Design of Landscape Ecological Restoration for “Five Mining Areas” of the Laoqing Mountain in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Through analyzing basic conditions of the "five mining areas" in the Laoqing Mountain of the Dianchi Lake Basin, in Kunming City, South China, the ecological restoration design of "integrating engineering protection and biological restoration, building the landscape ecological security pattern of the Laoqing Mountain" was proposed. Considering the different ecological functional areas, varying engineering measures, greening patterns, and irrigation means were selected for the ecological restoration, including site management, vegetation restoration, management and utilization etc.. These ecological restoration measures will produce favorable ecological benefits, and also take landscape effect and sustainable development into consideration, which will contribute to the ecological restoration of the "five mining areas", and provide a scientific and feasible reference for the ecological restoration in China.

Landscape pattern and its restoration for coal mine subsidence area in southern part of Tangshan in China

To investigate the ecosystem damage and environment pollution resulted from coal resources exploitation,based on remote sensing image,the landscape pattern was quantitatively analyzed with GIS and landscape pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS by utilizing multiform landscape pattern indexes,such as patch area,patch circumference,patch number,fractal dimension,fragmentation index,connectivity index and so on. Results indicate that the restored landscape type occupies the control status and accounts for the majority of the whole area,and needs to be further restored and adjusted because of its internal body with smaller patches,lower fractal dimension and better connectivity. The landscape type without restoration has destroyed the ecology and beauty of the whole landscape. In addition,some suggestive instructions for restoring various kinds of patches are put forward according to the quantitative analysis.

An Evaluation Study on Water Ecological Civilization Construction in Coal Mining Subsidence Area

By combining expert consultation and field investigation,an evaluation system,consisting of 29 indices in 5 aspects of water safety,water ecology,water management,water landscape and water culture,was established for water ecological civilization construction in coal mining subsidence areas.The weight of the indices was determined using improved group-decision fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematical method,and their score was determined according to their value before the pilot and the value at the end of the pilot.Combined with the weight,the actual score of the indices was obtained.Finally,a comprehensive index of water ecological civilization in coal mining subsidence areas was obtained.Through the weight and score of the indices,the construction status,existing problems and future tasks of coal mining subsidence areas were analyzed,in order to provide a reference for the region to further clarify the direction and key tasks of water ecological civilization construction.

Harmony between Industrial Landscape and Natural Ecology—Landscape Design of the Former Area in Wangfenggang Coal Mine of Anhui Huainan

Taking landscape design of the former area in Wangfenggang coal mine of Anhui Huainan as an example,the whole thinking and specific implementations were discussed from aspects including scenic spot planning,plant landscape and characteristics of scenic spots,and created landscape in mining areas,squares and residential districts by combining section peculiarity,old building characteristics and circumstance in the landscape design of mining areas,which aimed to realize sustainable development of landscape in mining areas.

Soil heavy metal(loid)s and risk assessment in vicinity of a coal mining area from southwest Guizhou, China

Total concentrations of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, chromium, and copper in the soils from near a coal mine area in southwest Guizhou, China, were measured to evaluate the level of contamination, and the potential ecological risks posed by the heavy metals were quantitatively estimated. Results reveal that all heavy metals/metalloid exceeded the background values for soil environmental quality of heavy metals in Guizhou area. Geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)) showed that arsenic had the highest contamination level(I_(geo)=4) among the seven heavy metals/metalloid, and the contamination levels of mercury and lead were also relatively high(I_(geo)=3). Pearson correlation and cluster analysis identified that mercury, copper and arsenic had a relationship, and their presence might be mainly related to mining activity, coal and oil combustion, and vehicle emissions. Improved Nemerow index indicated that the overall level of heavy metal contamination in the studied area ranged from moderately–heavily contaminated to heavily contaminated level. Potential ecological risk index(R_I) analysis manifested that the whole ecological risk level ranged from high degree to very high degree(325.30≤R_I≤801.02) in the studied soil samples, and the potential ecological risk factors (E_r^i) of heavy metals/metalloid were as follows: Hg > As > Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr, and the E_r^i of Hg and As reached very high risk grade.

