Risk Identification for the Ecological Environment of Flood Disasters Based on the Life Cycle

Aiming at the complexity of ecological environment risk of flood disaster, the life cycle of flood disaster is defined based on the relevant literatures, which is divided into incubation period, development period, outbreak period, recession period and extinction period. The characteristics of each period are analyzed. Further, the main risks for ecological environment faced at each stage under the life cycle of flood disaster are studied systematically to form the systematic ecological environment risk system for flood disaster.

Research on the Regional Ecological Environment Evaluation and Application under the Influence of the Severe Earthquake Disaster

To conduct the ecological restoration and reconstruction of disaster areas after the severe earthquake, such as Wenchuan Earthquake and Lushan Earthquake, this article uses region al ecological environment evaluation and ecological footprint to construct a quantitative analysis model on the basis of ecololgical environment indexes in Mianzhu City. Through this model, resource status of the regional environment in Mianzhu is analyzed, as well as the ecological capacity and the ecological security. Based on the evaluation and analysis, this paper provides multi-path development strategies of ecological restoration and sustainable development of human settlements after the earthquake.

Analysis on Landscape Ecological Risk of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateaus:A Case Study on Niyang River Basin

Taking Niyang River Basin as an example, applying with the indices of landscape pattern, the indices of ecological risk of ecosystems are calculated in this paper, which takes the value of ecological loss of main ecosystem as the evaluation standard and takes into account the impacts of probability or the velocity of main hazards and event of the ecosystem. And the grades of ecological risk are assessed. According to the results of assessment, the ecological risk grades of the basin are divided into five classes. From the first grade risk to the fifth grade risk, the values of regional risk indices gradually reduce. The first grade risk areas mainly distribute in Niyang river and its branches downstream and the surrounding areas of main towns. And the basin area of non-valley region and the headstream regions of the branches are the fifth grades risk areas. This evaluation results provide the basis to the regional sustainable development.

Desertification and Blown Sand Disaster in China

Approximately 331 million ha, one-third of China＇s total land, is prone to desertification processes, leading to natural disasters and economic losses. In this study, the situation, tendency, their influences and their risk governance of desertification and blown sand disaster in China were examined using satellite images, field photographs, field data and a literature review. The desiccated areas in Lop Nor and the lower Heihe River fluvial plain covered about 50,000 km2 and 40,000 km2, respectively. In Ejina, about 100 species of vegetation became extinct. The rate of wind erosion in China was between 1,000 tons/km2/year and 2,000 tons/km2/year. There were 12 sand deserts and sandy lands, occupying a total of 710,000 km2. Salinized soils occurred across 99.1 million ha. The two main sand and dust storm-prone areas in China were the Tarim Basin and its surroundings, and the Alxa Plateau and its surroundings. From 1981 to 2007, the annual average frequency of sand and dust storms varied from 1 d to 37 d with a general increase from southeast to northwest. Since 1978, China has implemented a number of ecological construction projects that have reduced desertification from 1999 to 2004 and from 2005 to 2009, and the number of dust and sand storm days from 9.3 d between 1954 and 1959 to 4.4 d between 2000 and 2007. The results could improve understanding of desertification and blown sand disasters in China and provide valuable experiences for global desertification control.

Interaction Mechanism between Formation Process of Bank Collapse Disaster Chain and Territorial Space Utilization of Large Reservoirs

Number of reservoirs in China ranks the first in the world. Due to the complex geology, and superimposing rainfall and reservoir water fluctuation, the bank collapse chain is prone to disasters. The Yangtze River Reservoir is key geological disaster prevention area. Studying the process of reservoir disaster is significant because of the limited territorial space utilization. Scientific and technological issues, i.e., the mechanism of bank collapse disaster chain of large reservoirs, the interaction mechanism of bank collapse disaster chain and territorial space utilization, the early identification, monitoring technology and ecological prevention and control technology system of disaster chain, and the territorial space geological safety and control technology system are focused. We consider the material transformation, energy transfer and information transmission in disaster chain;adopt the survey, Space-Air-Ground integrated monitoring, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and the multidisciplinary research methods;reveal the chain source development, evolution process of secondary and derivative disasters;explore the interaction mechanism of disaster chain and territorial space utilization;construct the system of early identification, monitoring, early warning, control and ecological preven-tion to achieve Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality;provide theoretical and technical support for the territorial space geological safety, regulation and utilization of large reservoirs.

