of the effect of four ecological factors is pH 〉 temperature 〉 the concentrations of PAM 〉 mineralization degree. The optimal pH for the highest growth rate of SRB is 8.0. No growth of SRB was observed when pH 〈 4 or pH 〉 12. The optimal temperature for the growth of SRB is 40 ℃ and the ecological amplitude is 20 -50 ℃. The appropriate concentration values of PAM is 400 -800 mg/L, beyond of which the multiplication rate and growth quantity 6f cell decrease obviously. The effect of mineralization degree of SO4^2- , HCO^3- and Na^＋ on the growth of SRB has reached an extremely remarkable level, and the change of three ions＇ concentration in water obviously effects SRB： The optimum values on the main ions in the system are Cl- of 200mg/L, HCO^3- of 900 mg/L,SO4^2- of 400 mg/L, Mg^2＋ of 60 mg/L and Na^＋ of 900 mg/L. Our results indicate that it is possible to repress the growth of SRB by changing the ecological factors in nil field affusion system.

Relationship Between Net Photosynthetic Rate of Cassava SC205 and Its Physio-ecological Factors

[Objective]The aim was to measure photosynthetic characters of SC 205, a cassava cultivar, and explore the relationships of the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） with physiological and ecological factors. [Method] The diurnal variations of photosyn-thesis in leaves of SC205 were studied by LICOR-6400 portable photosynthesis system, and the relationships of the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） with physiological and ecological factors were studied by simple correlation analysis and path analysis. [Result] The curve of diurnal variation of Pn showed single peak at 10：00 am at 24.07 μ mol CO2 m2/s, without showing midday depression; the diurnal changes of stomatal conductance （Gs）, transpiration rate （Tr）, leaf temperature （Tl）, air tempera-ture （Ta） and photosynthetic active radiation （PAR） al showed single peak curves, and there were positive relationships of Pn with Gs, Tr, Tl, Ta and PAR. The diur-nal variations of intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci）, atmospheric CO2 concentration （Ca）, relative humidity （RH） showed in a U-shape curve. There were highly signifi-cant positive correlation of Pn with Gs and PAR; the diurnal variation of Pn had highly significant negative correlations with Ci and Ca. The direct impact of physio-logical factors on Pn was as fol ows： Ci＆gt;Gs＆gt;Tl＆gt;Tr, and the direct impact of ecologi-cal factors was RH＆gt;PAR＆gt;Ca＆gt;Ta. [Conclusion] The research showed that Ci, Gs and Tr play very important roles in the changes of Pn among the physiological fac-tors, and PAR and Ca affect the changes of Pn among the ecological factors.

The influence of main ecological and environmental factors on the energy budget of Schlegel＇ s black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

In the Maidao Ecological Laboratory of the Huanghai Sea Fisheries Research Institute in 1998 ~ 2000, the continuous flow-through method was adopted to determine the energy budget components and models of Schlegel＇ s black rockfish under different ecological and environmental factors, such as temperature, food species, body mass and feeding level, etc. The body mass of test fish ranged from 21.2 to 224.5 g. The specific growth rate tended to invert ＂U＂ change with temperature increase. The ecological conversion efficiency showed the same trend as temperature and feeding level rise. Only the specific growth rate tended to decelerate the increment with the rise of feeding level. From the above quantitative relationships, the maximum and optimal growth temper- atures could be obtained as 17.5 and 16.2 ℃, and the maintenance feeding rate and optimum feeding rate as 0.8% and 4. 1% of the body mass. The specific growth rate and ecological conversion coefficient showed a decelerating decrease trend with body mass increment. The small-sized fish food was more advantageous to the feeding level increase in comparison with the small-sized shrimp food, which led to the increase of growth, metabolism and excretion, but had no significant influence on the ecological conversion coefficient. All of temperature, feeding level, body mass and food species can obviously change the energy budget models. The assigning rate of growth energy tended to change along the invert ＂U＂ curve with the increase of temperature and feeding level, and decrease with the body mass increase, but the assigning rates of metabolism energy and excretion energy were quite reverse. These relationships could be quantitatively described as quadratic or power function curve. If the above relationships proved true to other marine fish, the establishment of energy budget model of the same fish under different conditions can be largely simplified.

