China＇s economic development stage and its spatiotemporal evolution： A prefectural-level analysis

As important mechanisms of regional strategy and policy, prefecture-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China＇s economy. However, little research has grasped the essence of the economic development stage and the spatio-temporal evolution process at the prefecture level; this may lead to biased policies and their ineffective implementations. Based on Chenery＇s economic development theory, this paper identifies China＇s economic development stages at both national and prefectural levels. Both the Global Moran I index and the Getis-Ord Gi＊ index are employed to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of China＇s economic development from 1990 to 2010. Major conclusions can be drawn as follows. （1） China＇s economic development is generally in the state of agglomeration. It entered the Primary Production Stage in 1990, and the Middle Industrialized Stage in 2010, with a ＇balanced-unbalanced-gradually rebalanced＇ pattern in the process. （2） China＇s rapid economic growth experienced a spatial shift from the coastal areas to the the inland areas. Most advanced cities in mid-western China can be roughly categorized into regional hub cities and resource-dependent cities. （3） Hot spots in China＇s economy moved northward and westward. The interactions between cities and prefectures became weaker in Eastern China, while cities and prefectures in Central and Western China were still at the stage of individual development, with limited effect on the surrounding cities. （4） While the overall growth rate of China＇s economy has gradually slowed down during the past two decades, the growth rate of cities and prefectures in Central and Western China was much faster than those in coastal areas. （5） Areas rich in resources, such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, have become the new hot spots of economic growth in recent years. For these regions, however, more attention needs to be paid to their unbalanced industrial structures and the lagging social development against the backdrop of the rapid economic growth, driven predominantly by the exploitation of resources.

What Competition Model for Economic Development Should China Adopt at the Present Stage?

As a major developing country,China has attracted significant attention as to whichpathitshouldfol owfortechnologicalprogress.Accordingtotheauthorofthispaper,Chinashouldcontinueto pursue the international division of labor and competition strategy based on comparative advantages.Meanwhile,China should,through reform and adjustment,build a national innovation system capable ofplaying an e ective role in the future.However,laying too much emphasis on proprietary innovation atthe present stage wil bring about undesirable consequences.The timing for China to embark on a path oftechnologicaldevelopmentthroughproprietaryinnovationissubjecttothechangesbothintradeconditionsandin income distribution e ects arising from proprietary innovation.

Spatial Heterogeneity and Influencing Factors of HFRS Epidemics in Rural and Urban Areas:A Study in Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province,China

Objective The Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province is a severely afflicted hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)epidemic area,while HFRS prevalence has decreased in most epidemic areas in China.Little information is available regarding the leading fine-scale influencing factors in this highly HFRSconcentrated area and the roles of natural environmental and socioeconomic factors.To investigate this,two regions in the Guanzhong Plain,that is,the Chang’an District and Hu County,with similar geographical environments,different levels of economic development,and high epidemic prevalence,were chosen as representative areas of the HFRS epidemic.Methods Maximum entropy models were constructed based on HFRS cases and fine-scale influencing factors,including meteorological,natural environmental,and socioeconomic factors,from 2014 to 2016.Results More than 95% of the HFRS cases in the study area were located in the northern plains,which has an altitude of less than 800 m,with topography contributed 84.1% of the impact on the spatial differentiation of the HFRS epidemic.In the northern plains,precipitation and population density jointly affected the spatial differentiation of the HFRS epidemic,with contribution rates of 60.7% and 28.0%,respectively.By comparing the influencing factors of the northern plains of Chang’an District and Hu County,we found that precipitation and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)dominated the HFRS epidemic in the relatively developed Chang’an District,while land-use type,temperature,precipitation and population density dominated the HFRS epidemic in the relatively undeveloped Hu County.Conclusion Topography was the primary key factor for HFRS prevalence in the Chang’an District and Hu County,and the spatial differentiation of HFRS was dominated by precipitation and population density in the northern plains.Compared with the influencing factors of the relatively developed Chang’an District,the developing Hu County was more affected by socioeconomic factors.When formulating targeted HFRS epidemic prevention and control strategies in the targeted areas,it is crucial to consider the local economic development state and combine natural environmental factors,including the meteorological environment and vegetation coverage.