Selection experiments for the optimum combination of AMF-plant-substrate for the restoration of coal mines

A complex substrate consisting of fly ash, coal gangue and excess sludge was used as an experimental soil in pot culture experiments. Different soil compositions were tested by observing the growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi inoculated white clover, rye grass or com. The biomass of the host plants, the mycorrhizal colonization （MC） rate and the mycorrhizal depen- dency （MD） were measured. The research addresses the preferable AMF-plant-substrate combination appropriate for restoration of coal mines. We used two inoculation methods： single-inoculation with Glomus versiforme or Glomus mosseae and a dual inocula- tion with both Ctv and Gm. The results show that G^m is the preferable fungi and that dual inoculation does not show advantages for the restoration of coal mines. White clover inoculated with AM fungi is the most suitable condition for restoration of coal mines. The best weight ratio of fly ash, coal gangue and excess sludge was found to be 20：60：20. The optimum treatment conditions of AMF-plant-activated-substrate are described.

Study on the Ecological Restoration Techniques in Coal Mines——A Case Study of Mines in Huainan

Coal mining has brought serious damages to neighboring environment and ecosystem,and degradation of ecological environment has seriously influenced life of neighboring residents and sustainable development of coal industry.Destroyed ecological environment of mines in Huainan,Anhui Province was introduced in this study,ecological restoration principles,methods and procedures of mines were explored.The paper proposed that the harmonious development of economy,society and ecological environment must be considered in the ecological restoration.Combing with current situation of local mining areas,practical eco-restoration technical solutions were given by following ecological restoration principles to realize the sustainable development of mines.

Prevention and Control Mode of Desertification in China＇s State Energy Group Shendong Mining Area with Annual Coal Output of 200 Million Tons

According to the strategic goal of sustainable development,construction and management for the construction of Shendong mining area with ecological safety,the ecological restoration principle of ＂ control protects development and development promotes control＂ for desertification prevention and control was adopted,and engineering measures,plant greening measures,and enclosure management and protection measures were taken to prevent and control desertification in the mining area based on careful detailed investigation and accurate planning and design in the early period. After 32 years,the desertification ecological landscape environment of the mining area has undergone a qualitative change,and the vegetation coverage has increased from 3%-8% to above 60% after the development. The former desertification land has become a modern green energy base that has produced 200 million tons of coal every year. The construction and management mode of an ecologically safe and modernized green coal mining area built by Shendong in the desertification region of northwestern China shows that taking appropriate comprehensive ecological restoration construction technology and management measures that integrate engineering,plants and enclosure management and protection is an effective technical and management paradigm for the construction of a modernized green large-scale coal mining area in China＇s arid and semi-arid regions.

Ecological Restoration Technology and Carbon Reduction Paths of Abandoned Mines in Zoige Alpine Grassland Area

At first,the ecological restoration technology of abandoned mines is summarized,and the paths and models of mine ecological restoration in Zoige grassland area under the background of carbon neutrality are analyzed.Moreover,the problems and deficiencies in the current research on mine ecological restoration in Zoige grassland area are initially identified,and the future research trend is prospected to provide a reference for the path of carbon reduction by mine ecological restoration in Zoige grassland area and other alpine grassland areas in the future.

A review on investigation of water-preserved coal mining in western China

Yushenfu mining area is located in an ecological fragile area in western China, the coal seam of which is the Jurassic Ysn'an Foirnalion. The Jurassic Yan'an Formation con tains five minable coal seams, the top layer of which is thick, covered by shallow overburden and located under aquifers. Therefore, the mining induced water flowing fractured zone can easily extend to the aquifers of both the Quaternary Sarahu and Jurassic Zhiluo Formation. This would result in a series of negative hydrological and ecological effects, including groundwater leakage, groundwater lowering, furtherly causing surface vegetation withering and dying, surface water body reduction, spring drying out, and water flow of river being decreased substantially. To solve these environmental problems, several technologies have been carried out by Chinese scientists, one of which is water-preserved coal mining. This paper presents a review of the origin, definition and development of water-preserved coal mining, and its applications in Yushenfu mining area. The applicable conditions, research contents, research methodology, and technical foundation of water-preserved coal mining are addressed in this paper. The future research focuses regarding water-preserved coal mining in China are also discussed in this paper. Its results serve as a guide for selecting the methods to be preferred for mining in case the geological conditions, roof overburden structure and coal mining process are similar to Yushenfu mining area.

