Study on Increase of Farmers' Income in Tibet from an Ecological Tourism Perspective——A Case Study of Puqu Town in Nyingchi County

Based on investigation data of farmers＇ income in Puqu Town, Nyingchi County during 2008 -2013, sources of farmers＇ income and effects of ecological tourism on increase of farmers＇ income in Puqu Town were analyzed. The results show that crop farming and animal husbandry are still main sources of increase of farmers＇ income, and ecological tourism has played increasingly important roles in increase of farmers＇ income; household productive management income is dominant but increases slowly, but household service management income increases rapidly; all kinds of subsidies also contribute to increase of farmers＇ income; ecological tourism and increase of farmers＇ income show rational retum trends to a cer- tain degree; because of shortcomings in tourism management, ecological tourism in Puqu Town develops slowly; the overall development of ecolog- ical tourism is not consistent with increase of farmers＇ income.

Research on the Ecological Tourism Planning and Tourism Development Trend under the Background of Sustainable Development

In this paper, we conduct research on the ecological tourism planning and the tourism development trend under the background of the sustainable development. Research on ecotourism definition, mostly will study ecological tourism, as a concept, its connotation cannot suitable for our the country＇ s current national conditions, only the environment as the research object of ecological tourism, the environmental resources as the main content of the ecological tourism development, embarks from the tourism motivation, tourism, tourist market, to implement ecological tourism. To change this situation, we propose the novel approach to enhance the traditional ecological tourism planning which will optimize the overall performance.

The Characteristics and Driving Factors of the Spatio-temporal Dynamic Evolution of Tourism Ecological Security in the Silk Road Economic Belt

The exploration of ecological safety in tourism sites can provide a concrete path for sustainable tourism development in a region.Based on the“Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response”(DPSIR)model,we constructed an index system for the evaluation of tourism ecological security(TES)in the Silk Road Economic Belt(SREB)from 2005 to 2020.This index system was used to explore the characteristics of spatial and temporal dynamic evolution with the help of entropy weight TOPSIS method,dynamic index of TES and Markov probability transfer matrix,and a standard deviational ellipse(SDE)model and GM(1,1)model were constructed for spatial pattern analysis and prediction.The results indicate four key aspects of this system.(1)In terms of spatiotemporal evolution,the tourism ecological safety index(TESI)of the SREB increased,the TES levels of the northwestern and southwestern provinces and cities differed significantly,and the quality conditions of TES in the southwestern provinces and cities were better than in the northwest.(2)In terms of dynamic evolutionary characteristics,the speed of change at each level of the SREB was slow,but the level of TES has improved.The TES level has not shifted by leaps and bounds,and the shifts in the level type show“path dependence”and“self-locking”effects.(3)In terms of spatial and temporal distribution patterns,the spatial pattern of TES in the SREB is a“northwest-southeast”movement trend,and the spatial distribution appeared as“aggregation”from 2005 to 2020.The prediction results show that the center of gravity of TES in the SREB will shift to the southeast from 2025 to 2035,and the spatial spillover effect will be reduced.(4)In terms of driving factors,the number of star-rated hotels,and the amounts of industrial wastewater emissions,tourism foreign exchange earnings,forest coverage,and other parameters are the key factors affecting TES,and the booming tourism industry requires the interconnection and interpenetration of various factors.The results of this study can provide a reference for tourism development and ecological environmental protection in the Silk Road Economic Belt.

Study on the Foreign Eco-tourism Environment Protection Act and Its Enlightenment

China, as a power in ecotourism resources, is luxuriant in eco-tourism resources. With the continuous expansion of the ecological tourism market, however, the ecological tourism environment protection problems are becoming acute. Then, the ecological tourism will be in a fatal blow in China if the ecological tourism environment is not being protected. Therefore, improving China＇ s ecological tourism environmental protection legal system is of important practical significance to the sustainable development of tourism on the basis of introducing the experience of developed countries in ecotourism environmental protection act.

Tourism Ecological Security in Wuhan

The concept of ecological security stems from environmental security theory, and is generally used to evaluate the ecological security of land, water resources and the city. This study applies the Pressure-Station-Response （P-S-R） model and theory of ecological security with field research in 2010 to establish an index system for tourism ecological security evaluation. The findings show that tourism ecological security in Wuhan has increasingly improved from a comprehensive evaluation value of 5.8023 in 2004 to 6.459 in 2010, and has moved from a ＂sensitive＂ condition to ＂safe＂ condition. Ecological pressure and ecological response are negatively correlated, and the value of ecological response was below that of ecological pressure during the seven years. In order to make clear the impact factors affecting tourism ecological security in Wuhan, this paper summarizes ten limiting factors influencing tourism ecological security and makes several recommendations to improve tourism ecological security.