Development of living floor spaces on the basis of ecological economic and social programs

Human activities moves to an ecological disaster. The technocratic approach to the organization of activity breaking environment ecology forces to defend the Nature accidents. The mankind crossed line of technological development when the Planet became vulnerable. Will help to rescue mankind from an ecological disaster, ecological thinking and behavior of people, and their ecological responsibility, the moral relation to the nature;harmonization of vital system by waste-free industrial cycles of the combined productions;eco-world formation. The problem of global ecological stabilization can be solved by implementation of social and economic interdisciplinary programs, such as, first, the ecological program “Clean Air, Clear Water, Pure Food, Net Energy, Pure Cities and Villages, Pure Nature”, secondly, the program of development ecological and health the preserving with the filled economy resources, thirdly, the “Development Health of the Preserving Medicine and Health System” program, fourthly, the program of the ecological focused interdisciplinary education, fifthly, the program of peaceful, humane environmental policy, sixthly, the program of civil education of harmonious life for a sustainable development, seventhly, the program of formation of fair democracy as way of life of society. Social and economic programs for stabilization of ecology need to be realized under the competent direction and control of the institutionalized infrastructure of scientific and educational society and on the basis of ecological thinking and behavior of all segments of the population. World community will have to undertake decisive measures to stabilize the environmental ecological processes in order to keep modern and future generations supplied with a harmony between the meeting of their reasonable needs, social and economic problems decision, with the life on the Earth being preserved.

小流域生态-岩土协同减灾原理与方法初探

随着全球变暖,极端降雨事件增多,导致山区小流域灾害频发,严重威胁人民生命财产安全。小流域防灾减灾形式多样,其中生态工程措施与岩土工程措施相结合协同减灾的方式,不仅能够充分发挥两种措施在不同时间段的减灾作用,而且能够增加整体减灾功效。目前,受限于生态工程措施与岩土工程措施协同减灾原理不明,评估方法缺乏,导致二者无法有机结合并开展综合减灾效益评估。本文在基于自然解决方案的基础上,提出了山区小流域生态-岩土措施协同减灾的原理,即利用生态工程与岩土工程协作,通过坡面防护和沟道调控,形成稳定阶梯-深潭结构的生态工程-岩土工程措施协同减灾原理。在此基础上,结合地理信息系统和最优化原理,给出基于能量消减的小流域生态工程-岩土工程协同减灾功效的定量化评价方法,为规划、设计、物种选择以及生态工程与岩土工程对策的结合提供依据。

气候灾害、农产品价格策略和农户生计脆弱性——来自生态搬迁安置区的考察

在生态搬迁大背景下,农户面临的外部环境、内在心理和应对策略均发生了明显转变,有必要从外部扰动与内部适应的视角探究农户生计脆弱性。基于生计脆弱性理论,探讨实际气候灾害、感知气候灾害和农产品价格策略对农户生计脆弱性的影响,基于广东韶关南水湖生态搬迁安置区425位农户的调研数据进行验证。通过单因素方差分析、回归分析和Bootstrap中介效应检验,得出结论:首先,生态搬迁安置区农户感知气候灾害有其特殊性,与村子位置、社会关系和生计转换能力有关;其次,实际气候灾害和感知气候灾害均会加剧农户生计脆弱性,但感知气候灾害的影响力大于实际气候灾害,这与以往研究观点不同,也反映出农户对于气候灾害的担忧心理较为突出;最后,气候灾害及其后续的农产品价格策略是影响农户生计脆弱性的重要因素。

梯级开发对生态环境的影响

生态良好的河流上建坝对生态的负面影响大,而生态较差的山区河流上建坝改善生态。三峡和葛洲坝阻挡洄游鱼类,改变水文影响鲤科鱼类产卵。西南河流梯级开发与河狸建设的水坝和堰塞坝群的影响类似。青藏高原、云贵高原、黄土高原的河流下切导致地质灾害频发,堰塞坝群把河流阶梯化、消减灾害能量。在下切河流上建设梯级坝群符合自然规律,具有自然坝群相似的减灾效果。水库群形成串糖葫芦栖息地,支持较高生物多样性。高原河流梯级开发既减少灾害,又改善生态。

明清兽灾言说与生态保护意识

明清战乱与人口增长,边荒垦殖扩大,侵犯了野生动物领地,加剧了兽灾爆发。人们杀兽自救,民间叙事者标举捕猛兽器械和捕兽技术。站在人类中心立场上,把野兽完全推到灾害施加者的被告席上。面临野兽袭击,人与家畜亲密依存关系强化,人往往依靠与家畜互助互卫,家畜形象被愈加伦理化。人们还依靠地方官员德行、能力弭灾驱灾;许多边荒地区则以祷神、责神来治理兽灾。对猛兽威胁,明清还多取人兽亲和的神幻想象。地方官也更为积极地表彰资助协力抗灾的百姓。在华夏灾害、御灾与生态学融合的文学书写中,是人与动物关系的一个令人警醒的方面。

