Assessment of the Ecological Security in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area by Using the Ecological Footprint Method

The ecological footprint concept and its calculation models are useful for the measurement of the sustainable level of social and economic development.The ecological security situation of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) was evaluated using this concept in this study.The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir has led to the change in the ecology and immigration status of TGRA.The ecological footprint method is an important means to study the regional ecological security.Our results suggested that,by excluding the areas for biodiversity conservation(12% of the total land),the ecological footprint per capita was 0.57895 ha,which exceeded the ecological carrying capacity in TGRA.The total ecological deficit was found to be 11,522,193.34 ha,accounting for 95.02% of the ecological carrying capacity.These findings suggested that the ecological security of TGRA was not good.In order to compensate for the ecological deficit,it was essential to introduce natural resources from other regions.

Spatial distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Shenjia River watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Surface soil/sediment samples were collected from the Water-Level Fluctuation Zone(WLFZ), cultivated land and forest land at 50 different grid points from Shenjia watershed, the Three Gorges Reservoir area in August 2013. The spatial distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment for Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd),Chromium(Cr), Copper(Cu), Nickel(Ni), Lead(Pb)and Zinc(Zn) were analyzed in this study. The results showed all tested metals had similar distribution patterns except Ni and Cr, with areas of high concentrations distributed in the southwest(WLFZ and watershed outlet) of the study area. Ni and Cr,which were highly positively correlated and present in high concentrations, were primarily distributed in the south and middle zones of the study area. Lower concentration areas of all metals were uniformly distributed west of the high-elevation zones and forest land. Factor analysis(FA) and factor analysismultiple linear regression(FA-MLR) showed that the major sources of Cd were fertilizer and traffic sources,which together accounted for 87% of Cd. As, Zn and Cu levels were primarily supplied by industrial and domestic sources, accounting for 76% of As, 75% of Cu and 67% of Zn. Surface soils/sediments of the study watershed contaminated by Cd represent a high ecological risk, whereas other metals represent low ecological risks. The potential ecological risk index(PERI) analysis indicated that it had a low(widerange) ecological risk and a moderate(small-range)ecological risk primarily distributed in the outlet of the study watershed. Fertilizers and traffic are the primary sources of Cd pollution, which should be more closely controlled for the purposes of water quality and ecological conservation.

Protection and Ecological Restoration of Water Level Fluctuation Zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Water level fluctuation zone(hereinafter referred to as "WLFZ") is a transitional ecosystem between terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem,and also a key area to control its neighboring terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. After the Three Gorges Reservoir was put into use,ecological environment of its WLFZ has aroused wide concern from domestic and foreign experts. On the basis of introducing characteristics of WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir,current ecological environment and main problems of this area were analyzed,plant selection and configuration was elaborated as well as the implementation effect of many WLFZ protection and ecological restoration modes. In view of the actual conditions,pertinent suggestions were proposed for WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir,namely classified protection and ecological restoration,enhancing monitoring and assessment of current situation and change tendency,carrying out technical researches and demonstration of WLFZ wetland ecological restoration.