生态文明视角下的旅游产业生态化发展——以秦巴汉水生态旅游圈为例

在旅游与生态环境矛盾趋于加剧的背景下,生态化可促进产业与生态环境的耦合、协同发展,是推进生态文明建设的重要途径。在产业生态化理论分析的基础上,以具有重要生态战略地位的秦巴汉水区域为例,提出旅游产业生态化发展的必然战略选择;同时指出产业生态化的发展路径,以旅游产品与服务供给的生态化为根本形成推力系统,以旅游消费模式的生态化为重点形成拉力系统,以科技创新为动力形成支撑系统,以产业生态化发展环境的营造为手段形成保障系统,推动旅游业与生态环境协调发展,推进区域生态文明建设。

科学发展观与旅游可持续发展

本文以全球环境与发展演进过程为切入点 ,论述了可持续发展中人与自然和谐统筹的科学发展观 ;现实地剖析了我国旅游资源开发与保护的辩证关系 ,并进一步阐述旅游开发、经营管理和体制改革的方向与措施 ,提出旅游生态化是可持续发展可行途径的新思路。

旅游产业生态化的内涵分析及其概念模型

尽管旅游产业是环境友好型和资源节约型产业,但是在旅游产业发展实践中仍然存在一些"非生态化"现象。"非生态化"是旅游产业的表象,是暂时性和阶段性的问题,生态化才是旅游产业的本质性、常态性和长效性特征。在厘清旅游产业生态化概念的基础上,重点分析了旅游产业生态化三个层面的内涵:意识层面的思想意识生态化、过程层面的行为生态化、结果层面的系统状态生态化,并根据内涵分析构建了旅游产业生态化评价的"IBC"概念模型,进而确定旅游产业生态化评价的内容体系。

旅游产业生态化:演进战略与实现路径

在新常态背景下,产业生态化是旅游业演进的战略目标,作为一项系统工程,需要遵从生态性、绿色性、循环性、低碳性4项基本属性特征,推动生态旅游、绿色旅游、循环旅游、低碳旅游4种生态化旅游形式深入发展;基于旅游企业、旅游者与政府部门建成三位一体的支撑体系,实现旅游供给、旅游需求的生态化,发挥相关部门的引导、规范作用。以生态化发展为契机,促进旅游产业转型、升级,适应新常态,引领新常态,推动生态文明建设。

生态经济学视野下草原旅游可持续发展探究

不合理的管理与超限度利用使草原严重退化,因此,草原地区在今后的发展中,要把生态建设和改善经济环境结合起来。发展草原生态旅游,便不失为一种优化选择,从而实现草原旅游的良性循环。旅游产业生态化可以分解为旅游生态消费观念、草原生态旅游地、旅游生态产业群三个互动的部分。为了保障草原旅游可持续发展,必须实施草原生态环境保护建设规划,建立生态环境价值补偿机制,全方位筹集资金,加强草原旅游发展研究和树立正确的理念。

新型城镇化下我国乡村旅游的生态化转型研究

乡村旅游生态化发展是以环境保护为核心,在乡村旅游项目发展基础上走绿色、创新之道路。新型城镇化下,为我国乡村旅游发展转型带来契机,推进新型城镇化向生态化方向转型发展,提升乡村社会发展,实现乡村城镇化发展模式。对此,分析新型城镇化下我国乡村旅游的生态化转型意义,从生态化、特色化的乡村旅游发展趋势,论述新型城镇化下我国乡村旅游的生态化转型方法,最后提出新型城镇化下我国乡村旅游的生态化转型路径。

黔东南少数民族村寨旅游产业集群生态化发展初探——以西江苗寨为例

旅游业作为新兴的综合性产业,为少数民族村寨的发展发挥了不可替代的作用。民族村寨旅游必须走产业集群生态化发展道路,才能推进民族村寨旅游产业的可持续发展。以西江千户苗寨为例,在分析黔东南少数民族村寨旅游产业发展的现状的基础上,提出黔东南少数民族村寨产业集群生态化发展的对策建议。

信阳红色旅游生态化转型路径研究

信阳红色旅游存在产品结构单一、游客消费水平低、管理体制不畅、旅游品牌形象不突出、旅游项目体验性差等问题。本文借助生态学理论提出信阳红色旅游生态化转型的路径。

Review of Tourism Ecological Security from the Perspective of Ecological Civilization Construction