城市水利大海绵在宿迁市的探索与实践

当前我国海绵城市建设主要以低影响开发(LID)为主,虽有效提升了城市排水防涝能力,但仍缺乏流域、区域、城市、社区多尺度建设措施的协同推进。以江苏省宿迁市推进海绵城市建设为切入点,提出“城市水利大海绵”的概念,阐述其理念内涵、建设目标等,指出城市水利大海绵是以城市河湖水系为基础、各种水利设施为节点、精细化调度为灵魂,并与小尺度LID设施有效衔接的系统化全域海绵城市建设新模式。在此基础上,确定了以天然水域面积比例为基础指标,以统筹保障城市水安全、优化水资源配置、改善水生态等为基本目标的城市水利大海绵构建思路,剖析了其构建过程中的关键指标,阐明了相应的实施路径。

我国煤矸石山综合治理现状及零碳治理探索

在煤炭资源的开采过程中产出大量煤矸石,粉煤灰等副产品,这些副产品大量堆积引发了一系列次生灾害与环境问题。为解决煤矸石山因堆积产生的一系列灾害,基于国内重要矿区矸石山分布情况,分析其主要灾害,研究其治理经验与成果,探索生态处治煤矸石山坡面稳定的方法,探讨了现存煤矸石山治理的不足之处。结合国内外煤矸石利用与绿色治理新技术,提出1种桩-草协同护坡的零碳治理方式,可为我国煤矸石山资源化利用和生态环境保护提供参考。

儿童友好导向的矿区地表致灾因素治理规划研究与探索:以硕嘉湾矿区为例

大规模的煤炭资源开发与利用引发了一系列生态环境问题。在生态文明建设的背景下,对矿区致灾因素及生态修复的综合治理规划提出了更高要求。因此,本文以神木市硕嘉湾矿区为例,通过可见光+热红外无人机航测探明了该区域地表致灾因素主要为隐蔽高温异常、地表裂隙和塌陷、地表水体;在此基础上,以儿童友好作为治理目标导向,围绕治理规划的理论、原则、方针、实施、目标,系统提出“44441”(四理论指导、四原则推行、四方针落实、四步演进规划方案、一目标实现)儿童友好导向的治理规划策略,为矿区的治理规划提出了新兴概念设计,形成了致灾因素识别→前期生态修复→后期治理规划的全生命周期、全链条完整的矿区治理规划新路径,为提高矿区居民生活环境品质,以及矿区可持续发展提供了新思路。

Networking Observation and Applications of Chinese Ocean Satellites

This paper presents the networking observation capabilities of Chinese ocean satellites and their diverse applications in ocean disaster prevention,ecological monitoring,and resource development.Since the inaugural launch in 2002,China has achieved substantial advancements in ocean satellite technology,forming an observation system composed of the HY-1,HY-2,and HY-3 series satellites.These satellites are integral to global ocean environmental monitoring due to their high resolution,extensive coverage,and frequent observations.Looking forward,China aims to further enhance and expand its ocean satellite capabilities through ongoing projects to support global environmental protection and sustainable development.

新时期“四水”新态势及若干重大问题思考

人类活动与气候变化影响下,水灾害、水资源、水生态、水环境“四水”问题呈现新特点。围绕水资源演变态势与水资源需求、洪水蓄泄关系和防洪保安要求、生态水文过程和生态环境保护治理要求、水安全风险和安全保障要求等方面,深入分析了“四水”问题新形势新变化。研究提出了新时期“四水”问题应对总体策略:把水安全放在国土空间格局优化中谋划;科学制定“四水”系统治理策略;瞄准牵一发而动全身的重大水利工程谋划;突出水安全风险主动应对和防控能力提升。针对新时期治水若干重大问题进行了探讨:从以水定城、以水定地、以水定人、以水定产、以水定绿角度,探讨如何建立适水经济社会与国土空间新格局;从供水安全标准、防洪排涝标准、水生态保护修复标准角度,探讨如何形成合理的水安全新标准体系;从水网联网组网、坚强韧性水网角度,探讨如何形成坚强韧性的新型水网体系;从水资源开发利用约束、人类水事行为规范、水需求与利用约束调控角度,探讨如何形成适应水情特点的新行为规范;从“四水”治理协同、措施和工程协同、跨部门政策协同、政府与市场协同角度,探讨如何形成良性可持续治理新模式。