Studies on Occurrence Ecological Factors and Management Strategies of Ambrostoma quadriimpressum in Harbin City

This paper investigated effects of four ecological variables on the damage levels of elm leaf beetle （different effects of minimum and maximum values, relations between each two variables were also explored） and discussed current management measures. The results showed that among these factors, interval between elm trees significantly affected damage level by this leaf beetle species, and perimeter of elm trunk could change this effect. On the other side, while middle values for each index were deleted, effects comparison between minimum and maximum parts showed that good root soil as overwintering was related with more damage; more severe damages on elm tree would result in more control measures used; on elm tree with bigger mink, more damages were observed; and if other elm tree was closer, more damages would occur. Secondly, good root soil was related with more measures used; good root soil was correlated with smaller perimeter; good root soil was associated with bigger interval. Thirdly, more measures were correlated with bigger perimeter; more measures were also correlated with good root soil. Fourthly, bigger perimeter was correlated with worse root soil. Current dominant control measures included chemical pesticide application preventing adult insects from descending or climbing up along trunk before and after overwintering. These results suggested that we should focus on elm leaf beetle management on all the elm trees instead of only on bigger elm trees at proper period simultaneously because occurrence on these elm trees were related intensively although this adult elm leaf beetle species could not fly and had limited movement ability.

Distribution of chlorophyll a and some ecological factors in the Daya Bay

The marine environment, productivity and potential biotic resources in the waters of the Daya Bay were investigated by South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica from 1984 to 1986. The present paper deals mainly with the annual variation and distribution characteristics in chlorophyll a and with some of the ecological factors involved in chlorophyll distribution within the bay. Correlation models are established and discussed. The results could be helpful for further probing into ecosystem and for the exploitation-utilization of aquatic resources in this region.

The core ideology of Ecological Marxism:Marx is the pioneer of internal factors theory of ecological environment

This paper from the unified visual angle of philosophy and economics has observed Marx's theory of ecological economics, clarified the misunderstanding on Marx's theory of nature and ecological environmental thought at home and abroad for a long time, studied systematically and deeply the Marx's thought that natural and ecological environment is external condition and internal elements of human social economic growth, confirmed firstly Marx is the forerunner who established the theory of internal cause of natural ecological environment. It is of far-reaching academic and practical significance.

Suggestions on Forest Ecological Compensation—Taking Mudanjiang City as an Example

The forest ecological compensation is an important factor to balance the interests of different areas for sustainable development and environment protection. Mudanjiang City in Heilongjiang Province of China is rich of forest resources. The forestry coverage rate reached 62.3% in 2014, after forestry conservation program from 2002. The authors explored the factors impacted on forest ecological compensation in Mudanjiang City, which was a demonstration as a case study, through experts＇ evaluation scores and AHP methodology to analyze the forest ecological compensation factors and lay the foundation for the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism. At the same time, we provided an example to explore the effective way and speed up the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism. The study found that the main factors that determined forest ecological compensation in Mudanjiang City were ecology and natural resources. Based on the analyses, some suggestions were put forward to promote the mechanism in a sustainable way.

Investigation on the ecological suitable regionalization of Melicope ptelefolia

Objective:The aim of paper is to find ecological suitable regionalization of Melicope ptelefolia planting and provide a reference for the rational planning of Good Agricultural Practices(GAP).Methods:The natural ecological niches of Melicope ptelefolia was taken as basic point.The adaptable areas of Melicope ptelefolia was analysed throughout the whole nation by using Geographic Information System for Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCMGIS).Results:Besides the original distribbution region of Guangxi,Guangdong,Hainan,Yunnan,Fujian,Jiangxi,Hunan,Guizhou,we further found that Zhejiang,Taiwan,Hong Kong,Chongqing,Sichuan are adaptable for the growth of Melicope ptelefolia.The most suitable region is Guangxi,and the followed is Guangdong.Conclusion:The ecological suitable area of Melicope ptelefolia mainly distributes in Lingnan Region,and TCMGIS is comparatively scientific and accurate to analyze suitable areas for the growth of Melicope ptelefolia.These findings have important reference value for the introduction,cultivation and scientific planning of Melicope ptelefolia.