Estimation of soil reinforcement by the roots of four postdam prevailing grass species in the riparian zone of Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Soil erosion and bank degradation is a major post-dam concern regarding the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The development and succession of vegetation is a main countermeasure,especially to enhance bank stability and mitigate soil erosion by the root system. In this study, the roots of four prevailing grass species, namely, Cynodon dactylon, Hemarthria altissima, Hemarthria compressa, and Paspalum paspaloides, in the riparian zone were investigated in relation to additional soil cohesion. Roots were sampled using a single root auger. Root length density(RLD) and root area ratio(RAR) were measured by using the Win RHIZO image analysis system. Root tensile strength(TR) was performed using a manualdynamometer, and the soil reinforcement caused by the roots was estimated using the simple Wu's perpendicular model. Results showed that RLD values of the studied species ranged from 0.24 cm/cm3 to20.89 cm/cm3 at different soil layers, and RLD were significantly greater at 0–10 cm depth in comparison to the deeper soil layers(>10 cm). RAR measurements revealed that on average 0.21% of the reference soil area was occupied by grass roots for all the investigated species. The measured root tensile strength was the highest for P. paspaloides(62.26MPa) followed by C. dactylon(51.49 MPa), H.compressa(50.66 MPa), and H. altissima(48.81MPa). Nevertheless, the estimated maximum root reinforcement in this investigation was 22.5 k Pa for H.altissima followed by H. compressa(21.1 k Pa), P.paspaloides(19.5 k Pa), and C. dactylon(15.4 k Pa) at0–5 cm depth soil layer. The root cohesion values estimated for all species were generally distributed at the 0–10 cm depth and decreased with the increment of soil depth. The higher root cohesion associated with H. altissima and H. compressa implies their suitability for revegetation purposes to strengthen the shallow soil in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Although the soil reinforcement induced by roots is only assessed from indirect indicators, the present results still useful for species selection in the framework of implementing and future vegetation recovery actions in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir and similar areas in the Yangtze River Basin.

Ecological Benefits of Compound Ridge Culture in Hillside Orchard in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area

Based on contour tillage of wide ridge and furrow covering and agro-forestry, this paper sets up a compound ridge culture mode in hillside orchards and introduces a long-term observation to the mode＇s effects on ecological benefits of water and soil conservation. A five-year study shows that compound ridge culture in hillside orchards is effective in water and soil conservation, especially in reducing soil erosion. Compared with the traditional management modes of orchards, compound ridge culture has reduced runoff amount by 41.96%-57.96%, soil erosion amount by 55.47%-67.75%. Compound ridge culture also brings an obvious reduction of soil nutrient loss and of non-point source pollution, which is of great importance for keeping and increasing the productivity of hillside orchards in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area.

三峡库区滑坡工程加固和生态护坡措施研究进展

三峡库区干、支流跨度极广,受地层岩性、岸坡结构、库水波动及强降雨的影响,库区频发以滑坡为主的地质灾害。结合三峡库区滑坡的分布规律,分析了降雨和库水波动两种主要外因作用下不同工程地质类型滑坡的变形响应特征及失稳机理,总结介绍了三峡库区滑坡灾害治理所采用的抗滑桩支护、挡土墙支护、锚杆(索)加固3种主要工程措施的支护原理和设计计算方法,以及生态护坡技术的加固机理及其在三峡库区的研究试验和推广使用。研究认为:目前三峡库区滑坡治理主要以工程措施为主,一般较少考虑滑坡防治的生态效应,今后的研究可针对三峡库区降雨型滑坡特点,更深入地探索库水波动、强降雨等外因作用下生态-结构复合护坡体系的联合加固机理及设计评价方法。

三峡库区降雨特征和林草覆被格局对坡面水沙产出的影响

[目的]为探析三峡库区降雨特征和林草覆被格局对坡面水沙产出的影响,适应人地矛盾突出和乡村特色产业发展对林下土地资源优化利用提出的新需求。[方法]以三峡库区典型退耕林地为研究对象,设置林下全坡草本覆盖格局(QF)、上坡裸地+下坡草本覆盖格局(XF)、等高横坡草本条带覆盖格局(TF)、全坡无草本覆盖格局(WF)4种林草覆被的径流小区,开展24场侵蚀性降雨事件的坡面产流产沙野外观测,辨识降雨特征和林草覆被格局对坡面产水产沙的影响。[结果](1)24场侵蚀性降雨分为A雨型(雨量小、强度较大、历时短)、B雨型(雨量大、强度大、历时短)和C雨型(雨量小、强度小、历时长)3类。A雨型发生频率最高,为45.83%,B雨型累积降雨量最大,占总降雨量的63.44%。(2)4种林草覆被格局的累积径流深和累积侵蚀量总体呈现QF<XF<TF<WF;径流深和侵蚀量峰值均发生于B雨型,其产流量相比于A雨型增加337.74%~410.32%,产沙量增加283.47%~504.58%。(3)WF径流深和侵蚀量占比为75.75%和98.51%,XF、TF分别占12.20%和1.08%,7.28%和0.34%。与WF相比,XF和TF的径流减少84.18%和75.85%,产沙减少96.99%和93.30%。[结论]对比不同林草覆被格局的坡面水沙产出,上坡耕种+下坡草本覆盖、条带耕种+等高植物篱的林下适度利用可兼顾林地调水保土和林下生态种植的功能,为三峡库区生态修复与林下土地资源优化利用提供理论依据。