Impact of coal resource development on eco-environment and its restoration in west of China

West China has rich mineral resources, especially in coal resources with very good mining conditions. Coal resource development is the one of important tasks in the Chinese “West Development”. Thus, the impact of coal resources development on eco-environment and its restoration is worth studying. This study shows that there are many environmental problems such as land damage, coal wastes, damage of hydro-geological condition and pollution of water resource, airborne effluents (industrial exhausts and methane emission from underground), dust, waste, water. Land damage and land desertification are the most important environmental issue in west China. Therefore, the stress of environmental restoration should be desert presentation and disturbed-land reclamation. To control environmental damages and rehabilitate the eco-environment, environmental restoration techniques are also discussed.

LUCC of large opencast mines in loess area during ecologi-cal restoration: a case study of Pingshuo Mine

Taking Pingshuo mine as an example, this paper studies land use, cover change in the process of reclaiming in mine area in the methods of survey in fixed places, indoor analysis, investigation and verification of history data. The results show that as a special land-use form, LUCC is drastic. The change of LUCC in the process that the landform is being restructured is reflected by the change of altitude, slope exposure, slope gradient, slope patterns and specific surface area; the change of LUCC in the process that the soil is being restructured is reflected by the change of soil physical character, chemical character, biological character and erosion character; and the change of LUCC in the process that vegetation is being restructured is reflected by the increase of 91 artificial vegetations and the intrusive growth of 95 wild species.

煤矿区土壤细菌群落结构及其对不同复垦模式的响应

科学揭示不同复垦模式土壤细菌群落稳定性及其潜在互作关系对于复垦土地差异化管理及可持续利用至关重要。本文以挖深垫浅、煤矸石充填和粉煤灰充填3种模式复垦土壤为研究对象,基于高通量Illumina Miseq 16S rRNA测序技术,采用方差分析、Spearman相关性等分析方法,研究不同复垦模式下的土壤细菌群落结构和多样性。通过构建分子生态网络模型,揭示不同复垦模式下土壤细菌群落的稳定性及菌群间潜在互作关系,明晰对细菌群落结构稳定性起关键作用的微生物种群。结果表明:①不同复垦模式土壤细菌群落的多样性与丰富度水平有显著差异(P<0.05),均表现为挖深垫浅>煤矸石充填>粉煤灰充填;不同复垦模式土壤细菌群落组成相似,变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门是所有模式土壤中的优势菌门,在各复垦模式土壤细菌群落中的占比之和均达70%以上。②不同复垦模式下土壤细菌群落的显著影响因子不同,部分优势细菌门与影响因子间的变化趋势不同,有机质含量是影响挖深垫浅复垦土壤细菌群落组成的主要影响因素,pH是影响煤矸石与粉煤灰充填复垦土壤细菌群落组成的主要影响因素。③挖深垫浅复垦土壤细菌网络复杂,群落联系紧密,能更好地传递物质、能量和信息;煤矸石充填复垦土壤细菌网络内部节点间的连通度低,但菌群信息交换速度慢,拥有4个关键节点,网络相对稳定;粉煤灰充填复垦的土壤细菌网络规模最小,节点连通度不高,在外界环境发生变化时反应快,网络稳定性最差。3种复垦模式土壤细菌群落间关系均以协同合作为主导,煤矸石充填复垦土壤细菌群落间的协同合作关系占比最高。本文揭示了3种不同复垦模式下土壤细菌群落结构与分子生态网络差异,研究结果可为高潜水位采煤塌陷区土地复垦模式的优选以及人为干预方式的选择提供支撑。

矿区生态环境调研评估与修复方案研究

以某矿区为例,对矿区水文环境、工程地质、基本设施等生态环境进行调研分析,结合调研结果预估矿山地质环境影响,分析矿区采矿活动对各类矿区地质环境因素所造成的影响。根据地质环境影响预测评估结果,实施矿区地质环境治理分区,介绍工程生态环境修复方案设计,为后续矿区生态环境修复方案设计,提供调研评估方法与修复设计方案参考。