Prediction of Dry Dipterocarp Forest Distribution Using Ecological Niche Model in Ping Basin of Northern Thailand

DDF （dry dipterocarp forest） is importantly deciduous forest type in Thailand since it consists of important tree species for timber products and non-timber products. So, people would like to come to use these products for daily uses in this forest type. The main aim of this study is to evaluate significant biophysical factors for DDF distribution using factor analysis and to model DDF distribution using ENFA （ecological niche factor analysis）. In this study, 13 watersheds of Ping Basin in northern Thailand were selected as the study site based on availability of forest inventory data in 2007 from DNP （Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation）. Basic biophysical data for data analysis included forest inventory data （179 DDF plots）, 10 climatic data, three topographic data, and one soil data. For identification and evaluation of biophysical factors for DDF distribution using factor analysis, the first three factors, namely DDF-1, DDF-2 and DDF-3, had been extracted with 95.35% of total variance. These three components were used to predict DDF distribution based on HS （habitat suitability） with ENFA. In practice, the results were validated with AVI （absolute validation index） and CVI （contrast validation index） with validated forest inventory dataset. This evaluation shows that DDF-2 model is the best HS data consisting of four physical factors （mean annually temperature, mean monthly maximum temperature, mean monthly minimum temperature, and elevation）, which is able to effectively used for habitat suitability for DDF distribution prediction. It was found that habitat suitability for DDF distribution can be classified into four classes including high suitable habitat, moderate suitable habitat, low suitable habitat, and unsuitable habitat. As a result, DDF distributions with high suitable habitat are highly related with DDF forest inventory plots of DNP. Thus, the obtained output can be further used for DDF rehabilitation according to climate and topographic factors.

Effects of Different Climates and Soil Environments in the Yanshan Production Area on the Growth and Quality of Chestnuts

[Objectives] This study conducted investigations on the climate and soil nutrients of different chestnut orchards in the Yanshan region, selected key ecological factors affecting the growth and fruit quality of chestnuts, and provided a theoretical basis for the cultivation, introduction, and scientific planting of high-quality chestnuts. [Methods] The ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts in four orchards located in Qianxi, Qianan, Funing, and Qinglong of Hebei Science and Technology Normal University were selected. The climate and soil nutrient conditions of the four orchards were investigated. Growth indicators such as branch length and diameter, nut weight, and internal quality indicators such as starch, fat, and protein content were analyzed. Principal component analysis was conducted on nine climate factors and twelve soil factors in the four chestnut orchards to identify the most closely related ecological factors influencing chestnut growth and quality. [Results] (i) Different orchards had varying climate conditions, with Qianan orchard having higher rainfall than the others, Funing orchard having the highest number of sunshine hours in the growing season, and Qinglong orchard experiencing the greatest temperature difference during the growing season. (ii) Significant differences were found in soil nutrient content among the orchards, with the coefficient of variation for organic matter and mineral elements ranging from 19.1% (S) to 80.3% (available phosphorus). (iii) The main ecological factor influencing chestnut growth was the photosynthetic factor, while fruit quality was influenced by a combination of climatic factors, photosynthetic factors, and nutrient factors. Key ecological factor indicators included: annual precipitation, annual sunshine hours, growing season precipitation, growing season sunshine hours, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, alkali nitrogen, copper, zinc, available boron, and sulfur. Soluble solids were significantly positively correlated with growing season sunshine hours, and fat was significantly positively correlated with available potassium and alkali nitrogen, and significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus. [Conclusions] Orchards with high growing season precipitation, long sunshine hours, and high organic matter and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content in the soil are more conducive to promoting the growth of ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts and improving fruit quality.

面向生态化乡村振兴的宜居化乡村土地规划方法研究

针对乡村土地规划的利用效率低与短板问题,本研究对宜居化乡村土地规划的相关影响因素进行分析,并在最小累积阻力模型的基础上构建乡村土地规划模型,以进行辅助决策。结果表明,确定最小累积阻力差值为3346.12与2136.73的位置作为生态与宜居的分区界线,并且宜居-关键建设区、宜居-优化建设区、生态-限制开发区与生态-不宜开发区分区占比分别为1.93%、6.51%,20.03%与71.53%。研究根据各地的功能进行分析,并提出针对性规划策略,这为其他乡村土地规划提供一定的参考。

Habitat Utilization of the Sichuan Hill Partridge (Arborophila rufipectus) in the Non-breeding Period in Laojunshan Nature Reserve