In the era of sustainable development,the ecological impact of the development of the tourism industry has attracted extensive attention from all walks of life.Generally considered,tourism ecological security(TES)is an important link to realize the high-quality development of tourism destinations and promote the construction of ecological civilization.Based on keyword discrimination of TES,tourism ecological risk and tourism ecological health,and from the perspective of ecological civilization construction,this paper uses the databases of Web of Science and CNKI as data sources to systematically comb and analyze TES research from the aspects of development process,research methods and research content,and puts forward the prospects for future research on this basis.This analysis found that research in the TES field presents four main characteristics.(1)The phased characteristic of“germination-exploration-development”is significant,and a relatively standard research framework of“evaluation-influencing factors-early warning-regulation”has been formed.(2)The empirical orientation of the research methods is distinct.(3)The development trend is characterized by small-scale dominance and a large-scale surge.(4)The disciplinary integration and practical combination have been continuously strengthened.Combined with the development trends and hot spots of TES,this paper proposes that the direction and goal of deepening TES research in the future should be carried out from the aspects of strengthening research on thresholds,early warning and regulation,improving the application of big data,constructing the synergistic effect mechanisms between tourism and ecology,and realizing the longitudinal deepening and interconnection of scale research.

乡村振兴背景下民族地区旅游扶贫中的生态化建设——以阿坝州为例

乡村振兴是民族地区经济社会发展的重大课题。民族村寨作为民族地区乡村社会的基本生产和生活单元,对民族村寨的振兴需要城乡、产业、文化、生态环境、基层治理等多方面的有机融合。以阿坝州为考察对象,以乡村振兴为背景,以社区参与为研究理论,在充分调查当地旅游与扶贫及生态环境之间的耦合关系的基础上,运用时间序列模型,分析旅游、扶贫、生态环境之间的相互作用,以及对促进居民增收与经济增长的微观影响机理。旅游发展与环境有紧密的共生性,当地的旅游生态化建设要将保护生态环境贯穿始终以及民族社区居民要积极的参与。提出要转变旅游发展理念,建立农村旅游合作社,建立当地居民旅游资源入股企业的新模式,促进产业融合,发展"旅游+"培养新兴业态,融合传统农牧业的乡村旅游精准扶贫,寻求民族地区旅游与环境一体化共生的实现途径,才是实现农牧民增收脱贫,推动乡村振兴的重要经营模式创新。

Relationship of Stakeholders in Protected Areas and Tourism Ecological Compensation: A Case Study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China

The first step to defining the rights,responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships.Nature reserves are complex ecosystems involving nature,the economy and society.There exists a conflict between the public welfare benefits of ecological conservation and the private gains to be realized from social and economic development.There also exist in a nature reserve complex relationships among stakeholders,involving the utilization of ecological resources,ecological conservation and ecological-economic interests.The introduction of tourism brings substantial changes to the existing stakeholder benefit structure in a nature reserve.The implementation of tourism ecological compensation（tourism payment for ecological service）is a process for redefining the distribution of rights,responsibilities and profits among stakeholders and it is also an essential way to balance the interests of the stakeholders.This paper uses a case study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China to examine the characteristics of stakeholders and analyze their interests.According to the method for defining basic attributes proposed by Mitchel and other scholars,in cases of tourism ecological compensation,stakeholders can be classified as definitive stakeholders,expectant stakeholders and latent stakeholders.This paper applies these classifications and then analyzes the relationships between the rights and responsibilities of these stakeholders and how these change after the implementation of compensation.Additionally,based on the impact compensation has on different stakeholders,changes in the relationships can be analyzed and the structure of the stakeholders can be modelled.This case study of the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve illustrates the operationalization of a new mechanism for tourism ecological compensation.The paper illustrates a method for coordinating the relationships among the stakeholders involved with this national-level nature reserve.

社区参与下的闽东乡村旅游生态化转型升级研究

乡村旅游的“反生态化”问题在很大程度上是人地关系不协调的体现,因此社区参与是解决的最佳途径之一。本文依据闽东的乡村旅游资源禀赋,将其归纳为古村名镇型、清新山水型、水乡渔村型、休闲农庄型和风情民俗型五种类型,在此基础上分析发展中的现实困境;从缺乏生态责任感、生态产业链较短、生态资源未得到有效保护、生态特色未充分体现等四个方面做了具体分析,从而提出应在社区参与下进行生态化转型升级,包括植入“生态+”理念、构建美丽生态环境、完善生态产业链、注入生态化创意等,为闽东乡村旅游的生态化转型升级提供参考。

Resident Willingness to Pay for Ecotourism Resources and Associated Factors in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China