基于SRP模型的地质灾害易发区生态脆弱性评价

以甘肃省舟曲县为研究对象,以2010,2015和2020年遥感影像数据、地形数据、气象数据、地质灾害数据以及社会经济数据等为基础,结合SRP模型构建评价体系,采用层次分析法、空间自相关、地理探测器等方法,对舟曲县生态环境脆弱性进行定量评价与分析.结果表明:从县域尺度来看,2010—2020年舟曲县生态处于中等脆弱水平,在空间上呈现“北低南高,东低西高”的特征,时间上呈现“极度、重度脆弱区面积明显减少,中度脆弱区面积显著增加”趋势,整体向好趋势明显;从乡镇尺度来看,生态脆弱性状况均呈好转趋势,各乡镇生态脆弱性等级变化以极度、重度脆弱区减少,中度脆弱区增加为主;生态脆弱性空间集聚效应减弱,高高集聚类型乡镇由4个减少至3个,低聚集类型乡镇由1个增加至2个;生态脆弱性分布与变化主要受土壤、气象、地形地貌、人类活动以及地质灾害等因素综合影响,其中年降水量、地质灾害易发点密度和距离道路距离3个因子解释力最强,地形起伏度、坡度和距离河流距离3个因子解释力最弱.

滑坡灾害对区域生态环境影响评估方法研究--以黎川县为例

黎川县因地势多样性以及亚热带的季风气候所具备的降水特性,导致该县滑坡灾害频发,严重影响区域生态环境,为了降低影响,研究滑坡灾害对区域生态环境影响评估方法。在开展相应研究时,首先,构建滑坡灾害对区域生态环境影响评估层次结构;然后,结合滑坡灾害在区域生态环境中隐患点分布模式,构建区域生态环境影响评估矩阵;最后,将隐患点分布特征与层次分析法结合,通过差异度和偏差优化算法,构建生态环境影响评估模型。结果表明,该方法有效评估出黎川县滑坡灾害对区域生态环境的影响,为降低滑坡对生态环境影响提供保障。

西南少数民族灾害神话民间信仰的结构与内涵

西南地区自古是重要的生态屏障,也是生态脆弱区,相应地西南少数民族普遍具有灾害神话叙事。西南少数民族灾害神话是一种超自然观、神祇崇拜、仪式展演与禁忌实践相结合的民间信仰体系。作为一个整体性灾害神话叙事体系,神话是民间信仰实践的权威经典,而仪式实践则是民间信仰的效验机制,它们有机形成一种互文互释的内在结构。西南少数民族灾害神话以神祇的名义,动员每一个民族成员具身参与神话叙事,通过共同在场强化其灾害记忆与文化认同,从而实现防灾减灾的祈愿目的,促进地方社会的自我治理。西南少数民族灾害神话民间信仰蕴含人与自然生命共同体意识,并以其交互性实践实现各民族之间的交往交流交融,铸牢中华民族共同体意识。

基于自然的解决方案的矿山生态修复研究——以云南省建水县国营水泥厂为例

建水县国营水泥厂石灰岩矿历史采矿严重破坏生态环境,矿山关停后地质灾害及隐患十分发育,土地资源闲置浪费,地形地貌感官不良。根据基于自然的解决方案(NbS)理念,结合历史遗留矿山土地政策,对修复区场地进行系统整理,消除历史遗留地质灾害及隐患,使工矿废弃地修复为工业用地、旱地、林草地,恢复土地功能以实现土地价值。

基于模糊评价方法的中国海洋生态灾害重大事件应急能力评价研究

为预防海洋生态灾害重大事件的发生,最大限度地减少其造成的损失,有效保障沿海地区及其他地区人民群众的生命财产安全,我国应切实加强海洋生态灾害应急能力建设。本文在系统综述突发事件应急能力评价研究的基础上,根据海洋生态灾害应急能力系统要素构成和流程构成,结合海洋生态灾害重大事件应急的特点,运用文献分析法和德尔菲法构建了海洋生态灾害重大事件应急能力评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定了海洋生态灾害重大事件应急能力评价指标权重,运用模糊评价方法对海洋生态灾害重大事件应急能力进行了评价。依据应急能力等级量化表中位数评价法进行评价,绿潮灾害重大事件应急能力为5.52,应急能力处于一般水平;赤潮灾害重大事件应急能力为4.80,应急能力处于较弱水平;溢油灾害重大事件应急能力为3.37,应急能力处于较弱水平。中国海洋生态灾害重大事件应急能力建设应不断完善海洋生态灾害重大事件应急法律体系、合理规划海洋生态灾害重大事件应急机构设置、进一步理顺海洋生态灾害重大事件应急机制、逐渐完备海洋生态灾害重大事件应急预案体系、增强应急主体对海洋生态灾害事件防范意识等。