The Sichuan Hill Partridge （Arborophila rufipectus ） requires successional broadleaf forest and their populations have declined as a result of fragmentation of endemic bird areas in subtropical forest in the mountains of southwestern China. In this paper, habitat utilization of the Sichuan Hill Partridge was studied in replanted broadleaf forests, in Laojunshan Nature Reserve of Sichuan, to determine the importance of habitat features, during the non-breeding period from November to December 2005. The Sichuan Hill Partridge utilized habitats within elevations of 1 000 to 1 600 m and with a south-facing slope of two to 15 degrees, close to road and forest edges. The birds preferred sites with smaller bamboo density, lower bamboo cover and snow cover and shrub cover was greater at used sites than at random sites. Principal components analysis indicated that food on the ground layer, topographic condition, concealment and temperature were the first four components of bird habitat selection, and the load of the first component was 29.407%. The findings indicated that the Sichuan Hill Partridge might face the well-documented trade-off between food resource and predation risk when utilizing habitat. We suggest that the conservation and restoration of successional broadleaf forest habitats will benefit the Sichuan Hill Partridge.

Diversity Centers of Rice Cultivar in Yunnan and Their Correlation with Ecological and Cultural Factors

Ecological and cultural factors have strong impacts on the distribution and cultivation of agricultural cultivar., In this paper, the correlation between diversity centers of rice cultivar and ecological, cultural factors was probed, based on datasets of rice cultivar in Yunnan, Southwest China. The results showed that diversity centers of rice cultivar were observed in Southwest Yunnan, South Yunnan and Southeast Yunnan, which may be related to the local culture of rice production and warm, humid climate. For the diversity center in South Yunnan, culture of rice production of Dai and Hani people may play important roles. The diversity center in Southwest Yunnan may relate to the culture of rice production of Dai, Jingpo and Lahu people, and for the diversity center in Southeast Yunnan, Miao, Yao and Zhuang people＇s culture in rice production can not be underestimated. Traditional culture promoted the cultivation of rice cultivars, and high diversity of rice cultivars facilitate the preservation and continuation of the traditional culture as well.

论学校体育的生态化趋势

学校体育具有自然性和社会性双重性质。自然性隐含于学校体育内部而直接指向体育教育和教学运行的自然规律;社会性则外现在学校体育对象的个人社会化和学校体育本身的社会化方面。在学校体育的改革和发展过程中,自然性和社会性的耦合势必导致学校体育生态化的理念形成,从而推动学校体育系统于动态平衡当中获得发展。

Effects of ecological factors on secondary metabolites and inorganic elements of Scutellaria baicalensis and analysis of geoherblism

This study analyzed the effects of ecological factors on secondary metabolites of Scutellaria baicalensis using two sources:92individual roots of S.baicalensis from all over China,and secondary metabolites,medicinal materials and inorganic element contents obtained from the testing of 92 S.baicalensis rhizosphere soil samples.The study used environmental data from the Genuine Medicinal Material Spatial Analysis Database.Most of the chemical constituents of S.baicalensis were negatively correlated to latitude and positively correlated to temperature;generally,the contents of 21 chemical constituents were higher at low latitudes than that at high latitudes.By gradual regression analysis,it was found that the content of baicalin in S.baicalensis was negatively correlated to latitude and generally the content of inorganic elements in soil was excessively high(excluding Mg and Ca),which has a negative effect on the accumulation of chemical constituents in S.baicalensis.Based on the cluster analysis of 21 constituents,S.baicalensis from different places of origin was divided into two groups,and S.baicalensis was not genuine only in a specific small region.Within the zone from Chifeng,Inner Mongolia to Taibai,Shaanxi is suitable for accumulation of secondary metabolites of S.baicalensis and such a zone represents a suitable distribution and potential genuine producing area.

Effects of key growth conditions on endogenous hormone content in tillering stem bases,germination of lateral buds,and biomass allocation in Indocalamus decorus

Physiological responses and changes in growth of Indocalamus decorus Q.H.Dai under different ecological conditions are essential for further understanding growth regulation and adaptive mechanisms and establishing an evidence-based management system for optimal growth. In this study, the endogenous hormone content in tillering stem bases, germination of lateral buds, and biomass allocation of this bamboo species in different growth environments were investigated. Among the endogenous hormones in the basal stems of tillers, indole-3-pyruvic acid and zeatin riboside were highly correlated with lateral buds that germinated to form shoots, while gibberellic acid was highly correlated with lateral buds that germinated to form rhizomes. The best lateral bud germination characteristics were achieved with full sun, a density of six plantlets per pot, and watering every 6 days. I. decorus plantlets used different resource allocation strategies depending on treatment. Different ecological factors influenced endogenous hormones in the bamboo stem base,which affected lateral bud germination and biomass allocation.