1995—2021年榆神府矿区景观生态风险时空异质性研究

煤炭开采作为一种强烈的人类活动影响了矿区生态系统服务功能和经济价值,而相同气候环境不同地貌长时序空间尺度上矿区开发后景观生态风险演化特征对比研究较欠缺。以半干旱榆神府矿区为研究对象,基于1995—2021年Landsat数据,通过构建景观生态风险指数以及空间统计学分析,探究了近30年来矿区黄土丘陵和覆沙地两种不同地貌类型景观生态风险时空演化特征。结果表明:①1995—2000年间榆神府矿区两种地貌生态风险格局整体无明显变化;2000—2010年间黄土丘陵区景观低生态风险区向更高等级生态风险转变,2010年黄土丘陵区中高、中和中低生态风险区占比为70%,而覆沙区高生态风险区域虽增加但不显著,仍以中低生态风险区为主,占比为31%;2010—2021年矿区景观生态格局向着均匀化的方向发展,黄土丘陵区逐渐稳定为以中低、中和中高生态风险等级为主,2021年3个风险等级占比为74%,覆沙区也形成了以低、中低和中生态风险等级为主的分布情况,3个风险等级占比为77%,生态风险等级逐渐趋于稳定,生态风险格局不断优化;②1995—2021年榆神府矿区景观生态风险在空间上有明显的集聚分布特征,局部生态风险具有明显的热点、冷点区域,生态风险热点主要分布于煤炭开发时间长、地质环境损害较严重的东北部和东南部黄土丘陵区,生态风险冷点主要位于目前仍处于资源勘探普查的中部覆沙区;③人为干扰度是对榆神府矿区景观生态风险影响最大的驱动因子,黄土区与覆沙区决定力q值大小分别在0.49~0.72和0.38~0.55,在黄土丘陵区植被覆盖度是第二大影响因子,决定力q值在0.27~0.46之间,气温因子影响程度次之,而覆沙区植被覆盖度与气温的影响程度在1995—2021年间互有高低,两种地貌类型景观生态风险均受高程影响最小,q值均小于0.10;④景观生态风险时空演化相关分析表明,榆神府矿区生态修复过程中,应根据不同地貌类型特征优化景观生态格局,在黄土丘陵区应优化开采方案减小地表生态损害、积极开展损害地主动修复策略,在覆沙区由于开采对该区景观格局影响较小,矿区损害地可实施引导型生态自修复等以保障矿区生态安全。

采动含水层生态功能修复:概念内涵、理论与技术框架

针对我国保水采煤研究现状及煤矿区采损生态修复的技术需求,提出应开展采动含水层生态功能修复研究,并将其纳入绿色开采技术体系中。在充分阐述采动含水层生态功能修复概念与内涵的基础上,构建了以采动含水层失水流动规律及水径流阻隔关键技术为主的理论与技术框架,分析了当前相关研究进展与未来攻关方向。含水层的损伤失水与生态功能退化本质源于采煤引起的岩层运动与裂隙发育,应在充分掌握含水层失水机制与规律的基础上对其开展生态功能修复理论与技术研究。深入揭示含水层失水路径分布与水流动力耗散规律,将失水流量集中分布的采动影响区作为重点修复的靶区,合理运用“边采边修”、“采后再修”等方式实施水流通道封堵与修复。同时,应充分利用采动岩体裂隙自修复机制及其引起的含水层自恢复效应,开展采动含水层生态功能引导修复研究与实践;基于水-气-岩相互作用产生化学沉淀促进导水裂隙自修复的降渗机理,提出了向含水层下方裂隙岩体中灌注可与地下水产生化学沉淀的修复试剂,以诱导沉淀物在裂隙中吸附-固结并封堵通道的含水层生态功能修复技术路径。在此基础上,阐述了利用铁/钙质化学沉淀进行导水裂隙修复降渗的研究现状,提出未来应重点研究形成利于不同类型导水通道高效封堵的化学沉淀诱导生成对策。研究可望为西北部生态脆弱矿区煤炭开采地下水保护与生态修复提供参考。

西部干旱半干旱煤矿区生态环境损伤特征及修复机制

我国煤炭开发重点已战略西移,实现煤炭资源绿色开采与生态协调发展,成为保障国家能源安全的重要举措之一。西部煤层大多数埋藏浅、上覆基岩薄、煤层厚,有利于一次采全高大规模井工开采或露天开采。但该地区气候干旱少雨、生态条件脆弱,大规模高强度对矿区及周边生态环境造成的损伤大。由于对开采过程中生态损伤演变机制及采后修复机理尚不清楚,没有成熟的修复理论和方法作指导,成为制约该地区煤炭高质量发展的重大难题。针对上述难题开展系统研究,认为精准勘测煤炭开采全周期工作面地质-水文地质条件和矿区生态演化特征,有助于阐明开采诱致上覆土岩破损机理、水资源散失富集与循环调运规律、生态损伤演变机理和承载力,并揭示采后矿区土岩层、水资源循环、生态自适应机理。采用植物-微生物组合修复方法,初步构建井工和露天矿山人工与自然协同的水-土-生立体耦合修复理论,提出了生态修复机制的新思考,在浅埋深矿区开采形成的裂缝发育犹如农田松土一般,成为生态修复新的契机,促进水-土-生再分配,并利用微生物修复技术,可促进矿区生态环境的正向协同发展,实现西部煤矿脆弱生态区开发“金山银山”,再造“绿水青山”的思维转变。