2023年三峡水库生态调度对四大家鱼生境面积的影响

为量化生态调度对四大家鱼生境面积的影响,2023年在三峡水库开展了针对葛洲坝下游四大家鱼自然繁殖的生态调度试验,以葛洲坝至枝江江段为研究区域,选择水位变幅、水深、流速、水温4个主要生境因子,建立了耦合平面二维水动力学模型和产卵栖息地适宜度曲线的四大家鱼产卵生境质量评估模型,实现了产卵综合适宜度指数时空分布的精细化模拟。结果显示,2023年三峡水库生态调度期间,约60%研究区域四大家鱼产卵综合适宜度指数呈现增加趋势,其产卵加权可利用面积占研究区域总面积比例由30.45%增加至约55%;适宜四大家鱼产卵区域(综合适宜度指数0.6~1.0)明显增加,占研究区域总面积比例由4.67%增加至约60%。研究表明,三峡水库生态调度显著改善了葛洲坝至枝江江段四大家鱼产卵的生境质量。

适应水位变化的三峡库区消落带碳汇提升设计及效益评估

【目的】三峡库区消落带受周期性的水位涨落及冬季长时间深水淹没影响,碳汇能力遭受严重破坏。如何恢复并充分发挥消落带生态系统的碳汇潜力,成为三峡库区生态治理的关键议题。【方法】针对复杂水位变化挑战,提出以林塘模式修复消落带生态系统并提升碳汇能力的技术框架,选取位于三峡库区腹心的大浪坝消落带开展实证研究。运用CASA模型测算修复前后大浪坝消落带的净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP),基于植被生物量数据计算修复后大浪坝消落带与未修复对照组内不同高程带的碳汇能力,评估林塘碳汇系统的可持续效益。【结果】修复后大浪坝消落带的碳汇能力随时间推移明显提升,NPP由2012年的154.4 g C·m^(2)·a^(-1)增长至2016年的182.5 g C·m^(2)·a^(-1);各高程带的碳汇能力均显著高于对照组,并呈现出随海拔降低而减弱的趋势,170~175 m高程带碳汇能力达到1.827 kg C/m^(2),160~165 m高程带碳汇能力仅为0.830 kg C/m^(2)。林塘系统增强了生态系统的适应性和复原力,形成了适应水位变化的立体固碳模式并有效提升了碳汇效率。【结论】林塘碳汇系统是应对三峡库区复杂水位变化和长时间深水淹没挑战的适应性探索,显示出景观优化、生物多样性、经济效益与碳汇协同耦合的关键特征。研究成果能够为中国大型工程型水库消落带的治理及碳增汇提供科学依据与可复制推广的创新技术模式。