Willingness to Pay(WTP),Willingness to Work(WTW)and Willingness to Accept Compensation(WTA)are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology.The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’willingness to pay,work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park,and to analyze the relationship between residents’attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey.The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)was employed to determine the willingness.The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP,WTW,WTA,socio-demFographical information,social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties.Based on generalized linear modeling,income and education level are important for residents’WTP and WTA,but other social characteristics,such as gender and age,do not have significant effects.The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’willingness,despite the limitation on education level.Also,government funding is associated with residents’inclination to WTP,WTW and WTA,but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities.The estimated WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10^(7) yuan,1.247×10^(6) hours and 2.3232×10^(7) yuan yr^(-1) based on the survey and published demographics.This study,for the first time,estimates the WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers.Ultimately,to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development,compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent,and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively support eco-tourism activities.

Sustainable Development of Ice and Snow Tourism-Theory&Empirical Studies:Preface

The Beijing Winter Olympics brought a historical miracle to the development of China’s ice and snow tourism.It is both an opportunity and a challenge to reap the extra dividends of the times and to develop China’s ice and snow tourism.By selecting 18 academic papers,this special issue deeply discusses the status quo and the future measures of ice and snow tourism in China from three aspects:ice and snow tourism development and management,the ice and snow tourism experience and its influencing factors,and ice and snow tourism impact assessment.Moreover,one part entitled“Tourism Culture and Ecotourism”has been set up to emphasize those cutting-edge research topics.It is worth mentioning that this issue is in-depth and has profound connotations.First of all,the research area ranges from national to regional to the city-level,including both longitudinal and horizontal research.In additon,the research methods are practical,innovative,and at the frontier of scientific research,and include industrial correlation analysis methods,kernel density,spatial autocorrelation and other geospatial analysis methods,content analysis methods,sentiment analysis methods,structural equation models,Delphi methods,spatial statistics methods,geographic detector method and many others.In general,this special issue combines qualitative research with quantitative research,provides a variety of theoretical perspectives such as perceived value theory,institutional evolution theory,etc.,and builds various useful models like the pre-competition evaluation model for ice and snow tourism heritage,the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment,the evaluation model of the suitability of glacier tourism resource development,the model of the relationship between tourists’experience value and loyalty in the context of ice and snow tourism,among others.These studies are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era,and help ice and snow tourism develop in a sustainable and high-quality direction.

Evaluation of the Green Development Status in Mountainous Scenic Area based on the Tourism Ecological Footprint Model

This study employs the Tourism Ecological Footprint Model to meticulously evaluate the green development status of mountainous scenic areas,specifically focusing on the Wenfeng Mountain Scenic Area.The overarching aim is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the ecological impact stemming from tourism activities.The evaluation encompasses complex calculations and analyses of the ecological footprint,ecological carrying capacity,and ecological surplus.In the case study of Wenfeng Mountain Scenic Area,the findings indicate a notable state of ecological surplus in the current stage of tourism development.The specific quantitative results reveal a surplus,indicating that the ecological impact of tourism activities is well within the sustainable carrying capacity of the region.This implies that despite substantial tourism activities,the ecological environment of the Wenfeng Mountain Scenic Area remains effectively protected and maintained.The ecological surplus signifies a balance between tourism development and the preservation of the local ecosystem,which is crucial for the sustainable development of the region.Moreover,this study delves into the nuances of the ecological components,providing detailed breakdowns of the ecological footprints attributed to various tourism-related activities,including accommodation,transportation,dining,sightseeing,and shopping.These specifics offer a nuanced understanding of the ecological dynamics associated with diverse tourism-related factors.The meticulous assessment of Wenfeng Mountain Scenic Area's green development status has several significant implications.Decision-makers can draw insights into the delicate balance that is required between tourism promotion and environmental conservation.The ecological surplus suggests that current practices align with sustainable development goals andprovide a positive model for similar regions.However,this study also draws attention to some critical limitations in the Tourism Ecological Footprint Model.The detailed results highlight challenges related to model applicability,data collection,and calculation methods,stressing the need for further refinement and validation.Acknowledging these limitations is crucial for refining the model and ensuring its robust application in diverse geographical contexts.In conclusion,this study delivers a granular understanding of the green development status of mountainous scenic areas,specifically the Wenfeng Mountain Scenic Area.The detailed results serve as a rich reference for decision-makers and researchers,offering new insights into specific aspects of tourism-related ecological impacts.As avenues for future research,refining the evaluation indicators and improving the data collection and analysis methodologies will be pivotal for advancing the precision and reliability of green development assessments.