采煤塌陷区湿地生态修复与景观再生设计研究——以徐州市潘安湖为例

采煤塌陷区由于历史遗留和开发建设问题,致使其区域生态环境较为脆弱。以徐州市潘安湖湿地为例,在分析塌陷区基本情况和特征的基础上,借助可持续发展理论和灰色模糊理论,对该地进行了生态修改和景观再生设计,重构了该地生态功能模式。结果表明,潘安湖湿地的生态系统较为脆弱,环境绩效指标权重达到0.673,且其在植物景观布设上的多样性、丰富性和层次性还有待提高(权重>0.05)。从土地平整、水系贯通、功能分区优化、植物生态景观布设等方面,详细分析了治理措施。设计内容和修复措施的生态应用效果显著,为地区生态环境治理和经济发展注入了新的动力。

贵州省安顺地区煤矿矿山生态环境修复示范研究——以普茂煤矿为例

研究区煤矿废弃矿山环境恢复治理工作重视矿山地形地貌恢复治理,而对生态环境修复理念重视程度不够。从生态修复的角度出发,通过对研究区典型矿山治理现状、治理优缺点、植物对矿山生态修复的功能等方面进行分析研究,探寻建立研究区煤矿矿山生态修复的示范体系,为研究区的煤矿矿山生态修复提供理论依据。提出研究区矿山生态修复示范体系应包括下列内容:通过现场调查,详细了解矿区内的地质灾害情况,采用人工配合机械的手段对矿区内地质灾害隐患点进行治理;根据现状调查及土地利用现状图,对地形地貌景观破坏区域进行恢复治理,同时应对破坏区域的环境污染现状进行调查,若存在环境污染的破坏区域,应对环境污染物质进行治理;矿山开采过程中,对含水层造成破坏的矿山,应对矿山含水层进行治理,恢复含水层未被破坏前的状态,其中包括重金属污染物质破坏方面的恢复;矿山土地被占用的工业场地、尾矿渣堆场、矿山废水池等区域,在恢复占用土地现状的同时,应对尾矿渣、工业废水等进行污染物质调查,存在污染物质时应对污染物质进行治理;对于存在污染物质的矿山,应高度重视污染物质的处理,建议采用植物种植的生态修复方式进行生态修复,种植的植物优选蕨类植物(蜈蚣草、芒萁)、商陆、凤眼莲、芦苇、地枇杷、辣蓼等。

边坡监测与治理技术在高寒矿区露天煤矿生态修复中的应用研究

边坡治理是露天矿山生态修复中的重要内容之一。以青海木里矿区聚乎更区为例,针对高寒矿区露天煤矿的边坡问题识别、监测和治理开展了系统研究,通过遥感、物探、钻探及地表测量等手段研究了矿区内不稳定边坡发育特征及稳定性。研究结果表明:建立了以遥感技术为核心,辅以常规的地表监测、地质调查、物探及钻探等手段的“天空地时”一体化不稳定边坡探查监测体系,确定矿区内不稳定边坡发育特征及稳定性,为矿山修复治理针对性开展边坡治理提供依据;采用高危渣山降高减载和边坡减坡治理技术,对边坡台阶进行清坡处理,消除浮石和崩塌等灾害,对渣山削坡卸载,使采坑边坡和渣山边坡达到稳定状态;并以聚乎更4号井南渣山为例,根据高密度电法探测和钻探验证,识别出了常年冻土上限和渣土层与原采坑基岩界线两个滑移面,确定后缘载荷过大是导致滑坡的主要因素,采取“后缘降高减载+边坡减坡+水系连通+综合监测”的治理方案,治理后既消除了对边坡前缘的载荷,又为后期植被复绿提供了稳定的立地条件。多期次动态监测表明边坡后缘已趋于稳定;边坡监测及治理技术在木里矿区生态修复治理中得到广泛使用,治理后的渣山边坡坡度控制均小于26°,有效消除了不稳定边坡对修复治理的影响,保障了矿山生态修复治理成效。