基于CA_Markov模型多情景模拟的三峡库区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应

[目的]探究三峡库区土地利用与生态环境质量时空演变特征,揭示土地利用变化引起的生态环境效应,为研究区土地资源整合和生态环境保护提供依据。[方法]选取2000年、2010年、2020年土地利用遥感监测数据,采用CA_Markov模型分别预测自然变化情景(NCS)和生态保护情景(EPS)下2030年土地利用空间格局,并通过转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、地统计分析、生态贡献率等方法,对三峡库区长时间序列土地利用变化及生态环境效应进行定量分析。[结果](1) 2000—2020年,三峡库区土地利用类型间转化明显,其中耕地转向建设用地,草地转向林地和耕地,建设用地面积增长量1 321.56 km^(2),增长率达275.02%。(2)模拟结果显示2030年生态保护情景下林地、草地面积比例均高于自然变化情景,而建设用地扩大规模相比自然变化情景显著减少。(3)三峡库区生态环境质量呈现出自西向东逐渐升高的阶梯式分布格局,2000—2030年其生态环境质量略微下降,由2000年的0.547 9降低至2030年的0.533 6。(4) 2000—2030年,降低三峡库区生态环境质量的两大主导因素是林、草地转为耕地,提高其生态环境质量的主要有利因素是耕地转为林地,生态贡献率比重超过70%。[结论]退耕还林还草和城市快速发展使三峡库区同时存在生态改善与生态恶化,但总的来看,研究区生态环境质量表现为改善略小于恶化的态势,建设用地、林地、耕地、草地之间的转化是其主要原因。

基于Markov模型的三峡上游消落带土地利用变化预测

三峡水库蓄水后形成高程差30 m的消落带,以蓄满水位175 m为基准水平外扩150 m得到交错缓冲区。缓冲区土地利用情况较复杂,本研究通过研究库区上游缓冲区近20年土地利用的变化情况,分析前20年上游发展模式。通过马尔可夫函数来预测未来20年的土地利用变化可能,为上游区域未来规划发展方向提出建议。研究表明:(1)上游在发展过程中持续紧抓农业用地,可按目前的模式继续发展;(2)生态方面,森林、灌丛、草地等与生态环境相关的地类占比是有所提高的,目前发展政策是有利生态环境的,但由于水域面积增长导致裸岩增加,水土流失风险增加,需更加重视水土流失的防治;(3)经济发展与城镇化密切相关,城乡建设用地与道路占比不断上升,上游经济形势一片大好。综合来说,可按照2000~2020年的发展模式继续开发建设,但应在此基础上更加重视经济与环境的协同发展,尽量建设森林城市,通过工程护坡、生态护坡等技术来加强两岸土地的水土保持力度。

2000—2020年三峡库区生态环境质量综合评估

客观综合地评估区域生态环境质量是现今全球关注和研究的热点问题。三峡库区自蓄水后,生态环境就变得比较脆弱,因此评价三峡库区生态环境质量十分必要。基于2000、2010、2020年的遥感数据,结合生态环境指数(EI)和遥感生态指数(RSEI)构建了三峡库区生态环境质量综合评价体系。结果表明,构建的生态环境质量综合评价体系能够有效实现三峡库区大尺度长时间序列的生态环境质量评价,精度可靠。2000—2010年三峡库区生态环境质量呈现下降趋势,而2010—2020年呈现上升趋势,2000—2020年整体上表现为上升趋势。空间上,三峡库区生态环境质量较好的区域主要分布在东部、北部和东南部的巫溪县、宜昌县、兴山县、石柱县和巴东市等;质量较差的区域主要分布在西南部和长江沿岸城市化进程较快的地区。

三峡水库消落区植物群落演变趋势及优势植物适应策略

三峡水库周期性蓄水显著改变了消落区植物群落组成及多样性,植物群落的演变过程能反映和影响整个消落区生态系统的变化,但目前还缺乏长期连续的观测数据记录,因而本研究基于2009-2021年6月的固定样方长时间序列监测数据和优势植物叶片功能性状数据,分析了消落区3个高程(145~155、155~165和165~175m)区域植物群落多样性和优势植物重要值的变化趋势,通过冗余分析和蒙特卡罗检验揭示了水库运行特征参数和气象因子对消落区植物特征的影响。研究发现:1)消落区3个高程区域,优势植物差异明显,145~155和155~165 m区域以狗牙根、香附子和苍耳等为主,165~175 m区域以狗牙根、野胡萝卜和鬼针草等为主。145~155 m区域植物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(1.47±0.47)和Pielou均匀度指数(0.67±0.07)显著低于165~175 m区域。2)2009-2021年期间,高程145~155和155~165 m区域Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数呈波动下降趋势,优势植物狗牙根和香附子的重要值呈增加趋势。3)RDA分析表明,与水库运行特征密切相关的淹没时间、周期性淹没次数和高程均能显著影响消落区优势植物重要值的大小。狗牙根、喜旱莲子草和苍耳等物种重要值与周期性淹没次数呈正相关,狗尾草和水蓼的重要值与淹没次数呈负相关。野胡萝卜、鬼针草和黄花蒿等物种重要值与高程呈正相关,狗牙根、香附子和水蓼的重要值与高程呈负相关。4)不同植物的适应策略各有不同,消落区植物狗牙根的比叶面积最大,为(32.8±7.2)mm^(2)/mg,鬼针草和苍耳次之,分别为(30.6±3.9)和(30.0±3.0)mm^(2)/mg,均小于未淹没对照区植物的比叶面积。5)狗牙根耐水淹能力强,以S策略投资为主(53.4%),苍耳的比叶面积大,以C投资策略主(61.3%)。小白酒草(64.6%)和鬼针草(50.9%)以R策略为主,种子小数量多,喜旱莲子草也以R策略为主(71.3%),具有发达的根茎。本研究结果可加深对大型水库消落区植物群落演变趋势及优势植物的生态适应策略的科学认知。

三峡库区秭归碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化特性研究

岸坡消落带岩体劣化对岸稳定性演化和岸坡再造具有不利影响.三峡库区岸坡消落带长期处于145~175 m库水位升降环境,以三峡库区碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体为研究对象,采取野外调查与测绘、室内试验、消落带岩体与未受库水位影响的自然风化区岩体的“比拟法”等综合方法,总结了碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化特征,基于消落带岩体劣化宏观现象,提出了碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体的劣化模式,分析了碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化水动力作用机制.结果表明:岸坡消落带岩体劣化与岸坡结构、工程地质岩组和岩性具有明显的相关性.库水位升降水动力作用是诱发消落带岩体劣化的主要水动力条件.

不同植被盖度对三峡库区边坡减蚀的室内模拟降雨研究

为探究气候和植被覆盖度变化对三峡库区消落带库岸边坡的影响,通过开展人工模拟降雨试验,分析不同雨强和植被覆盖度(0,30%,50%,70%,90%)下坡面侵蚀规律及变化特征。结果表明:(1)在不同雨强下,植被边坡侵蚀累计产沙量均随植被覆盖度的增加呈现下降趋势,整体下降演变的趋势可分为迅猛—平缓—稳定3个阶段,三峡库区消落带库岸边坡的临界盖度为50%~70%,维持植被覆盖度在此区间可以有效抑制坡面的泥沙损失。(2)同一植被覆盖度条件下地表径流相对系数与雨强呈正相关。同一雨强条件下地表径流相对系数与植被覆盖度呈负相关,说明坡面植被可以有效地阻滞地表径流,对水土流失具有一定的抑制作用。(3)选用Horton降雨入渗模型分析不同植被覆盖度对降雨入渗速率影响,发现不同植被覆盖下边坡降雨入渗大体分为降雨初期迅速减小,中期减小幅度变缓,后期逐渐趋于稳定3个阶段。植被覆盖度越大,稳定入渗率越高。研究成果可为三峡库区库岸边坡水土流失治理与推动长江生态环境保护修复提供理论参考。

长寿区长时序生态质量评价及影响因素分析

分析长寿区生态质量时空演变过程和影响因素对三峡库区生态建设及恢复具有重要意义。选取长寿区为研究区,以2002—2021年多景Landsat-5 TM影像和Landsat-8 OLI影像构建遥感生态指数(RSEI),从时间和空间两个维度研究生态质量演变过程,并通过随机森林模型分析生态质量和影响因子之间的关系。结果表明:①长寿区RSEI均值由2002年的0.6427降低到2006年的0.5665,2010年以后RSEI均值稳步增加,生态质量呈“先恶化后好转,整体向好发展”的趋势;②生态质量较好的区域集中在高程较高的区域,较差的区域集中在长江两岸的工业园区、化工园区、城镇居民居住区;③2002—2021年长寿区生态质量改善面积为628.838 km^(2),占比44.16%;退化面积为183.269 km^(2),占比12.87%,改善效果明显;④随机森林模型分析发现高程和人口密度是影响RSEI空间变化的主要因子,人类活动和地形因素对区域生态质量变化起主导作用。利用RSEI和随机森林模型可以对长寿区及三峡库区内其他相似区域进行生态质量评价。

三峡库区支流磨刀溪产粘沉性卵鱼类早期资源现状

研究磨刀溪回水区的鱼类早期资源,可为三峡库区重要生境、水生生物多样性保护提供科学依据。2019年的4-6月,在三峡库区支流磨刀溪回水区江段(新津乡-龙角镇)开展鱼类资源监测,以了解该区域鱼类早期资源种类组成、仔稚鱼密度的时间动态以及与环境因子的关系。结果表明,采集到7种产粘沉性卵鱼类的鱼苗中,以贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)为主;密度高峰期集中在4月下旬至5月中旬。磨刀溪新津口至龙角镇江段共分布有鲤、鲫集中产卵场4处。冗余分析(RDA)表明,饵料丰度、溶解氧和pH是影响鱼苗分布的主要因素。磨刀溪变动回水区江段是粘沉性鱼类产卵场的分布区域,三峡水库4-6月水位的快速消落,很可能导致鲤、鲫等产粘沉性卵鱼类资源的损失。建议通过实施生态调度减小水位日变幅或在回水区放置人工鱼巢、恢复水生植被来减缓其影响。

适用于秋冬季节RSEI的三峡库区生态质量评估

遥感生态指数(RSEI)是一种能快速、实时、定量、多时序评估生态环境质量的评价生态指标,但RSEI在秋冬季节生态质量反演表征上存在不足。针对该问题,本文提出了一种适用于秋冬季节的RSEI。首先利用地理探测器分析RSEI的4个指标是否适用于秋冬季节的生态质量反演;然后采用植被覆盖度、植被健康指数、表层水分含量指数、地表温度、空气质量指数构建适用于秋冬季节的RSEI,并进行适用性验证;最后对三峡库区秋冬季节的生态环境质量进行反演与时空分析。结果显示:(1)库区生态环境质量总体呈现改善的趋势;(2)库区77%的面积生态环境质量较为稳定;(3)预测库区生态环境总体呈未来改善、持续性改善的趋势。

多尺度滑坡灾害生态风险评价与风险管理——以三峡库区万州-巫山段为例

进行生态风险多尺度综合评价,对环境管理及风险决策具有重要意义。以三峡库区滑坡重点监测县域为例,基于“危险性-脆弱性-潜在损失”三维模型,以随机森林模型评估滑坡危险性,采用景观格局指数表征生态脆弱性,利用生境质量核算潜在生态损失,进行格网、行政、子流域多尺度下的滑坡灾害生态风险评价,提出适合各尺度的风险管理措施,在此基础上选择最适宜尺度并结合研究区实际情况进行验证。结果表明,生态风险等级较高区域集中于长江两岸沿线,三峡库区建设对研究区滑坡生态风险产生较大影响;两两尺度风险分布结果具有一定相似性,而三种尺度共同作用结果又存在一定差异;子流域尺度在保证生态结构完整性的前提下评价结果好于其他两种尺度,更适合三峡库区县域的生态风险评价;研究区东部风险防范类型相对单一,而西部风险防范类型较多,需做到精细化管理。研究增加了多尺度综合评价实例,对今后开展整个三峡库区滑坡生态风险研究奠定一定理论和实践基础。